Annual and perennial flower ornamental crops and their characteristics, methods of cultivation and reproduction. Methods for growing annuals Growing annual crops OKVED

Annuals

Annuals - a group of plants that differ in their biological characteristics, but are the same in terms of use - only one year. They are called annuals (or annuals) also because the plants of this group develop from seed to seed: sowing seeds in the ground in spring and harvesting them in autumn occur in one season. Annual flower crops are most decorative in the first year of sowing, although many of them (for example, petunia, snapdragon, salvia, etc.) can bloom in the second and even subsequent years.
The group of annual plants is distinguished by plants that are diverse in terms of decorative qualities and biological properties. Depending on the culture, they bloom from early spring to late autumn. In order for plants to bloom in early spring, a seedling method of growing is usually used. For example, when planting seedlings in February-March, most varieties bloom in May-June.

According to decorative qualities, annual crops are divided into three groups:
1) flowering: aster, levkoy, clarkia, ash-scholzia;
2) decorative leafy: cineraria, maritima, cochia;
3) curly: sweet peas, morning glory, decorative beans.

According to the duration of the period from sowing to flowering, annual crops are divided into the following groups:

1) with a development period of 130-180 days: carnation Shabo, lobelia, maritima cineraria;
2) with a development period of 100-120 days: ageratum, an-tyrrinum, marigolds, sweet peas, annual phlox, etc.;
3) with a development period of up to 100 days: calendula, clarkia, annual poppy, mignonette, etc.

Given these features, in order to obtain earlier flowering in the ground, annuals are grown through seedlings. Seeds of plants of the first group are sown in January-February, the second - in March, the third - in April and May.
Seeds of annuals resistant to low temperatures can be sown in open ground at the end of April or create a small sheltered nursery.
This period is called early spring. In the first decade of May, late spring sowing is carried out. Good results can be obtained with winter (from late October to early November) and winter (subject to snowfall, absence of thaws and return of frost in the period December-January) sowing in a permanent place or in a nursery. In these cases, the seeding rate is increased by 2-3 times.

Aster- perennial flowering plant belonging to the Compositae family. In horticulture, the aster is also commonly referred to as an annual crop - Chinese callistephus (Callistephus chinensis).

Annual asters are represented by a huge variety of varieties. Among them are dwarf and tall, single stem and branched; inflorescences have a rich range of colors, there are two-color varieties.

The shape of the inflorescences is also different: pompon, needle, chrysanthemum, and so on. The size of the inflorescences varies from 4 to 10 cm. Annual asters are autumn-flowering plants, but their flowering time varies depending on the variety; They bloom from August until frost.

Asters can be propagated by seeds. Varietal characteristics of plants are best preserved when propagated by dividing the bushes. Usually separate bushes that have grown in one place for 5-6 years. Asters are divided and transplanted in early spring or after flowering. Asters of autumn flowering are divided and transplanted only in spring. Bushes are easily divided by hand into parts where there should be a kidney and several roots.

Tall and sprawling plants are planted at a distance of 70-90 cm, low - 30-50 cm. Asters grow quickly, forming powerful bushes. Tall varieties of perennial asters must be tied up.

Asters are photophilous, they should be planted in open, sunlit areas. Growing in partial shade is possible, but not recommended, as plants, especially in wet summers, are affected by powdery mildew. Therefore, all perennial asters, no matter where they grow, in order to avoid this disease, it is necessary to spray 2 times with an interval of 12 days before flowering with Topaz (2 ml per 10 liters of water). In autumn, after flowering, asters are treated with copper sulphate (50 g per 10 liters of water), after which the plants are cut and burned. Asters prefer loamy soils, medium-heavy, preferably neutral, with the presence of nutrients and mineral elements. Before digging the site for asters, 200 g of fluffy lime or dolomite flour, 3 tbsp. spoons of superphosphate. Dig as deep as possible (30-35 cm).

