Ensuring the reliability of radio-electronic equipment of anti-aircraft missile weapons during modernization and overhaul. Safety Requirements

The quality of radio-electronic equipment is characterized by the compliance of its parameters with standards or specifications. For the normal functioning of radio-electronic equipment, it is necessary that the parameters of all its devices (parts and assembly units) also comply with the technical specifications and drawings. This can be achieved by adjusting (tuning) each device individually and electronic equipment as a whole. The workplace of the REA regulator is shown in Figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 - Workplace of the traffic controller

The task of adjustment work is to use technological operations that do not change the circuit and design of electronic equipment, by compensating for inaccuracies in the manufacture of parts and assembly units. Coordination of their input and output parameters in the process of adjustment to bring the parameters of electronic equipment to the optimal value that meets GOST or technical conditions with the least labor intensity, that is, the least labor and time costs.

Depending on the stage of the technological process, the setting of any device can be preliminary or final.

Device presetting is an adjustment that is made either for control purposes or to provide final adjustments to other elements. For example, in the process of tuning a radio frequency amplifier, the cores of inductors, subscript capacitors, and so on are adjusted. The final adjustment of the device is understood as the last adjustment of the radio-electronic equipment carried out at the factory.

The organization of the technological process of adjustment (setting) of radio-electronic equipment and the requirements for measuring equipment are largely determined by the scale of production.

The organization of adjustment includes: equipping the workplace with the necessary measuring equipment and tools; rules for the use of equipment and tools; establishing a certain procedure for checking, adjusting and testing devices of radio-electronic equipment, as well as detecting faults and eliminating them.

The workplace of the regulator is the part of the production area of ​​the enterprise, where adjustment or adjustment operations are performed. Grounding buses, alternating voltages of 220 volts for powering specialized devices and 36 volts for powering a soldering station must be connected to the workplace.

When preparing the workplace and performing adjustment work, the necessary measures for labor safety must be taken:

all instrumentation, power supply and other auxiliary equipment are reliably grounded;

external connecting wires and cables must have high-quality insulation;

operation of equipment and measuring instruments must be carried out in accordance with the "Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations";

when working with electrical and radio equipment, protective equipment (dielectric gloves, rugs, etc.) must be used.

Tools Used

The performance of installation work during the repair of equipment depends on the quality of the tool and the correct choice of it. The set of tools for performing repair and adjustment work includes a soldering iron, tweezers, pliers, round nose pliers, wire cutters, screwdrivers, devices for winding and soldering wires.

For soldering connections during the installation of electronic equipment, continuous electric soldering irons are used, the heating element of which is a spiral of nichrome wire, covering the copper rod of the soldering iron and located inside it. The electric soldering iron must provide an intensive heat supply to the place of soldering.

When wiring and soldering parts, electric soldering irons with a supply voltage of not more than 36 V are used as the main tool. The body of the electric soldering iron and the tip must be grounded.

When mounting integrated circuits, soldering irons are used, designed for a voltage of 12 V from a step-down transformer. Soldering irons powered by 127-220 V are not recommended, because. in the event of a breakdown of the insulation between the heating element and the rod, life-threatening voltage can be exposed. The soldering iron should heat up quickly within 1.5 minutes after being turned on. The handle during operation of the soldering iron should not heat up. To perform special operations, end soldering irons with shaped rods are used.

The main criteria for choosing an electric soldering iron are:

Maximum operating temperature;

The heat capacity of the tip and the time of its reheating;

Mass and heat capacity of soldered (connected by soldering) parts.

Operating temperature and heat capacity are closely related to the power and design of the soldering iron.

The maximum operating temperature is selected taking into account the established thermal regime, when the amount of heat released by the heating winding is equal to the amount of heat lost to the environment. The recommended maximum temperature of the tip should be 50...70 °C above the melting point of the solder.

The heat capacity of a tip is a measure of the amount of heat stored in it for soldering. This amount of heat must be transferred from the soldering iron tip to the junction of the parts in a certain time, which usually does not exceed 3 ... 5 s.

