General characteristics of Russian agriculture. The meaning and features of agriculture as an industry
Introduction 3
1. Composition, importance, features of the location of the agricultural industry 4
2. Main crop and livestock areas 9
2.1. Identification of the industry development dynamics for 2000-2006. fourteen
2.2. Problems and development prospects 15
Conclusion 21
References 22
Introduction
Agriculture is an industry that belongs to the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation (AIC). The agro-industrial complex includes industries with close economic and production relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the national economic complex, since it is its products that are an indispensable source of food for the world's population. The role of agriculture in the cultivation of raw materials for light, textile and food industries is just as great.
During the formation of market relations, agriculture fell into decline, as evidenced by the volume of imported agricultural products from other countries. Also during this period, there was a change in the owners of the land: the land from the state turned into private peasant and horticultural plots. Along with the change of land owners, changes occurred in the financing of agricultural enterprises. Tax incentives and subsidies coming from the budget are small and did not cover the losses of agricultural enterprises until 2000-2001. With the adoption of new laws and programs for the development of agriculture, there have been noticeable improvements, agriculture began to revive and there have been changes for the better.
The relevance of this topic today is great, since the well-being of the country depends on the production indicators of this particular industry. Thus, maintaining the reforms that are being carried out at this point in time is very necessary for the development of the industry and the economy as a whole.
Chapter 1. Characteristics and importance of the agricultural sector in the country's economy
1.1. The composition and importance and features of the agricultural sector in the NHC of the country
The agro-industrial complex is a set of economically interconnected industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their industrial processing, storage and sale, as well as industries that provide agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production and agriculture with production services.
During the years of the crisis, the first sphere of the agro-industrial complex, which provides agriculture with the means of production and production services, was in complete decline, most enterprises stopped their activities. The output of tractors decreased by 12.5 times, grain harvesters - by 24 times, plows - by 68 times. The level of use of the capacities of agricultural engineering is 8-12%. The availability of harvesters per unit of cultivated area in Russia is 4-5 times less than in European countries. Depreciation of fixed assets is 70%. If the situation does not change in the coming years, then only 30% of the land will be cultivated by machines. Now, due to a shortage of fertilizers, 30 million tons of agricultural products are lost annually. prices do not allow agricultural enterprises to purchase equipment, fertilizers.During the years of the crisis, prices for industrial products increased by 9.4 thousand times, and for agricultural products - by 1.7 thousand times. when buying fertilizers, agricultural enterprises are currently unable to purchase them.
Agricultural production is the central link in the country's agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides products vital to man: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. The main forms of management in this area of the economy are: agricultural production cooperatives (SPK), joint-stock companies (JSC), limited liability companies (LLC), farms.
Agriculture is a special sphere of the economy, radically different from all other spheres, since the main means of production in agriculture is land. With rational use, the land not only does not lose its main and most valuable quality - fertility, but can even increase it, while all other means of production gradually become obsolete morally and physically, are replaced by others. Land is both a means of production and an object of labor. Plants and animals also act as means of production. Another important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which causes uneven production, use of labor, consumption and use of material and financial resources throughout the year. Agriculture, unlike other areas, is very dependent on natural factors. They influence the location of agricultural production, its sectoral structure, determine territorial differences and instability of production volumes over the years. Agricultural crops have significant differences in the duration of the growing season, in the required amount of heat, light, moisture, present their own requirements for soil quality. This also determines the peculiarities of their placement not only in regions, but also within individual farms. Natural factors through the fodder base also affect the distribution of livestock. The development of science and technology makes it possible to weaken the influence of natural conditions, but up to certain limits [.
The most important natural factors of location and specialization of agriculture are:
soil quality,
the duration of the frost-free period,
sum of active temperatures (heat supply);
total solar radiation (light supply);
Moisture conditions, amount of precipitation;
probability of repeatability of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion);
availability of water resources;
topographic conditions of the area, etc. .
To a greater extent, natural factors influence the location of crop growing branches, and to a different extent, determining the areas of crop cultivation. For a number of crops (mainly thermophilic), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc. For others, they are much wider (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.). Natural factors have a less significant impact on the distribution of animal husbandry, manifesting themselves through the fodder base. The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is pasture animal husbandry (some areas of sheep breeding, cattle breeding; reindeer breeding, horse breeding, etc.). Here you can highlight such factors as the presence of pastures, their size, the composition of vegetation and the duration of the period of their use.
Socio-demographic factors are also extremely important for the location of agriculture. The population is the main consumer of agricultural products; there are regional features of the structure of consumption of this product. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between the urban and rural population. In addition, the population ensures the reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on the availability of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another production of agricultural products is developing, characterized by unequal labor intensity. The most labor-intensive are the production of vegetables, potatoes, sugar beet and other industrial crops, and some branches of animal husbandry. The use of specialized qualified personnel contributes to the growth of labor productivity, reducing labor costs for the production of this product. Increased population migration in a number of regions currently limits the production of labor-intensive products. An important factor in accommodation and specialization are also the interests of the local population, which in the past were not sufficiently taken into account. In a number of cases, they significantly limit the possibility of producing for export many types of products, which were previously determined by the planned volumes of deliveries to the all-Union fund.
The most significant economic factors of location and specialization of agriculture include the location of farms in relation to the consumer, the provision of production and transport infrastructure, the existing production potential, the achieved level of economic efficiency, the availability of means of production, the transportability of products , development of interregional ties, the level of scientific and technological progress.
The main branches of agriculture are represented by crop and livestock production, in which sub-sectors are distinguished: grain farming, fodder production, production of technical crops (flax growing, beet growing, etc.), horticulture, vegetable growing, cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming , rabbit breeding, pond fish farming, fur farming, beekeeping, etc. .
Crop production produces 52% of all agricultural products in Russia. This industry can be considered the basis of agriculture, since the level of animal husbandry largely depends on its development.
Grain farming occupies a leading place in crop production. More than half of the arable land is occupied by grain, it accounts for more than a third of the value of the gross output of crop production and almost a third of all feed in animal husbandry. The industry also has a huge social significance, since bakery products make up 40% of the daily requirement of the human diet for food. Grain is the main source of income for the bulk of rural commodity producers. The industry forms a significant part of the country's budget.
Animal husbandry is one of the main branches of agricultural production: it provides 48% of gross output, accumulates 75% of fixed production assets and 70% of labor resources in agriculture. The importance of animal husbandry is also determined by the fact that it produces the most necessary and biologically valuable products in the human diet.
Efficient livestock production is impossible without the creation of a solid forage base. The food base is the production, storage and consumption of feed for all types of animals and birds. It depends on natural conditions and, as a result, has an impact on the specialization of animal husbandry (raising one or another type of livestock), on the location of its individual branches. For example, the breeding of beef cattle and sheep breeding are developing and located where there are significant hay and pasture lands, while pig breeding and poultry farming are oriented towards the agricultural fodder base. The duration and possibility of grazing and stall keeping of animals, the choice of a rational structure of the herd, its livestock, the technology of growing and fattening livestock, which ultimately affects the efficiency of production and its expediency, also depend on natural conditions and on the forage base. The importance of the feed base is also determined by the fact that the share of feed in the cost of livestock products in Russia is 60-80%, depending on the type and area of production.
The problem of feed in Russian agriculture is one of the most acute. The low productivity of animal husbandry is directly related to the low level of animal nutrition (for example, in terms of calories per year, it is only 57-61% of the level in the United States). Most of the fodder is provided by field fodder production. 38% of arable land is occupied by fodder crops, and 3/4 of the fodder collection from all fodder areas is provided by this source. Also, 2/3 of the gross grain harvest is used for fodder purposes. Hayfields and pastures serve as an important source of fodder, the area under fodder crops is constantly growing, however, their structure needs to be improved, since the share of grain and leguminous crops is insufficient. The productivity of natural hayfields and pastures, which provide cheap and necessary rough and green fodder, is very low in Russia, which is associated with the unsatisfactory cultural and technical state of natural lands, the extensive system of grassland management in the country. Large areas are in need of reclamation works.