Biennials.
This group consists of plants in which flowering and the highest decorative effect appear in the second year after sowing. However, in central Russia, biennials can bloom well and grow well in subsequent years. True, in some plants of this group, decorativeness decreases due to the death of shoots, the exposure of the center of the bush, the death of leaves on the lower part of the stem as it grows. They are also called biennials because the seeds of these plants are obtained in the second year after sowing.
Biennials reproduce mainly by seeds, sometimes by dividing the bush (for example, daisies). The positive quality of biennials is the possibility of obtaining planting material in open ground conditions. Sowing is carried out in mid-summer (June-July) in ridges or boxes. Planted in a permanent place in August-September.
Seedlings can also be planted in a flower garden in the spring. For example, viola, forget-me-nots and daisies can be sown in the ground in spring, and by autumn they bloom, but weakly. Biennials still bloom profusely in the second year after sowing.

Daisies.

The plant belongs to a herbaceous species, has a short rhizome, the leaves at the root are obtuse, have an oblong and non-pointed shape. There are almost no leaves on the stem. Daisy flowers can be pink or white, reed-shaped. Each flower contains a tubular yellow achene, which is flattened.

The plant can be collected in bushes, has an inflorescence in the form of baskets. Daisy refers to a perennial plant species, it blooms only a year later, as it was planted. The plant is a biennial species, so in the third year it deforms and dies.

The daisy is unpretentious in care, it can bloom from April to November, it is a frost-resistant species. In winter, until the onset of spring, buds and leaves can be preserved. The plant reproduces by self-seeding, cuttings, dividing the bush.

perennials
Perennials - plants that grow for more than 1 year, but bloom at the same time every season. The general decorativeness of the site and the duration of flowering largely depend on the correct selection of perennial plants that are grown in one place for more than 3 years. At the same time, it is necessary to carefully prepare the bookmark of the flower garden. Agrotechnics of cultivation depends on the biological characteristics of crops, as well as on the characteristics of the wintering part of the plants. The value of perennials increases if the flowering plants of other groups are not yet in bloom. The use of perennial flowers in plantings frees from the annual labor-intensive work on the preparation of planting material.
Ornamental herbaceous perennials can be divided into two groups according to the structure of the aerial part of the plant and life expectancy.

1. Perennials with overwintering above-ground shoots. These are arabis, perennial carnations, evergreen iberis, saxifrage granular and soddy, some types of sedum, creeping phlox, etc.
2. Cultures in which the aerial part of the plants dies off every year, but the underground stem part is preserved, and vegetative and flower buds are formed on it, ensuring the further growth and development of plants.

Perennials of this group, depending on the structure of the underground part, are in turn divided into 4 subgroups:

1) rhizomatous - iris, bergenia, rudbeckia, etc.;
2) axial - peony, aquilegia, lupine, phlox, delphinium, etc.;
3) bulbous - tulip, narcissus, lily, hyacinth;
4) corms - gladiolus, crocus, etc. Flower organs in plants can be laid in the year of their growth (in delphinium, lupine, aquilegia), a year before flowering plants (in most bulbous crops - tulip, narcissus, scilla, muscari), and also in autumn (in peony, iris, bergenia, creeping phlox, etc.).
These features must be taken into account when growing perennials, since good care of plants after flowering stimulates the laying of flower buds for flowering the next year (for example, in arabis, bergenia, peony, primrose).
In relation to light, perennials are grouped into the following categories:
1) light-loving - aster, begonia, gelenium, heli-opsis, lupine, oriental poppy, daffodil, peony, tulip;
2) shade-tolerant - aquilegia, aconite, astilbe, delphinium, dicentra, iris, daylily, small bulbous, primula, rogersia, rudbeckia, phlox, fun-cue, cimicifuga;
3) shade-loving - brunner, waldsteinia, bathing suit, lily of the valley, fern, tiarella, funkia.
Cold and frost resistance is an important addition to the characteristics of perennials.

According to the ability of plants to tolerate low temperatures, especially in the winter months, all perennials are divided into:
1) plants wintering in open ground conditions: iris, narcissus, peony, tulip, phlox, etc.;
2) plants that do not winter in open ground: dahlia, gladiolus, canna.
Soil in gardens has the ability to retain moisture. Depending on this, perennials can be:
1) drought-resistant - gray-blue carnation, Portenschlag bell, catnip, lavender, Douglas phlox, oak sage, filamentous yucca;
2) moisture-loving - buzulnik, sponge, loosestrife loosestrife (plakun-grass), xiphoid iris, marsh marigold, small daylily, vine, pink primrose.

Iris (Iris) belongs to the iris family, or iris (Iridaceae juss). Short-rhizome herbaceous perennial, 10-15 cm tall. The rhizome is thickened. Leaves basal, linear, bluish, 6-10 cm long and 3-10 mm wide. Stems up to 5 (15) cm tall, with one flower. Perianth purple, blue, yellow, whitish in different shades, its tube up to 5 cm long, with three purple stripes; the outer perianth segments have a rounded or oblong plate, a cover of 2 long green leaves, leathery only at the top. Capsule trihedral, pointed upwards, sessile or almost sessile. Seeds are spherical. Flowering-April-May.

Irises are grown in groups, mixborders, for cutting and forcing. In ornamental floriculture, the most common varieties and forms derived from Iris hybrid (I. hybrida). They vary in color, shape and size of flowers.

Experienced flower growers select varieties of irises in such a way as to enjoy their flowering all summer. Dwarf species of irises can be grown indoors.

Letniki occupy one of the leading places in ornamental crop production. Most flyers are long day plants. The period of their greatest decorativeness falls on the summer season. Letniki are planted in various phenophases of their development, even in the phase of full flowering. Letniki are less damaged by diseases and pests compared to perennial species. Most flyers have a shallow root system, so they require relatively little fertile soil to grow. These qualities make letniki the leading ornamental herbaceous crops for urban landscaping.

Most varieties of flyers are propagated by seeds. Conditionally annual species (antirrhinum, verbena, petunia, etc.), as well as carpet crops, can be propagated vegetatively (by cuttings).

According to their decorative qualities, letniki are divided into the following groups: flowering, climbing, decorative and deciduous, ground cover or carpet, dried flowers. Letniki are widely used to create flower beds, borders, borders, in rockeries, for cutting.

According to the length of the growing season, letniki are divided into the following groups:

• 1) with long growing season(130-180 days): ever-flowering begonia, verbena, lobelia, etc., seeds are sown in protected ground in January-February;
• 2) with vegetation of medium duration(100-130 days): ageratum, antirrinum, callistefus, etc., seeds are sown in March, in protected ground;
• 3) with short growing season(less than 70 days): calendula, matthiola, escholzia, etc., seeds are sown in protected ground in April, in open ground - in early May.

Letniki are grown in seedling and seedless methods ((?.)> Fig. 288).

Seedling method of growing flyers. Seedlings are used for landscaping various objects of garden and park construction. Seedlings are planted in the phase of budding or the beginning of flowering, which allows you to create the necessary decorative effect in a short time.

For growing seedlings, a mixture of soddy soil, leaf humus and sand is used as a substrate in equal proportions. Sowing seeds is carried out in cassettes or flat containers at a temperature of 18-20 °C. After the emergence of shoots, the temperature is reduced to 15 ° C.

The optimum temperature for growing seedlings of cold-resistant crops (carnation, callistefus, levkoy, etc.) is 12-14 ° C, while active ventilation in the greenhouse is recommended. Seedlings of heat-loving crops (tagetes, petunia, zinnia, sage) are grown at a temperature of 20-22 ° C.

In most summer shoots, seedlings appear 8-12 days after sowing. With early sowing of seeds, as well as with the appearance of very small seedlings (begonia, lobelia), seedlings dive several times into dive boxes of 100 pcs. in a box at intervals of one month. Most flyers dive once into pots with a diameter of 7 or 9 cm.

Seedling care includes the following works: 1) removal of weeds; 2) loosening the soil; 3) watering; 4) top dressing; 5) for some crops - pinching the stems.

Seedlings are fed twice: in the first feeding - with nitrogen fertilizers, in the second - with complete mineral fertilizers. Pinching of the stems is carried out to enhance branching (anti-rrinum, rank).