1.2. The main areas of crop and livestock production
The main grain crop in Russia is wheat, winter and spring. Winter wheat is a more productive crop compared to spring wheat, but it is more demanding on soils, it is a heat-loving crop. The main areas of its production are the Northern Caucasus and the Central Black Earth Region. Spring wheat crops are concentrated in the Volga region, in the Southern Urals, in Siberia, in the Non-Black Earth region [ .
A less capricious crop is rye, therefore its crops are located mainly in the regions of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. The sown areas of rye are constantly decreasing.
Barley can be grown almost everywhere, it withstands temperature extremes during the growing season, drought-resistant. The main production regions are the North Caucasus, the Central Chernozem Region and the Volga Region, barley is also grown in the Urals and Siberia.
Oats are moisture-loving, but not demanding on soil culture, grown in the forest zone: in the Volga-Vyatka region, in the Urals, in Western and Eastern Siberia. Barley and oats are used for fodder purposes and in the food industry.
Corn is a heat-loving plant, it is grown for grain in the southern regions of the country: in the North Caucasus and in the Central Chernozem region, the Lower Volga region.
The main cereal crops: millet, buckwheat, rice. Millet is grown mainly in the steppe zone: in the Central Chernozem region, the Volga region, in the North Caucasus, the Urals. Buckwheat makes high demands on the conditions of moisture, and does not tolerate high air temperatures well. Main production areas: Central Chernozem region, Ural. Rice is grown in Russia in the North Caucasus, in the lower reaches of the Volga and in the Primorsky Territory (Far East) on irrigated lands.
Legumes (peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, etc.) are of great importance both as food crops and for fodder purposes, covering the needs of animals for protein.
Oilseeds in Russia are the main source of edible and technical vegetable oils. The main oil crop is sunflower. It is cultivated for grain in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, and the Central Black Earth region. Of the other oilseeds, soy flax, mustard, and castor beans are of the greatest importance. Hemp is an important spice and oilseed at the same time. The main part of hemp is produced in the North Caucasus and the Non-Black Earth region.
The leading industrial crop in Russia is fiber flax. It is cultivated in the central, northern, northwestern economic regions of the European part of the country.
Sugar beet is used in Russia for the production of sugar, the tops and waste from its processing are valuable feed for livestock. The main beet-growing regions are the Central Chernozems and the North Caucasus.
Potatoes are grown almost everywhere in the country, however, potato growing is a commodity industry in the Center, the Volga-Vyatka region. Central Black Earth and Western Siberia The main crops of vegetables are in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth and some other regions. Fruits and berries are grown in the southern regions.
The leading branch of animal husbandry is cattle breeding. From January 1, 2006, the number of cattle in Russia amounted to 27.2 million heads, including 12.7 million heads of cows. 37.4% of livestock accounts for households. The Middle and Southern Urals, the Volga region, Western Siberia and the North Caucasus have a large livestock.
Dairy and dairy and meat cattle breeding is located mainly in suburban areas, taking into account the proximity to the consumer and the availability of labor resources, since this industry is very labor intensive. For the development of dairy cattle breeding, a large amount of succulent fodder is needed, the main part of which is provided by field fodder production, as well as pastures normally moistened in summer, which contributes to the growth of milk productivity. Traditionally, dairy cattle breeding gravitates towards areas of intensive agriculture. The main areas of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding: forest (Non-Black Earth), forest-steppe and steppe regions (Middle Volga, Middle Urals, Siberia).
Meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding of a predominantly extensive type is developed in arid steppe, semi-desert regions: in the Lower Volga region, in the North Caucasus, the South Urals, and in southern Siberia. Here, on natural fodder lands, with minimal labor costs, you can get the cheapest beef. The development of beef cattle breeding of an intensive type is typical for areas of developed agriculture and suburban economy. Animal fattening is carried out on the products of field fodder production, waste processing of industrial crops using industrial technologies at large livestock complexes. Beef cattle breeding of this type stands out in the North Caucasus, Siberia.
Sheep and goat breeding provide valuable types of products, and also contribute to an increase in the use of farmland, as they use pastures unsuitable for other types of livestock, keeping sheep is cheaper than other animals. The number of sheep in Russia totals 14.4 million heads. The population's households account for 63.3%. The main part of the livestock is concentrated in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, Eastern Siberia and the Urals. Directions of sheep breeding, depending on the forage base: fine fleece (steppes of the North Caucasus, Lower Volga region, Siberia), semi-fine fleece (Centre, Middle Volga region), fur coat (north and north-west of the Non-Black Earth Region).
Goat breeding is of commercial importance in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountain-steppe regions of Siberia.
The most productive branch of animal husbandry is pig breeding. The number of pigs in Russia is 16.4 million heads. Pig breeding is practiced in all economic regions of the country, but it has received the greatest development in the areas of grain farming and potato growing: in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, and the Central Black Earth region. Pig farming is developing intensively in suburban areas, it makes extensive use of waste from the food industry and public catering.
Poultry farming is one of the fastest-growing branches of animal husbandry, it is located everywhere, but it is mainly concentrated in the southern regions of a large grain farm. Livestock breeding also includes the following industries: horse breeding, deer breeding, reindeer breeding, rabbit breeding, sericulture, beekeeping, etc. In the future, it is necessary to increase the production of livestock products by deepening specialization, transferring its branches to an intensive path of development.
In the modern territorial structure of agricultural production, the Central, Volga, Southern and Siberian federal districts stand out. In accordance with the forecast for the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District, production growth will be ensured primarily at the expense of the Moscow, Tula and Belgorod regions, in the Volga region - at the expense of the Republic of Mari El and the Kirov region. A special place is occupied by the Republic of Tatarstan, where the regional program "Development of the Agroindustrial Complex of Tatarstan for 2000-2010" is being successfully implemented. In the Samara and Saratov regions, a significant increase in production is also predicted due to a 2-fold increase in productivity. The leading place in the country in agricultural production is occupied by the Krasnodar Territory, followed by the Rostov Region. High growth rates are also expected in the Stavropol Territory. In the Volga Federal District, the most powerful area of agricultural production is the Republic of Bashkortostan, similar indicators are in the Orenburg Region. In Siberia, the largest area of agricultural production is the Altai Territory. In the Far East, the main volumes of agricultural production fall on the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region.
Chapter 2. Analysis of industry performance. Problems and development prospects for the future
2.1. Identification of the industry development dynamics for 2000-2006.
During the years of the crisis in agriculture, more than 30 million hectares of agricultural land were withdrawn from circulation, crops decreased by 17.5 million hectares, and the area of irrigated and drained lands decreased by 1.5 million hectares. Grain production has decreased to the level of the 1950s. In animal husbandry, meat production decreased by 2 times. The number of cattle decreased by 28.4 million heads, dropped to the level of 1949, pigs - by 22 million heads, sheep and goats - by 42 million heads. Milk yield per cow is 2233 liters per year, although in economically developed countries in leading farms one cow produces up to 12,000 liters of milk per year. Capital investment in agriculture in 2000 compared with 1990 was reduced by almost 25 times.
At this time, in 2006, Russia's agriculture is characterized by a large scale of production. The volume of agricultural production in 2006 amounted to 844.9 million rubles.
Russia ranks 2nd in the world in the production of potatoes and milk, 6th in meat production, 7th in grain crops.
In 2000, the gross harvest of grain amounted to 63.4 million tons (in weight after processing), sugar beet - 14 million tons, sunflower - 3.9 million tons, potatoes - 33.7 million tons, vegetables - 12 .3 million tons. Sown areas - 88,329 thousand hectares, including under grain - 46,555 thousand hectares, under industrial crops - 7,505 thousand hectares. The production of livestock and poultry for slaughter (in live weight) amounted to 7 million tons, milk 31.9 million tons, eggs 33.9 billion. In animal husbandry, 108.2 million tons of feed were consumed, including 39.1 million tons of concentrated feed.
Meat production increased by 5% in 2006 compared to the previous year. The egg production of laying hens has increased to 302 eggs per year. The average milk yield per cow was 3574 kg, which is 282 kg more than in 2005.