From the beginning of May, summer seedlings are hardened in greenhouses, watering is gradually reduced and ventilation is increased, greenhouse frames are removed from mid-May to adapt plants to fluctuations in night and day temperatures.

Planting seedlings of letniki begin from the third decade of May and end in the first decade of June. First, cold-resistant crops are planted, after 2-3 weeks - heat-loving. The scheme of planting seedlings depends on the size of the plant and the type of flower bed. On average, undersized, compact plants are planted after 15-20 cm, medium-sized - after 25-30 cm, tall - after 40-50 cm.

Since letnikov seedlings have a superficial root system, systematic and frequent watering is required after planting.

A seedless way of growing flyers. In the temperate climate zone, seeds of such crops are sown in open ground, which are characterized by rapid growth and development, as well as high germination. To increase the germination of seeds and accelerate the growth and development of seedlings, it is recommended to treat the seeds with solutions of growth stimulants and microelements, as well as to influence the seeds with variable temperatures.

Sowing is usually done by hand. The following sowing times apply:

• 1) early spring(second half of April) - sow cabbage seeds (matthiola, iberis, etc.) and other cold-resistant crops (cornflower, calendula, kosmeya, escholcia, etc.);
• 2) late spring(first decade of May) - seeds of heat-loving crops (tagetes, nasturtium, etc.) are sown;
• 3) subwinter(late October - early November) - seeds of cold-resistant crops are sown in frozen soil with mulching with peat or humus (1-2 cm) - antirrinum, cornflower, godetia, calendula, kosmeya, etc .;
• 4) winter(during winter) - seeds are sown in snow, the layer of which is 15-20 cm with peat mulching - the same kind as for winter sowing.

The soil for sowing summer seeds should be light, leveled, cultivated. Before sowing seeds, organic fertilizers must be applied. Letniki are divided into three groups according to the need for organic fertilizers: 1) with low demand (2 dm 3 /m 2) - Godetia, Clarkia, etc .; 2) with an average need (3 dm 3 / m 2) - helichrysum, calendula, etc .; 3) with a high need (5 dm 3 / m 2) - antirrinum, aster, kosmeya, levkoy, zinnia, etc. Some letniki do not tolerate the introduction of fresh manure into the soil - ageratum, verbena, nasturtium, etc. With an excess of organic matter most annuals intensively develop vegetative mass to the detriment of flowering.

Usually, seeds are sown in a nested way (3-5 seeds per hole), the distance between seed nests depends on the size of the plants. The depth of seed placement is 1-1.5 cm or on the soil surface with peat mulching with a layer of 1-2 cm. Seedlings need to be thinned out 2-3 times. The first time - in the phase of 1-2 true leaves, the second and third time - after 2 weeks, in the phase of 3-5 true leaves. After the last thinning, 1-2 plants are left in the nest.

Caring for letniki in flower beds. In flower beds, the following agrotechnical work is carried out to care for plants: top dressing, watering, loosening the soil, weeding, protection against diseases and pests, pinching, pinching.

Top dressing. In 1 liter of garden soil suitable for growing letniki in open ground, it should contain (according to X. Drews): 100-150 mg of a.i. nitrogen, 175-300 mg a.i. phosphorus, 350-550 mg a.i. potassium. The lower limits are recommended for young plants, the upper ones for adults. The optimum acidity of the soil is 6-6.8. Usually flyers are fed three times. The first feeding is carried out after the seedlings have taken root, with complete mineral fertilizers (for example, 5 g / m 2 ammonium nitrate, 10 g / m 2 superphosphate, 5 g / m 2 potassium sulfate). The second top dressing is carried out during the budding period, the third - at the beginning of flowering. When carrying out the second and third dressings, phosphate and potash fertilizers are used (for example, 15 g / m 2 superphosphate, 6-9 g / m 2 potassium sulfate). They are fed with either dry or water-soluble fertilizers, usually by hand.