In Russia, the level of productivity of agricultural crops is very low: in 2000, the yield of cereals in 2000 was 15.6 centners per 1 ha, sugar beet - 18.8, sunflower - 9.0, potatoes - 104, vegetables - 145 centners per 1 ha . This is 2-3 times lower than in developed countries, even with close natural and climatic conditions. In terms of labor productivity in agriculture, our country is 3-4 times behind the developed countries.
In 2006, the gross grain harvest amounted to 78.6 million tons, the yield was 18.9 centners per 1 hectare of harvested area. The main producers of grain are agricultural enterprises, they produce over 90% of all grain.
2.2. Problems and prospects for the development of this industry
The Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation has prepared the program "Grain" for the period 2001-2005. and until 2010. The main goal of the program is to ensure sustainable production and development of the grain market. On the basis of the introduction of new production systems, including the latest technologies for the production of grain, fertilizers, protective equipment, equipment, it is planned to increase gross collections by 2007 to 90-92 million tons, and by 2010 to 120- 140 million tons. According to forecast data, new production systems can ensure an increase in grain yields up to 20-24 centners per 1 hectare on average in the country. To achieve these results, it is necessary to improve the taxation system. The industry must annually accumulate at least 20 billion rubles for modernization.
State regulation should be aimed at legalizing the grain market, licensing the activities of elevators, creating a system of grain exchanges, providing modern infrastructure for the production and marketing of grain, regulating seasonal price fluctuations, and improving the turnover and accounting of land resources. The program provides financing from extrabudgetary sources on the terms of short-term and long-term lending and budgetary funds for the re-equipment of basic farms in the main grain-producing regions. In 2007, the number of such farms is planned to be increased to 70. With the successful implementation of the program, Russia will be able to ensure not only food independence, but also enter the foreign market.
The social problems of the countryside have become particularly acute: in all respects, the standard of living in the countryside is significantly inferior to that in the city. The provision with institutions of culture, health care, public education, and specialists in these areas is low. The diet of the rural dweller is more meager and less balanced. Wages are much lower and prices are higher, and so on. All this leads to the migration of the population from the village to the city, and the population of young ages is leaving, the process of population aging and the extinction of the Russian village is underway.
The natural resource potential of Russia makes it possible to produce almost all the main types of agricultural products here, only some of them are limited by natural conditions (heat-loving fruits and vegetables, etc.). Nevertheless, our country is one of the main food importing countries. The main reasons are inefficient production, large losses and poor product quality.
Russia is relatively well provided with agricultural land, but their size is constantly declining, which is associated with the withdrawal of land for industrial, transport, housing and communal construction, and in recent years, with the unprofitability of agricultural production. The size of the area of farmland and arable land per capita is also gradually decreasing. Therefore, the main direction of the further development of agriculture is its all-round intensification. Intensification means an increase in material and labor costs per unit of land area in order to increase the yield of agricultural products per hectare, improve its quality, increase labor productivity, and reduce the unit cost of production. It is the most effective way to develop production. The main directions of intensification are complex mechanization, chemicalization of agriculture, land reclamation, increasing the power supply of labor in agriculture, improving the production technologies used, intensification is carried out on the basis of deepening the specialization of agricultural production, further development of agro-industrial integration.
It is recognized by science and practice that institutional transformations in the agrarian sector of the country resulted in the creation of a multi-structural economy as a system of agricultural enterprises and organizations, peasant (farm) and personal subsidiary plots of the population, their associations with various forms of ownership. At the same time, the formation and development of a variety of forms of ownership and management did not become a stimulating factor in increasing the efficiency of production and competitiveness in agriculture.
The situation with fodder is complicated by the fact that up to 30% of harvested fodder loses its nutritional value due to violations in the technology of harvesting and storage, not to mention physical losses. Due to the lack of quantity and improper feeding technology, a significant part of the feed is spent not on obtaining products, but on maintaining the life of animals, which negatively affects production efficiency and increases the feed intensity of products. According to this indicator, we have no analogues among developed countries, although we constantly experience a large shortage of feed.
The main direction in solving the problem of fodder is the intensification of fodder production, which includes measures to improve the structure of forage areas, increase the yield of fodder crops, the productivity of hayfields and pastures, melioration and chemicalization of the fodder base, improve the seed production of fodder crops, and strengthen the material and technical base of the production, the introduction of new forms of labor organization, etc. .
Methods and ways of forming a mixed economy, such as de-state ownership of land, reform, disaggregation of collective farms and state farms, ignoring the national experience in the functioning of large-scale enterprises, priority development of small forms of farming, led to a sharp decline in agricultural production , the destruction of the system of production relations, cooperative and integration ties. Thus, during the reform period, the collapse in agricultural production is comparable to the losses during the Great Patriotic War (i.e., 2 times), and food imports in 2006 amounted to more than 40% of its consumption with a food security threshold of 25% . The boundaries of poverty in rural areas have expanded several times, as the destruction of agricultural enterprises has led to the loss of jobs, a sharp increase in unemployment (almost 11%) and a decrease in wages (39% of the average wage in the country) .
At the same time, the authorities state that economic growth in agriculture has been going on for 8 years in a row, and for the period from 1999 to 2006, the volume of gross agricultural output increased by 34.4%. However, these are biased, illusory data, if we conduct a comparative analysis from 1999, and not from 1990, since such growth is several times lower than the growth rate of gross agricultural output at the beginning of agrarian reform. At the same time, since 2002, there has been a trend towards a decrease in the rate of development of agriculture, their lagging behind the rate of growth of the economy as a whole. If in 1999-2002. the average annual growth rate in agriculture was 6.4%, then in 2002-2006. - only 2%. This trend is also evidenced by the economic indicators of 2006, which confirm that the emerging improvement does not contribute to a fundamental change in the agricultural sector. Despite some growth in gross agricultural output over the past two or three years, its volume in comparable prices in 2006 was about 75% compared to 1990 (only 53.3% in animal husbandry and slightly higher in crop production).
Retrospective analysis of agricultural production in the country for 1990-2006. shows that over the past three years, grain production has remained at the level of 78 million tons, although this is more than in 1995 and 2000, but 20% lower than in 1990 (in 2007, about 75 million tons is expected). T). The growth of the combination of forms of management in the conditions of a diversified economy and market relations, which should be carried out through their effective interaction, and not on the principles of opposition, has practically slowed down. During the transitional economy, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of all forms of management, while maintaining the state ones, while considering their ability to conduct efficient production.
To develop ways to improve the management of economic forms, we will analyze the results of their reform, determine their place and role in the agricultural sector of the economy. First of all, let us consider the dynamics of the development of forms of management. According to the State Statistics Committee of the RSFSR, as of January 1, 1991, there were 29,385 agricultural enterprises in the country, including 12,790 collective farms, 13,048 state farms, 1,498 inter-farm agricultural enterprises, as well as fishing collective farms and subsidiary plots of non-agricultural enterprises, and only in rural areas. localities - more than 14 million personal subsidiary plots. For the first time, 21 thousand peasant (farmer) households were formed.
In the course of reforms in the agrarian sector, the previously existing forms of management were reorganized, taking into account the development of various forms of ownership. It is believed that the reorganization of agricultural enterprises was completed by 1997 and a diversified economy has developed, more than 31 thousand new forms of management have been created. A structure of agricultural enterprises has developed, in which almost 46% is occupied by agricultural cooperatives. Basically, the number of closed and open joint-stock companies stabilized (16% in total); state-owned enterprises make up 4%, collective farms - 5%, partnerships (companies) with limited liability - 20.5%. Faith partnerships (limited partnerships), associations of peasant (farmer) households are developing poorly.
Within the framework of the State support for the agro-industrial complex adopted in 2007 for the development of the social and engineering infrastructure of the village from 2008 to 2012. it is planned to allocate state support funds in the amount of 107.6 billion rubles. to support integrated compact development and improvement of rural settlements within the framework of pilot projects - 112.4 billion rubles. The implementation of the projects will increase the level of comfort and attractiveness of living in rural areas, ensure the growth of investment activity in the socio-economic development of rural areas. The priority issue in this case is employment and increasing the incomes of rural residents.