Watering. The need for water depends on the biological characteristics of plants, soil and climatic conditions, and the pheno-phase of plant development. Most flyers are moderately moisture-loving. Optimum soil moisture is 50-60% of NVP. The annuals experience the greatest need for water during the period of intensive growth and budding. With the beginning of flowering, it decreases, by the time the seeds ripen, it is reduced to a minimum.

Soil loosening and weeding. To destroy weeds and improve the air regime, the soil is regularly loosened, especially during the period when the aerial part of the aerials does not close. Herbicides can be used to control weeds.

Protection from pests and diseases. Protection can be carried out by agrotechnical, physical-mechanical, chemical and biological methods. Agrotechnical methods: proper crop rotation, deep autumn plowing, liming, phosphorus-potassium fertilizing. Physical and mechanical methods: steaming garden soil, heat treatment of seeds. Chemical methods: application of fungicides and insecticides. Biological: use of biological preparations, insect traps.

Pinching and pinching. Pinching and pinching regulate growth, branching of stems, flowering, fruiting, ripening and sowing qualities of seeds.

Collection of seeds. The collection of seeds of annuals is carried out in the second half of summer or autumn, when the seeds reach biological maturity. In crops with an extended fruit ripening period and easily opening fruits (ageratum, aster, calendula, kosmeya, petunia, salvia, tagetes, etc.), seeds are collected selectively and repeatedly. In cultures with friendly ripening and strong fruits (nasturtium, etc.) - once. The fruits and seeds are usually harvested by hand. After threshing, the seeds are separated from impurities and calibrated for size and specific gravity. Small batches of seeds are stored in bags, large - in bags.

The classification of letniki by decorative qualities is given in Table. 10 (prepared by A. V. Isachkin).

Table 10

Classification of letniki by decorative qualities

decorative group qualities	Family
		Callistephus - callistephus	Callistephus chinensis - Chinese callistephus
			Cosmos bipinnatus - kosmeya twice-
			Gazania rigens - sparkling gazania
		Tagetes - tagetes	Tagetes erecta - upright tagetes
			Tagetes patula - tagetes rejected
			Tagetes tenuifolia - thin-leaved tagetes
			Zinnia elegans - elegant zinnia
	Begoniacecae - begoniae	Begonia - begonia	semperflorens - evergreen begonia
			Begonia tuberhybrida – tuberous begonia
	Brassicaceae - Brassicaceae	Lobularia - lobularia	Lobularia maritime - sea lobularia
		mattiola	Matthiola incana- mattiola gray-haired
	Campanulaceae - bellflowers	Lobelia - lobelia	Lobelia erinus - lobelia erinus
	Lamiaceae		Salvia splendens - salvia sparkling

decorative group qualities	Family
	Rarauegaseae - poppy	escholzia	Eschscholzia californica - echscholzia california
	Polemocaseae - cyanotic	Phlox - phlox	Phlox drumondii – Drummond's phlox
	Bsgorlyagtseae - burrows	antirrinum	Antirrhinum majus- antirrinum
	Byapaseae - solanaceous	Petunia - petunia	Petunia x hybrida - hybrid petunia
		Nicotiana - tobacco	Nicotiana alata - winged tobacco
	Verbenaceae - verbena	Verbena - verbena	Verbena x hybrida - hybrid verbena
tivno-list	Vgazzuaseae - cabbage	Brassica - cabbage	Brassica oleraceae van acephala – curly leaf cabbage
	SyeporosPaseae - haze		Kochia scoparia - broom kochia
		Pyretrum - pyrethrum	Pyretrum parthenium - feverfew
		Senecio - godson	Senecio cineraria – ashy ragwort
Carpet	Atagap1Iaseae - amaranth	Alternantera - Alternantera	Alternantera amabilis – pleasant alternantera
			Alternantera amoena – lovely alternanthera
			Alternantera metallica - metallic alternantera