The main task of the transformation of rural areas is to satisfy basic human needs, form stable economic foundations for local self-government, and make the development of the socio-economic potential of the village sustainable and irreversible.
Conclusion
In our country, which has embarked on the path of reform, the time has come for a real reform of agriculture. Thanks to the new laws, it is possible, although with great effort and investment, to bring the industry out of the insolvent ones. There are noticeable improvements in this sector in terms of indicators for 2002-2006. This is manifested in a decrease in the amount of livestock and crop products imported from abroad. Also, the policy of protectionism allowed entrepreneurs to sell Russian products, and subsidies from the budget and assistance to the main producers of agricultural products played a role in a more independent state of consumers from foreign products. Thus, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of products with a slight increase in prices for it. The opening of branded sales points for products also had a favorable effect on the development of the industry.
According to economists' forecasts, if the industry also develops at the same pace, then by 2015 the industry will become competitive in foreign markets.
Bibliography
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Agriculture is a special type of activity aimed at growing, processing and manufacturing products, as well as providing related services. Its main branches are animal husbandry and crop production. The well-being of its people largely depends on how developed agriculture will be as a branch of production of a particular country.
Characteristic features of crop production in Russia
There is a lot of land in our country and, it would seem, all the prerequisites for the successful development of this area of agriculture are available. However, unfortunately, Russia is territorially located in such a way that climatic conditions and various kinds of natural factors limit the possibilities in this regard quite seriously. Crop production as a branch of agriculture in our country is quite a promising area, but only if new technologies are used and
Only 35% of Russian land is located in a temperate climate, well suited for growing crops such as rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, etc. The vast areas beyond the Arctic Circle are completely unsuitable for crop production. In addition, large areas in our country are occupied by the taiga, where the cultivation of land is a process that is also associated with a huge number of difficulties.
Plant growing as a branch of agriculture: main directions
At the moment, the main areas of agriculture in Russia include:
- The grain direction is of great importance for the population of any country in the world, including our country. Bread can be considered the staple food of man. The most valuable feed for farm animals is also produced from
- Feed production. This is the name of the system of various activities aimed at the manufacture, procurement and processing of animal feed. In this case, the land is used for growing mainly meadow crops, root crops, tubers, melons, etc.
- Cultivation of industrial crops. These include cotton, flax, sunflower, sugar beet, tobacco, etc.
- Vegetable and potato growing.
- Viticulture and horticulture.
Geography of crop production in Russia
So, the main agriculture in our country is animal husbandry and agriculture. Geographically, Russia is located in several climatic zones. On crop production, and in particular on the variety of compositions of cultivated crops, this reason has an impact primarily.
So, wheat, demanding on the thermal regime, preferring nutritious loamy soils, a fairly drought-resistant crop, is grown mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. The area of growth of less fastidious rye has wider boundaries. Barley, on the other hand, is distributed throughout almost the entire agricultural territory of the country - from the cold northern regions to the arid southern ones.
Different types of industrial crops are also common in different zones. Sunflower, for example, grows very well in arid regions. The only thing is that in order to obtain good yields, this crop should be planted only on sufficiently fertile soils. Sunflower is grown mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the country. Sugar beet, on the contrary, is very demanding on the humidity regime. Therefore, it has become widespread mainly only in the central and western regions of the forest-steppe zone.
Vegetable growing includes a huge number of crops related to different biological species. Therefore, it is well developed in almost the entire agricultural territory of Russia. The most common open crops are cabbages, tomatoes, cucurbits, onions, beets and carrots. They are grown on an industrial scale most often in those places where there is access to water - along the banks of lakes, rivers and reservoirs. The largest centers of vegetable growing have developed in the lower reaches of the Volga and Don and in the North Caucasus.
Gardening is also an important area in such an area as agriculture. The branches of agriculture associated with the cultivation of fruit and berry crops have also become very widespread in Russia, especially in its European part (Volga region, Krasnodar Territory). The largest variety of fruit crops is observed in the North Caucasus. A lot of gardens are also bred in Bashkiria and Altai.
Characteristic features of animal husbandry
This industry is also promising for our country. Suffice it to recall that before the beginning of the crisis at the end of the last century, it was one of the leading ones. The characterization of the agricultural sector in this case will be incomplete without a little digression into history. In the Soviet Union, animal husbandry, and cattle breeding in particular, was very well developed. However, the economic crisis of subsequent years had a more than negative impact on this direction. Only from 1991 to 2005, the number of cattle decreased from 54.7 to 21.4 million tons. According to the results of the same 2005, animal husbandry in our country was considered unprofitable. Therefore, there was an increase in imports of this product.
However, at the moment, agriculture (including animal husbandry) in our country can be considered more or less profitable. To some extent, this is due to the development of private farms.
Main Industries
So, what are the main areas represented in this case, agriculture? The branches of agriculture in animal husbandry are as follows:
- Cattle breeding. Breeding of cattle, along with the cultivation of cereals, is one of the main areas of agricultural production.
- Pig breeding. This is the second most important branch. Its value is also difficult to overestimate. This direction is classified into meat, semi-lard and bacon.
- Goat and sheep breeding. These directions are most widespread in the steppe zones, as well as in mountainous regions.
- Horse breeding. This industry is designed to provide the national economy with thoroughbred breeding animals, athletic and productive.
- Camel breeding. This direction has received the broadest development in the desert and semi-desert regions of Russia. Also, very high quality wool and milk are obtained from these animals.
- Reindeer breeding. This industry is a specialization of the regions located in the tundra (Magadan, Arkhangelsk regions, etc.).
- Poultry farming. Another important branch of animal husbandry.
- Fur farming. The main task of this direction is to provide the national economy with the skins of small fur animals.
- Beekeeping. This industry is responsible for the production of a number of valuable products - honey, wax, royal jelly, bee venom, etc.
And agriculture is directly related to each other. This also applies, of course, to animal husbandry. Without well-developed pig and cattle breeding, for example, the food industry is unlikely to be particularly profitable. If the state does not pay attention to such industries as fur farming and sheep breeding, the population of Russia will be left without their own warm clothes.
Geography of animal husbandry in Russia
The location and specialization of this area are determined mainly by the availability of a food base for a particular group of animals. That is, animal husbandry as a branch of agriculture, although to a lesser extent than crop production, is also dependent on natural and climatic factors.
Intensive in our country is developed for the most part in the European part - in the upper reaches of the Volga and Dnieper. Basically, these are the Moscow and Yaroslavl regions. The same direction is typical for the south of the St. Petersburg region. They are engaged in breeding cattle in other regions of the European part of the country, as well as in the southern regions of Siberia in the Urals. However, in this case, we are talking mainly about the meat and dairy direction of cattle breeding. It is also distributed to the north - in most of Siberia, but in these areas it is mostly extensive. In the circumpolar regions, however, reindeer breeding has received great development. Most cattle are bred in the Urals, in the Volga and Central regions, as well as in the North Caucasus.
Cultivation in our country has become very widespread in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in the Urals and in Eastern Siberia. Sheepskin coat production is also well developed in the central regions of the European part of Russia. Pig farming is practiced almost throughout the country. To a somewhat lesser extent, this direction is developed in the Far East.
What influences the development of agriculture
In addition to climatic and weather conditions, the following factors can influence the development of livestock and crop production in any state:
- Degree of support from the state. The more money is invested in new technologies, the more profitable agriculture will be. The branches of agriculture of any direction are very dependent on the amount of subsidies. These funds are mainly used for the development of innovative industries, the purchase of equipment, and the development of new technologies.
- Carrying out activities to restore depleted soils in areas of intensive crop production. In order for a country to compete with other states in the global agricultural market, it must have as much fertile land as possible on its territory.
- Another very important factor in the development of the economy of a particular country in a market environment is the existence of a healthy competitive environment. The main branches of agriculture are no exception in this regard.
- The state of science and technology. The more innovations are introduced, the more profitable livestock and crop production. Scientific progress is one of the main factors in reducing the cost of food.
Problems of nature management
All branches of agriculture in Russia, in addition to the above factors, are directly dependent on the environmental situation. Unfortunately, in our country, the predatory attitude towards the riches of nature and mismanagement have led to a significant deterioration in the situation in this regard.
In the steppe and forest-steppe zones, it is strongly disturbed mainly due to wind and water erosion. Meanwhile, the experience of creating ecologically sustainable landscapes was laid down at the end of the 19th century by V. V. Dokuchaev in the Voronezh region, in the Kamennaya Steppe tract. Now here is the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture. This experience is definitely worth using today.
Violation of the ecological balance in the deciduous-forest and forest-taiga zones is usually associated with the drainage of swamps and uncontrolled deforestation.
How environmental problems can be solved in modern Russia
Fortunately, at the moment the situation in our country in this regard is beginning to change dramatically. The most important task of the recently created science - environmental economics - is not only to assess the state of the environment in the light of the possibility of its use, but also to predict the development of ecological systems, attempts to foresee the future and the ability to manage them today. Of course, such an approach will have a more than beneficial effect on the main branches of agriculture.
The main methods of greening modern land use at the moment are the preservation of biological organisms and the creation of natural environmentally friendly fertilizers based on fungi, bacteria and algae. The science of humus biology is the future of agriculture.
The latest developments in this area are being introduced into all branches of agriculture in Russia today. For example, in the Krasnodar Territory, herbicide-free technologies for the production of rice and corn are used. In some farms in the Omsk region, the abandonment of the use of pesticides and the use of new farming technologies have led to a significant increase in yields.
New methods include, for example:
- Drip irrigation, adopted not only by large farms, but also by many owners of household plots.
- Reckless plowing.
- Natural biological seasonal turnover of crops.
The plans awaiting implementation in the near future include the introduction of a comprehensive and comprehensive monitoring of the natural environment. That is, monitoring its reaction to human economic activity and taking appropriate measures in advance. Of course, this will have a positive impact on agriculture. The branches of agriculture - animal husbandry and crop production - will become profitable and cost-effective.
Agriculture in Germany
Reviving livestock and crop production in Russia, of course, one should pay attention to the experience of those countries where these industries are very well developed. Germany is often cited as an example. At the moment, a lot of attention is paid to the development of agriculture in this country. The profitability of all its structures is largely influenced by the flawless and most thoughtful organization, as well as the rational and careful use of natural resources.
In the central regions of Germany and in the south of this country, the owners of small farms are mainly engaged in the production of agricultural products. This situation becomes the reason for the emergence of healthy competition, a powerful incentive for the introduction of the latest techniques. The branches of agriculture in Germany - animal husbandry and crop production - bring huge profits to this country.
In our country, the possibility of implementing most projects and developing new technologies in animal husbandry and agriculture will largely depend on the improvement of the legislative framework in the near future. Reasonable housekeeping and conservation of natural resources should become priority tasks of the state. Perhaps in the future the structure of the Russian agricultural sector will resemble the German one. However, at the moment, the main share of food products in our country is produced by rather large agricultural organizations.
Agriculture is a supplier of raw materials for many industries and a major food producer. These functions will remain with him in the foreseeable future, despite the rapid scientific and technological progress. On the contrary, as the population grows, the role and importance of agriculture, especially in food production, will increase.
The level of agricultural production largely determines the state of the national economy. As a rule, industrialized and economically strong states have a well-developed agriculture. Currently, in our country, two-thirds of the population's consumption is met by agricultural production. Half of agricultural output is used to supply raw materials to a number of important branches of industry, primarily light and food industries (oil seeds, vegetable fibers, sugar beets, etc.).
Agricultural production consists of two major main branches: crop production (agriculture) and animal husbandry. In crop production, production is based on the cultivation of plants and the use of soil as a habitat and nutrient medium for these plants. In animal husbandry, the production process is based on the cultivation of animals, the use of their vital functions. With land, soil quality, animal husbandry is connected mainly through the production of feed.
Agriculture based on the use of plants and soil as indispensable means of production. Only a plant is capable of capturing the light energy of the sun and converting it into potential energy of organic matter. Being the main and indispensable producer of organic matter, a green plant occupies a lower position in any ecological system. So, in the scheme of the ecological system - Elton stairs- the plant is at the bottom step, followed by consumers (consumers) - herbivores, predators of the first, second and higher order, surrounded by decomposers. In this order, consumers live off the energy and food stored by plants, losing about 90% of their energy with each transition to a higher level.
Thus, agriculture is, as it were, the primary, and animal husbandry, the secondary workshop of agricultural production, where plant products are utilized into high-calorie products and valuable industrial raw materials. At the same time, animal waste, mainly manure, serves as an important means of increasing soil fertility, even with a developed production of mineral fertilizers.
The industrialization of agriculture and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress significantly change the relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry. The deepening of the specialization of animal husbandry, its transfer to an industrial basis, the industrial restructuring of fodder production create opportunities for the organization of specialized livestock enterprises operating on imported feed. On the other hand, the growth in the use of mineral fertilizers somewhat reduces the role of animal waste as a source of nutrients for plants.
The ratio in agriculture of two major sectors - crop production and animal husbandry - is affected by the changing needs of the population in agricultural raw materials, various food products of plant and animal origin. With the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the range of consumer goods is expanding, the demand for various goods made from certain types of agricultural raw materials is changing. There are substitutes for various types of agricultural products both in the production of consumer goods from it, and in its use for technical needs.
With the development of agricultural production as a branch of the economy, the concept of "agriculture" has changed. In the early period of development, it was identified with agriculture. After livestock breeding was singled out as an independent branch, the concept of "agriculture" began to include only crop farming. Agriculture as a science is divided into two large sections - general agriculture, where measures common to all crops are studied for tillage, weed control, crop rotation, etc., and private agriculture, or plant growing, where the diversity of forms and varieties of agricultural plants, the features of their biology and the most advanced methods of growing them are studied.
The term " Private farming” was introduced as opposed to the term “general agriculture” and is now practically not used, and instead of the term “general agriculture”, simply “agriculture” is more often used. According to GOST approved in 1980, agriculture is a plant-growing industry based on the use of land for growing crops. The task of crop production is to grow green plants; Depending on the purpose and biological characteristics of the cultivated crops, crop production is divided into field farming, meadow growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, and forestry. The term "agriculture" is applied to the crop-growing branches connected with tillage of the soil, mainly to field cultivation. Field farming can specialize in the cultivation of one or a small set of agricultural crops: grain farming, cotton growing, flax growing, etc. An important task of field farming, especially in the southern regions, is the production of animal feed. Agriculture is most of all connected with the use of arable land, but the effective use of arable land to a large extent depends on the nature of the use of other lands, including meadows and pastures.
34. Sectoral structure of agriculture
Agriculture is a branch of material production engaged in the cultivation of cultivated plants and breeding and bringing domestic animals to supply the population with food, and industry with raw materials. It includes two interconnected major industries - crop production (it is also called agriculture) and animal husbandry. Plant growing and animal husbandry, in turn, are divided into small branches, sub-sectors, and production. Agriculture is the primary link in the agro-industrial complex (AIC) and, together with food and some light industries (textile, leather, fur), forms its basis.
PREREQUISITES FOR DEVELOPMENT. Agriculture is one of the oldest types of human economic activity. On the territory of Ukraine at the turn of V and IV millennia BC. e settled agriculture (Trypillia culture) developed. Since ancient times, Ukraine has been known for its agricultural products among other peoples and countries. And now agriculture is one of the important branches of international specialization of our state.
The development of agriculture depends on the natural-geographical and socio-economic prerequisites. The former include land and soil and agro-climatic resources, which are generally very favorable in Ukraine. Agricultural land occupies 42 million hectares, or 70% of the country's total fund. The structure of agricultural land is as follows: 79% - arable land (arable land) and perennial plantations, 13% - belt, 8% - hayfields. The highest proportion of arable land is in the steppe regions (70-80%) and the forest-steppe zone. Pastures are concentrated mainly in the Carpathians, Polissya and in the southeastern steppe regions, hayfields - in the river valleys of the forest and forest-steppe zones. WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT. For a long time, agricultural production developed extensively in the way, I.e. by attracting additional land areas to it, especially arable land, an increase in the number of livestock. The area of arable land grew due to a decrease in the area of other agricultural land (This negatively affected the fodder base of animal husbandry), as well as due to water reclamation - irrigation and drainage of land. Irrigation lands located in the south of Ukraine (their area is 2.2 million hectares). In the waterlogged and swampy areas of PoLiss and the northern forest-steppe, 3.3 million hectares of land were attracted for drainage.