decorative group qualities	Family
			Alternantera paronychioides - Alternantera paronychioides
			Alternantera versicolor - Alternantera versicolor
		I resine - irezine	Iresine Lindenii - Linden's iresine
	Boraginaceae - borage	Heliotropum - heliotrope	Heliotropum peruvianum - Peruvian heliotrope
	crassula	Sedum - sedum	Sedum acre - caustic sedum
			Sedum album - white sedum
			Sedum carmeum - pink sedum
			Sedum coeruleum - blue sedum
			dasyhpyllum - thick-leaved sedum
			Sedum spurium - false sedum
		Echeveria - echeveria	Echeveria agavoides - agave echeveria
			Echeveria dcsmeciana - Desmeciana echeveria
			Echeveria metallica - metallic echeveria
			Echeveria secunda - gray echeveria

decorative group qualities	Family
	Giraniaceae - geraniums	Pelargonium - pelargonium	Pelargonium zonale - zonal pelargonium
	Lamiaceae	Coleus - coleus	Coleus Blumei - Blume's coleus
	Onagraceae - fireweeds	Fuchsia - fuchsia	Fuchsia hybrid - hybrid fuchsia
curly	Fabaceae - legumes	Phaseolus - beans	coccineus – fiery red bean
		Lathyrus - rank	Lathyrus odoratus - fragrant rank
	Tropaeolaceae - capuchins	Tropaeolum - nasturtium	Tropaeolum x cultorum - cultural nasturtium
dried flowers	Amaranthaceae - amaranths		Celosia argentea - silver celosia
	Asteraceae - Asteraceae	Helipterum - helipterum	Helipterum roseum – pink helipterum
		Helychrisum - Helichrisum	Helychrisum bracteatum - helichrisum bracts
	Plumbaginaceae - guinea pigs	Limonium - limonium	Limonium sinuatum – notched limonium

test questions

• 1. When is the sowing of seeds of annual crops carried out with the seedling method of cultivation?
• 2. What are the main schemes for planting seedlings in the open field do you know?
• 3. What groups are letniki divided into according to the need for organic fertilizers?
• 4. What are the differences between annuals and annuals?

Annual plants (perennials, annuals) - plants that bloom in the year of planting. They are sown every year. At the same time, according to biological properties, perennial varieties (snapdragon, verbena) are found among annuals.

But since in some regions of our country there are harsh, cold winters, such plants need to be planted annually or transplanted into flower pots in the fall. There are many varieties of beautifully flowering annual plants that will become a real decoration of the garden, summer house, house adjoining territory.

Peculiarities

Annual ornamental plants can be planted in almost any climatic zone of our country. The growing season continues throughout the summer. In autumn, the plants form seeds and die. There are also winter seeds. These are sown in the ground mainly in late autumn, closer to winter. It is important that they do not have time to germinate before the onset of frost.

Annual plants can be seen in greenhouses, flowerbeds, flower beds, alpine slides. They are also used to create exquisite landscape compositions on sites.

It is worth noting that letniki reproduce exclusively by seeds and never vegetatively (with the help of mustaches, rhizomes, rosettes of leaves). In this case, it is possible to distinguish seedling and seedless method of reproduction.

Most varieties of flyers are unpretentious in care, develop well even on uncultivated soils, adapt to various environmental conditions, so even a novice amateur gardener can decorate a garden with such flowers. In addition, due to the large number of species, varieties, you can annually change the appearance of your backyard. Among the annuals there are low, medium and tall flowering, ornamental and deciduous plants. Most flowering varieties begin to bloom 1-1.5 months after planting (alissum, marigold, amaranth, cornflowers, dimofoteka).

Advice! When purchasing seeds of annual plants, you should not buy bags with bright images of flowers all in a row. Assess your strength, take into account the type, composition of the soil on the site, as well as the biological characteristics of a particular species.

When planning to plant your plot with flyers, you can purchase ready-made seedlings, seeds for planting in the ground, or adult flowering plants.

Planting annuals

Annual plants are grown from seeds in seedlings or sown directly in open ground in spring, with the onset of heat. It should be borne in mind that some varieties are grown only through seedlings, others - only by seed. For example, most heat-loving varieties of annuals, as well as "conditional" annuals, are preferably planted only in seedlings. Seeds of climbing varieties of ornamental plants or cold-loving flowers are planted in open ground.

Letnikov seeds are planted at the beginning or in the 15th-20th of May. Before planting, so that the plants delight with their bright, lush flowering, we recommend preparing the soil. Purchase planting material only from well-known, trusted manufacturers.

In autumn or about three to four weeks before planting, apply mineral, complex fertilizers, dig the soil well, remove weeds. Before planting, make small indentations in the ground. Put the seeds in there and pour the soil well.

If you plan to plant directly into the ground, purchase the following plants for planting:

• calendula;
• sweet pea;
• morning glory;
• amaranth;
• daisies;
• decorative beans;
• lavater;
• sunflower;
• nasturtium;
• cosmea.

Important! What is the best way to sow can be read on the package with seeds. When planting, consider the distance between adult shoots of plants.

The soil must be constantly moist. For irrigation, it is best to use settled, filtered water. Consider the climatic conditions of the region, the temperature regime. If the plants tolerate light frosts, they can be planted in early to mid-April. Heat-loving crops - only in May.

Many flower growers prefer to plant seedlings in seedlings. To do this, in early March, the seeds are sown in greenhouses or in special flower containers at home in nutritious, slightly moistened soil. For planting in seedling pots, flower boxes, you can purchase ready-made soil mixture. Put a layer of drainage at the bottom of the containers to avoid severe waterlogging of the soil. Expanded clay, fine gravel can be used as drainage. Also, the soil before sowing seeds can be mixed with vermiculite, perlite.

Small seeds are mixed with sand, soil and evenly distributed over the surface of the earth. Large ones are sown in small depressions, after which they are covered with a layer of soil mixed with sand. In order for them to germinate, you should not deepen them much into the ground. The seedling will take a long time to germinate.

In warmth, with proper care, the first shoots appear very quickly. Seedlings, as soon as the shoots get stronger, dive, planted in a permanent place on the site with the onset of sustainable heat. Plant as carefully as possible, trying not to damage the root system of plants.

Advice! Before planting outdoors, take flower containers outside during the day. This will help the plants to quickly adapt to new conditions.

Seedlings grow petunia, surfinia, lobelia, marigolds, viola, snapdragons, martricaria, zinnia, nemophila, cinneraria, annual dahlias.

Some varieties can be planted both in seedlings and in seedlings (marigolds, Turkish cloves, amaranth, daisies).

Aircraft Care

Caring for annual plants comes down to constant watering. Make sure the soil doesn't dry out. Especially in need of watering blooming varieties of letniki. At the same time, it is very important that after watering, no droplets of water remain on the leaves, flowers, buds. On a sunny day, this can cause burns. Plants are best watered early in the morning before sunrise or late in the evening. For irrigation, use only filtered, settled water at room temperature.

The soil must be periodically loosened, since the crust forming on the surface of the earth makes it difficult to access the root system of flowers. You can use different types of mulch (mulching). Timely remove weeds that slow down the growth and development of flyers. Apply mineral fertilizers three to five times a season. Seedlings are fed for the first time 2 weeks after planting, during the formation of buds, during flowering and after flowering, also approximately every three weeks. Letniki do not fertilize in autumn.

For top dressing, you can use universal compounds or fertilizers for ornamental flowering plants. Organic is only suitable for cruciferous annuals.

Advice! To prevent plants from wasting energy on the formation of seed boxes, regularly remove faded flowers.

To achieve constant, uninterrupted flowering, many gardeners resort to a little trick, sowing new seeds once a month, when one fades, others begin to bloom. Some varieties have a long flowering period. Petunias, surfinias, lobelias, ageratum, lobelias bloom from late spring to October, of course, with proper systematic care.

2013-04-24

Every owner of a garden plot wants to see it blooming and beautiful throughout the warm season. Summer in our area is short and fast, so I want to have time to enjoy the beauty of the planted trees, shrubs and flowers.

For flower decoration of plots, it is necessary to use ornamental herbaceous plants with different biological characteristics (annual, biennial, perennial, bulbous, ephemeroids), since their combination will allow you to get a long-term decorative effect.