Now the territory of Ukraine is one of the most plowed in Europe and the world (arable land is 1 / 2 of its area). At the same time, even lands not very suitable for agriculture were plowed up, for example, drained lands in Polissya or drained floodplains. As a result, land areas increased, but their productivity decreased, which did not contribute to an increase in crop production. An increase in the number of livestock entailed problems of its maintenance through a low-quality fodder base, insufficient introduction of highly productive breeds of animals, etc.
In modern conditions, the extensive way of conducting agricultural production has to give way to intensive - obtaining large crop yields due to improved land cultivation, fertilization, the use of pesticides, etc., increasing livestock productivity through selection, improving the fodder base, etc. It is important to establish the right proportions between crop production and livestock production, which would ensure the production of feed. Remember
Agriculture is a branch of material production engaged in the cultivation of cultivated plants and breeding and bringing domestic animals to supply the population with food, and industry with raw materials.
The development of agriculture depends on the natural-geographical (land-soil and agro-climatic) and socio-economic preconditions. In Ukraine, they are generally very favorable.
structure of agriculture. Agriculture is part of the agro-industrial complex and includes the following main sectors:
Plant growing. The industry is divided into sub-sectors according to the type of plants grown:
grain crops (wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn, buckwheat, sorghum, etc.)
leguminous crops (peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, etc.)
fodder crops (forage grasses, silage crops, fodder root crops, fodder melons)
industrial crops: a) food crops (sugar cane, sugar beets, hops, starch crops, medicinal plants); b) textile crops (cotton, flax, jute, hemp); c) rubber plants (hevea)
vegetable and melon crops: a) potatoes, b) leafy crops (cabbage, lettuce, spinach, dill, leaf parsley, etc.); c) fruit crops (tomato, cucumber, pumpkin, zucchini, squash, eggplant, pepper); d) bulb crops (onion and garlic); e) root vegetables (carrots, red beets, parsnips, parsley, celery, turnips, radishes, radishes, etc.); f) gourds (watermelon, melon, pumpkin, etc.)
citrus crops (orange, grapefruit, mandarin, lemon, bergamot, etc.)
tonic crops (narcotic crops, tea, coffee, cocoa);
oil and essential oil crops: a) oil crops (sunflower, castor oil, mustard, rape, sesame, camelina (plant), hemp, flax, coconut palm, oil palm, olive tree); b) essential oil crops (coriander, anise, cumin, etc.)
hop growing
viticulture
gardening
fruit growing
ornamental gardening
mushroom growing
Feed production
grassland - obtaining suitable pastures and fodder for livestock.
animal husbandry
fur farming
rabbit breeding
aquaculture
fish farming
cattle breeding (cattle breeding)
sheep breeding
goat breeding
horse breeding
beekeeping
bumblebee breeding
reindeer herding
poultry farming
pig breeding
camel breeding
mule breeding
corresponding to its low quality level. IN
In agriculture, an insufficient level of mechanization remains. Thus, the harvesting of vegetables and potatoes is only partially mechanized (vegetables - by 26-30%, potatoes - by 56-60%).
General characteristics of Russian agriculture
The basis of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture, including crop production (farming) and animal husbandry. Agriculture is fundamentally different from all branches of material production. The main distinguishing features of modern agriculture in Russia: 1) the land is both the subject and the main means of production; 2) the seasonal nature of production activities, primarily in crop production; 3) low natural soil fertility in most of the country (due to the peculiarities of its physical and geographical position). Russia is mainly a northern country, but with large-scale soil cultivation (requiring large material costs), soil fertility can be increased in most regions of the country; 4) dependence on natural conditions, which are very diverse in different parts of Russia and determine the assessment of a significant territory of the country as a risk zone.
leg farming; 5) the extensive nature of production
(very low crop yields, livestock productivity, labor productivity in agriculture).
Suitable in modern conditions intensive way development of agriculture, allowing to ensure the growth of agricultural production through more efficient use of land, agricultural land; expanding the use of technology; mechanization of production processes; fertilizer application; application of the latest achievements of agricultural science; expanding the practice of the integrated use of progressive methods of farming: mechanization, chemicalization (the use of fertilizers, chemicals, biostimulants), melioration (land improvement).
There are several types of land reclamation: 1) forest reclamation - the creation of shelter belts, afforestation of the slopes of ravines; 2) agromelioration - the correct choice of the depth and direction of plowing, etc.; 3) water - drainage, watering and irrigation; 4) chemical - the introduction of chemicals into the soil: lime, gypsum, etc.; 5) cultural and technical - leveling the surface, cleaning from stones. In Russia, water reclamation works still prevail, although they are the most expensive; but they too
cover only 6% of agricultural land.
The cost of water reclamation is 30 times higher than the cost of protection and rational use of all the remaining 94% of agricultural land. So far, the efficiency of land reclamation works remains low. Almost 1/3 of irrigated lands in Russia are in need of improvement and reconstruction. The maximum effect is provided by complex reclamation, i.e., the simultaneous implementation of several reclamation measures.
The natural basis of agriculture is land, and above all agricultural land.
Agricultural grounds is part of the land
land used in agriculture. They have a complex structure, a significant part of them falls on arable land, hayfields and pastures. In Russia, agricultural land occupies 220 million hectares (13% of the country's area), of which arable land - 120 million hectares (7% of the country's area), hayfields - about 20 and pastures - 60 million hectares. Their area is slowly and gradually decreasing due to an increase in the need for territories of various settlements, primarily cities, industrial and industrial construction, transport and other types of infrastructure construction. Compared to other countries of the world, Russia has a high supply of agricultural land, including arable land. Wherein
in different parts of the country specific indicators provide
the value of the inhabitants of agricultural land,
in including arable land, differ significantly, as well as their quality. The degree of agricultural development of the territory increases from north to south.
In many parts of the country, the quality of agricultural land has declined significantly. In recent decades, the quality of soils has been constantly deteriorating. Now 45% of arable land is characterized by a low content of humus, 36% by high acidity, 23% by a low content of phosphorus, 9% by a low content of potassium, which limits the level of productivity. About a quarter (23% - 1999) of agricultural land, including almost 30% of arable land, is subject to water and wind erosion. In general, 30% of agricultural land is erosion-prone. Almost all agricultural lands of the Central Black Earth and North Caucasus regions are eroded and erosion-hazardous; in the Volga region, Western Siberia and the Southern Urals, every third or fourth hectare of arable land is subject to erosion. Erosion remains one of the main causes of soil degradation. Due to erosion processes, Russia annually lacks up to 15–20% of crop yields on slightly eroded soils, up to 30–40% on moderately eroded soils, and 50–60% on heavily eroded ones. Droughts and processes
desertification complicates the effective use
farming land. About half of the territory of Russia suffers from periodic droughts. From 3 to 6% of the country's territory is subject to desertification processes, especially Kalmykia suffers from this (where 82% of the territory is covered by the desertification process, including 47% of the area of this republic is in the stage of strong and very strong desertification).
The development and location of sub-sectors of agriculture is influenced by natural and economic factors: 1) soil quality; 2) the amount of solar heat
And Sveta; 3) atmospheric moisture, precipitation; 4) biological productivity of agricultural plants
And animals; 5) their ability to adapt to certain natural conditions; 6) availability of labor resources and production equipment. At the same time, agriculture has a strictly zonal character of location. Hence the need for zonal specialization of agriculture (see Table 1), i.e., agricultural specialization of regions.
Agricultural production is very strong
depends on agro-climatic and soil resources. Accordingly, the specialization of certain regions in different sub-sectors of agriculture is associated primarily with different natural conditions. Animal husbandry dominates in the northern part of the CIS, and
also in dry areas in the south. In areas with relative
Crop production dominates with relatively favorable natural conditions. The development of crop production in the northern regions is hindered by poor agro-climatic and soil conditions, and in the southern regions by the lack of water resources. To solve the first problem, plant varieties that are more undemanding to natural conditions are gradually being developed, and powerful irrigation systems are being created to solve the second.
Each economic region has its own set of branches of agricultural specialization (see Table 34). Factors that determine the agricultural specialization of regions: 1) the natural conditions of the region (provision of light, heat, moisture, soil quality, etc.) and the requirements of plants for these conditions; 2) the labor intensity of production processes, i.e., the provision of the region with labor resources, and the labor intensity of specific sub-sectors of agriculture; 3) the transportability of agricultural products and the possibility of their storage, the presence of enterprises for its processing and the conditions for exporting products to other areas.
1990s were extremely difficult for Russian agriculture. The volume of agricultural production decreased. The index of the physical volume of agricultural production in comparable prices compared to the previous year amounted to 112.3%
in 1970, 99.2% in 1980, 96.4% in 1990, 88.0% in
1994, but since 1995 it began to increase and was equal to 107.7% in 2000 (including agricultural enterprises - 106.5%, household households - 107.9 and peasant or farm enterprises - 121 ,8 %). The collection of grain, flax fiber, sugar beets, potatoes, fruits and berries, grapes, tea leaves has significantly decreased, but the collection of sunflower seeds and vegetables has increased. The yield of sugar beet increased somewhat, but in general the yield of all crops was not stable: it fell a little, then grew a little. In general, the yield of all agricultural crops remained 2-4 times and more lower than in developed foreign countries.
FROM 1990 in Russia, the number of livestock decreased sharply - by 2 times, including cows - by 1.6 times, pigs
- 2.4 times, sheep and goats - 3.9 times. Now the number of livestock in Russia is much smaller than at the beginning of the 20th century. So,
in 1916, the number of cattle was 33 million heads, pigs - 11 million heads, sheep and goats - 47 million heads, in 2001 the number of cattle - 27 million heads, pigs - 16 million heads and 15 million heads of sheep and goats. During this period, the number of potential meat consumers increased by more than one and a half times.
crop production
Crop production, or agriculture, is a branch of agriculture, the purpose of which is the cultivation of cultivated plants used for human nutrition, human livelihoods, and also in animal husbandry. Cultivated plants are divided into several groups: 1) cereals and legumes (used for food needs and for livestock feed);
2) fodder (go to feed livestock); 3) technical (these products are processed by the food and light industries); 4) perennial plantations.
Crop production provides 40% of all agricultural products in Russia: 43% - in 1970, 42% - in 1980, 37% - in 1990, 55% - in 2000. From its development, everything
where animal husbandry also depended, since its forage base is largely provided by crop production. The location of crop production in general and its individual sub-sectors is primarily influenced by the natural and climatic factor,
and then two socio-economic factors - labor intensity and historical and economic traditions (Table 75).
Table 75
Some characteristics of the main crops-
plants of Russia
It is possible to raise the volume of agricultural crop production by increasing the area under crops and increasing yields. In Russia until 1975, the sown area increased, this happened mainly due to the development of virgin and fallow lands in the eastern regions of the North Caucasus, Volga (Trans-Volga), Ural (southern part), West Siberian regions. Since 1975, the area under crops has been reduced. Only for 1990–2000. the sown area decreased by 27%, or by 32.3 million hectares. During the years of Soviet power, crop yields tended to increase, in the 1990s. the yield of most crops is sharply reduced
tilas. Producer farms strive to grow
to plant winter crops, which have a yield of 1.5–2 times or more higher than spring crops. Winter crops are sown in autumn, that is, before winter, and only where there are no excessively cold winters. Among the groups of cultivated plants in Russia, cereals and legumes are the most widespread, occupying a little more than half (53–55%) of all sown areas in the country; moreover, winter crops occupy only a third of the crops, but due to the higher yield of winter crops, it is their collection that makes up the bulk of the total grain production in the country.
It is generally accepted that a person needs 120-140 kg of grain products per year (in our conditions and based on biological nutritional standards), which means that you need to grow and receive about 1 ton of grain per person per year (calculations by Academician V.S. Nemchinov ). With a decrease in grain losses (up to 30% of the harvest), it is enough to have 700 kg of grain per person per year, with 400 kg a rationing system is inevitable, the distribution of products is rationed, 300 kg means hunger. In 1992 and 1993
in Russia per person received a little more than 700 kg of grain per year, and in 1995 (barren) - 428 kg (as
in 1948 or as at the beginning of the 20th century), then the situation improved somewhat (according to Gladky Yu.N., 1999). There is not enough grain in Russia, and she is forced to buy it abroad, and the volume of purchases is approximately equal to the volume
grain losses during its collection, transportation, storage
research institutes. The shortage of fodder grain (grain used for livestock needs) exacerbates the shortage of grain in Russia used to feed the population.
Natural and economic factors determined the bulk of the grain harvest (75–80%) in five economic regions of the country: the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Urals (53–60% in total), the Central Black Earth, and the West Siberian (Table 76) .
Table 76
Gross grain harvest by economic regions of Russia
Source: Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2001, Moscow, 2001, pp. 408–410.
In Russia, the main and most common food crop is wheat - winter and spring, soft and hard varieties. Soft varieties of wheat have high baking qualities, but the content of proteins (determining nutrition) in them
10–15% versus 20–25% in durum wheat
tsy. Increasing the protein content in wheat by 1% makes it possible to satisfy the annual need for vegetable protein of 13–16 million people. The harvest of wheat makes up half of the total grain production in Russia, while wheat crops exceed the total area under all other grains and legumes. Winter wheat crops are found only in the European part of Russia, mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe regions, in the North Caucasus, Volga region (middle and lower right bank of the Volga region) and in the Central Chernozem region. The main areas for growing spring wheat are located in the southern parts of the Ural, West Siberian and East Siberian, Volga (Trans-Volga) and North Caucasian (Rostov region) economic regions.
Barley is the second (20%) grain crop in Russia in terms of production, its crops are distributed almost everywhere in Russia. This is a relatively unpretentious culture, tolerates cold, heat, arid climate. According to its crops, the boundaries of circumpolar agriculture on open ground are determined. Barley
- the northernmost grain crop in Russia (it is followed by rye). Barley is sown in all areas, as it tolerates low temperatures, frost, and drought. In Russia, barley in the first place
is evaluated as a fodder (forage) crop, on the basis of
where concentrated animal feed is produced, but barley is also used for the production of cereals, concentrates, beer, and some other products. Russia ranks fifth in the world in barley production.
Rye is used as a food crop,
but also for livestock feed. Winter rye is one of the most important food crops in Russia. During the tsarist period, rye crops were much larger than now, since the need for it was much higher (rye, not wheat bread, most Russians ate every day). Rye requires less heat than winter wheat (but rye is inferior to it in terms of nutritional qualities). Rye requires higher temperatures at the beginning of its growth than barley. It needs less heat and moisture than winter wheat. Now Russia ranks first in the world in the collection of rye. The main economic regions of its cultivation: Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Samara regions, as well as the Republic of Tatarstan), Central, Volga-Vyatka, Ural (Perm region and the Republic of Udmurtia).
Oats are used as food and fu-
racial culture. In the tsarist period, its importance as a forage crop was very great (it was oats that they sought to feed horses, and then in Russia they
there were a lot of these). Oats stand out high
feed and nutritional qualities. Oats are primarily a forage crop. It was the feed unit of oats that was taken as the standard for evaluating the feed units of other crops. Oats withstand low temperatures, are undemanding to soils, tolerate acidic soils. It is mainly grown in the forest zone (in the subzone of mixed forests) of the European part of Russia and in the forest-steppe zone. The main economic regions for growing oats are: Volga, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, Ural, West Siberian and East Siberian, Far East. Russia ranks first in the world in oat production.