Or the so-called "letniki" are grown for one season, at the end of summer these plants give seeds. Annual crops bloom for a long time, have a rich aroma and decorative foliage. Many decorative flower crops are perennial, but only in warm countries. In our country, they vegetate for one season (snapdragon, begonia, verbena).

Flower beds, flower beds, balcony boxes, parterre and carpet flower beds are decorated with annual flower crops. Group and solitary (single) plantings from annuals (sunflower, cochia, fragrant tobacco) look spectacular. Curly and ampelous annuals look beautiful when decorating balconies (sweet peas, , , ). For this purpose, profusely flowering annuals are used, which bloom well in boxes and pots (levkoy, lobelia, snapdragons).

Letniki with fragrant flowers (levkoy, fragrant tobacco, alyssum, mignonette, sweet peas) are planted in flower beds near garden houses to decorate household plots. Letniki are also good for obtaining cut material in garden plots and in industrial culture (asters, snapdragons, gaillardia, calendula). Cut flowers can be obtained in early spring and late autumn when growing plants in greenhouses (Shabo carnation, aster, sweet pea). A group of annuals, called dried flowers, provides material for making winter bouquets (helichrysum, acroclinum).

Annual crops are most often. But the window area in our houses is so small that it is impossible to grow everything desired through seedlings, so some annual species can be sown directly into the ground.

Seeding technology

Flowers such as kosmeya, nasturtium, calendula, cornflower, nigella, flax, escholcia, sunflower, and ornamental grasses are sown directly in open ground. For sowing, you need to prepare the soil in advance.

If the land on the planned site is clayey, then it needs to be cultivated. Often, peat or compost, as well as river sand, are added for these purposes. Digging on the bayonet of a shovel, carefully choosing weeds, level the surface with a rake. It turns out fertile garden soil. Sowing seeds in a permanent place is carried out after May 15-20, when the soil has warmed up sufficiently. Seeds are sown on the surface of small-seeded crops (nigella, poppy, echscholzia) or buried to a depth equal to two seed diameters. Some crops must be soaked in water before sowing (sweet peas, ornamental beans, castor bean, kobe, nasturtium).

Small seeds (nigella, poppy, snapdragon, nemesia) are mixed with sand and scattered on the surface of the soil. After seedlings appear, the plants are seated or thinned out if the seedlings are thick. Several plants (5-15 pieces) are left per square meter, given their growth. After these operations, the plants must be sprayed with solutions of growth stimulants "Epin" or "Zircon" for better adaptation to new conditions (2 ml per 5 liters of water).

Every 10 days it is necessary to feed young seedlings with liquid complex fertilizers in the indicated concentration. Overmoistening of the soil should not be allowed, since fungal infections (black leg, powdery mildew) develop in humid conditions. To prevent these diseases, seedlings are sprayed with Fitosporin solution in dry, calm weather and loosened. The earth between crops is loosened to avoid the formation of a crust. When the plants grow up, the agricultural technique is the same as for other annual crops.

Many annual crops can be sown in the ground in advance, even in the fall. They will overwinter and in the spring will give early friendly shoots. The flowering period of such plants will be earlier than those sown in April - May.

Grouping annual ornamental crops by sowing dates
Group annual cultures	Name	Conditions	Agricultural technology, requirements
For sowing in open ground (spring)	Alyssum, cornflower, graceful gypsophila, annual delphinium, dolichos, sweet pea, iberis, calendula, kosmeya, lavatera, flax, linaria, mallow, mattiola bicorne, poppy, nasturtium, nemophylla, nigella, sunflower, mignonette, decorative beans, escholcia	After as warm up- all soil	With dense sowing, thinning is necessary. Sowing to a depth of two seed diameters me
For sowing in open ground (in autumn)	Gypsophila, godetia, highlander, calendula, clarkia, phacelia, malopa, escholcia	Until now captivity stable it looks like boating (October)	Set marks to indicate crops or sprinkle with sand. Sow seeds from excess seeding rates taking into account the fallout for the winter

Source: “Country Season” No. 3, 2013

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