Corn is a high-yielding, heat-loving and moisture-loving grain crop. In the southern regions of Russia, it is sown for grain, and in the northern regions - to obtain a large amount of juicy green mass for livestock feed, for making silage. Flour, cereals, corn flakes are obtained from corn grain, starch, oil, molasses, alcohol and cellulose are produced. The main areas for growing corn: North Caucasus and Central Chernozem.
Rice is the most productive grain crop (yield is up to 35 c/ha). It is a heat-loving and water-loving culture. It is grown in the lower reaches of the rivers: in the Volga delta, the lower reaches of the Kuban, as well as in the Pri-
sea region in the Khanka lowland. Basic-
Rice is harvested in three economic regions: the Volga Region (Astrakhan Region), the North Caucasus Region (Rostov Region and Krasnodar Territory, Dagestan), and the Far East Region (Primorsky Territory).
Millet, like rice, is a cereal grain. It is a low-yielding crop (7-10 q/ha), heat-loving and soil-demanding crop, but it is the most drought-resistant grain crop in Russia. The main economic regions of millet cultivation are: North Caucasus, Volga (Lower Volga), Ural (southern part).
Buckwheat belongs to cereal grain crops, and also has a low yield (4–6 q/ha). Buckwheat stands out for its high nutritional qualities; according to them, it is not inferior to soft wheat and surpasses it in vitamin content. In addition, it has a high honey content. The yield of buckwheat increases when it is pollinated by bees, but bees do not live in ecologically polluted areas. This feature contributes to a decrease in the yield of buckwheat, which is grown almost everywhere, except for the extreme northern parts, southern semi-deserts and deserts of the country. The main zones of its cultivation are forest (zone of mixed forests) and forest-steppe.
Peas, lentils, beans, soybeans - the most common
leguminous foodstuffs imported into Russia
nye crops, but their gross harvest is small. Most-
Pea crops are widespread in the neck (2/3 of the area), the main area of its cultivation includes the Central, Central Chernozem, Volga-Vyatka, Volga economic regions. A valuable oilseed crop is soybean (the second largest crop after sunflower). Oil is obtained from soybean, a raw material for the food industry, it is also an effective fodder crop. Soybeans are mainly grown in the Far East region (Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye).
Sown grasses are of great importance in the feed ration of animal husbandry - clover, lupine, vetch, timothy. Like legumes, they enrich the soil with nitrogen in crop rotations, therefore they are effective predecessors in the fields for other crops.
Of the technical types of cultivated plants,
produce food products: vegetable oil, sugar, molasses, as well as medicines and light industry products.
Now Russia occupies the seventh (1999) place in the world in the collection of sugar beets, in the collection of flax fiber it is in second place (after Ukraine), in the collection of sunflower seeds it is one of the leaders. Nevertheless, Russia does not satisfy its needs at the expense of domestic producers.
sti in sugar beets and sugar, sunflower seeds
nickel and vegetable oil, flax fiber and vegetable fibers for the textile industry. Industrial crops occupy a smaller area than grain crops.
Growing industrial crops is complicated by: 1) biological characteristics, expressed in more stringent requirements for heat, moisture, light, physical and chemical composition of soils; 2) the complexity of growing most industrial crops; 3) the capital intensity of most industrial crops.
In fact, each industrial crop requires the use of special tools, including harvesting machines (flax harvesters, beet harvesters, cotton harvesters, potato harvesters, etc.). In addition, a number of industrial crops require special facilities (for example, special reservoirs or enterprises for soaking fiber flax, industrial enterprises for the primary processing of grown raw materials, etc.).
Among industrial crops, sugar-bearing (sugar beet), fibrous (fiber flax, cotton), oilseeds (sunflower, castor bean, mustard, curly flax) and essential oil (mint, anise) are distinguished. Industrial crops occupy a small share in
sown areas in Russia.
Sunflower is the most common industrial crop in Russia and the leading oilseed crop. 90% of Russian vegetable oil is produced from sunflower seeds (the remaining 10% of the oil is obtained from mustard, curly flax, castor oil, etc.). Obtained by processing sunflower seeds into oil and cake - a high-protein concentrated feed for livestock. Green mass and immature sunflower seeds are used for silage harvesting. Sunflower crops occupy more than 70% of all plantings of industrial crops. Sunflower is demanding on heat and light, soil (powerful chernozems with a loose permeable subsoil layer are most preferable). The required sum of active temperatures during the growing season is 1600–2300 °C. The main economic regions of sunflower cultivation are: North Caucasian, Volga (Middle Volga), Central Chernozem, Ural (Orenburg region) (Table 77).
The cultivation of other oilseeds is less common in Russia. Curly flax (or oil flax) is sown mainly in the Volga, North Caucasus, West Siberian economic regions, mustard - in the Volga region (Volgograd and Saratov regions), North Caucasus (Rostov region, Stavropol and Krasnodar regions ) areas.
Kleshchevin - mainly in the North Caucasian
Table 77
Gross harvest of sunflower seeds by economic regions of Russia
Source: Russian Statistical Yearbook,
2001. M., 2001. S. 411.
Flax is the most important fibrous crop in Russia. Linen fabrics are made from the resulting flax fiber, which are in high demand in our country and abroad, in addition, summer hats and caps are made from it, and artistic products are woven for decorating interiors. Flax requires cool cloudy cloudy weather, it is very moisture-loving (it grows well during rainy and cool summers), and does not tolerate heat. It grows at the sum of active temperatures during the vegetative period at the level of 950-1030 °C. Sowing flax is associated with a number of additional organizational and technological actions. In the fields of flax predecessors, it is desirable to have crops that enrich the soil with nitrogen (usually clover and vetch-oat mixture), and well-cultivated soils are needed. Fiber flax is susceptible to fungal diseases (which significantly reduces the quality of plant fibers); because of this, it can be sown in one field no more than once every 7–8 years. This, in turn, limits flax crops, which occupy only up to 12–15% of the cultivated area of farms. Long flax is a rather labor-intensive crop, and in the Non-Chernozem region, where the conditions for its cultivation are better, the population has declined sharply in recent decades and the population density in rural areas has turned out to be very low, which
which complicates the cultivation of this crop. Main
economic areas for growing fiber flax: Central, Northern, Volga-Vyatka, North-West, as well as the Urals and West Siberian (ta-
Table 78
Gross harvest of flax fiber by economic regions of Russia
Source: Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2001. M., 2001. P. 410.
Sugar beet is the only sugar-bearing crop in Russia (raw sugar is obtained from it, then refined sugar). Sugar beet is grown as an industrial crop (for sugar production), as well as forage (there are special varieties of
washing beets). Sugar beet is quite moody
culture: requires good cultivated soils (preferably chernozem soils), a sufficiently humid climate (moisture-loving culture), moreover, a climate
from long warm period. For sugar beet during the growing season - 150–170 days – the sum of active temperatures of 2200–2400 °C is required. It grows best in the forest-steppe zone. Another feature of growing sugar beets is labor intensity. The main economic regions for growing sugar beet: Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga, West Siberian (Altai Territory) (Table 79).
Potato and vegetable crops. Carto-
fel is undemanding to heat (the sum of active temperatures of the growing season of 1200–1800 °C is sufficient), moreover, high temperatures reduce its yield. Particularly large areas with potato plantings are located in the suburban areas of large cities and in the vicinity of industrial centers. Potatoes grow best on chernozem soils, but other soils are also acceptable for its cultivation, especially when fertilizing.
Vegetable growing in Russia is developed everywhere. The largest crops of vegetable crops are concentrated in the North Caucasus, Central, Ural, Central Chernozem, Volga regions (especially
but in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and the Volga delta, called
praised by the All-Russian Garden for ideal conditions for the commercial production of vegetable and melon crops).
Fruit crops and grapes, subtropical crops and tea. Fruit crops and grapes are successfully grown in the North Caucasus and the Lower Volga region, as well as in Central Black Earth area (fruit). In the more northern regions, amateur and small-scale gardening is widespread. Tea and other subtropical crops (persimmons, figs, tangerines) grow only in the southern Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar Territory.
Table 79
Gross harvest of sugar beet by economic regions of Russia
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