The heat capacity depends on the geometric dimensions of the tip, its material and the power of the soldering iron (more often it is either small or too high, which leads to poor soldering).

During operation, the electric soldering iron must be located at the workplace on the right side of the electrician. The conductive cord of the electric soldering iron must be flexible, since the convenience of working with an electric soldering iron and the speed of soldering operations depend on its elasticity.

Electric soldering irons are divided into the following groups:

With a heating element in the form of a nichrome spiral (with internal and external heating of the tip);

With a pulsed heating element in the form of a nichrome loop, which is also a tip; with electrocontact heating (soldering tongs).

The mounting tool kit includes surgical tweezers 130-140 mm long and sentry. The tweezers should spring well. Clock tweezers have well-converging ends and are used when working with wires - wire with a diameter of 0.3 - 0.08 mm. For winding into the mounting petals, bending and fixing the ends of the wires on the parts, supporting the wire during soldering, use a more durable surgical tweezers with notches on the sponges. It is very convenient when mounting parts in hard-to-reach parts of products. When repairing, surgical tweezers are used with a rectangular clamp put on it, which, when moving to the ends of the sponges, compresses them.

The installation tool kit usually includes a pair of pliers. Some - 150-17 mm long - have a notch on the jaws and are used to pull or straighten thick single-core wires, to tighten various mounting brackets. Others - 100-120 mm long - have thinner and narrower jaws without a notch 40-50 mm long, so that when bending an uninsulated wire, do not damage its surface, and when laying an insulated wire, do not damage the insulation.

During installation work, round-nose pliers are used during repairs. The first ones are 40-50 mm long, with a jaw base of 5 mm. They are convenient for bending wire leads. The second - 150 mm long with durable jaws 30 mm long with a notch on converging surfaces. The diameter of the jaws of such round-nose pliers is 3-3.5 mm at the ends, and 7-8 mm at the base. Round-nose pliers are used when mounting electronic equipment with an uninsulated wire with a diameter of 1.5-2 mm. It is convenient for them to make rings at the end of the wire for fastening under the nut.

For installation work, side cutters are most convenient - side cutters, with which you can bite off the extra ends of the wires inside the device. The adjusting jaws of such nippers should be sharp and tightly converge. These wire cutters can cut wires up to 2 mm in diameter.

Wires of larger diameter are cut with end cutters, the cutting jaws of which are located at right angles to the plane of the handles. Side and end cutters usually choose the same length - no more than 150 mm.

The screwdriver must exactly match the length and width of the slot on the head of the screw being screwed. The set of mounting tools should include 4-5 screwdrivers, with blades of different lengths and widths. The length of the screwdriver with the handle is usually 250-270 mm. With an increase in the diameter of the screwdriver, the diameter should also increase proportionally. When repairing household appliances, electric screwdrivers are often used.

To cut paper or thin fabric, scissors 150-200 mm long are needed, the cutting edges of which must be at least 50-70 mm, sharp enough and converge tightly. Such scissors cut varnished cloth, paper for gaskets when winding coils in transformers, and other products.

Electrical copper wires used in the installation of equipment must be flexible and allow shaped laying of both single wires and bundles. For greater flexibility, mounting wires are made from individual thin wires twisted into a core. The diameter and number of wires are selected depending on the purpose and the required section of the wire.

The mounting wires are protected from electrical interference by a shielding braid of thin tinned copper wires. The braid comes in diameters from 2 . The double designation of the braid diameter shows its smallest and largest internal diameters when stretched and compressed.

When removing insulation by electric firing from wire cores with an external cotton or silk braid, such as BPVL, MGSHDO, its ends are covered with AK-20 or BF-4 glue.

3.3 Soldering, solders and fluxes, soldering requirements

Soldering is the technological process of forming a permanent connection of metal parts by diffusion of molten solder. Depending on the temperature in the area of ​​the materials being joined, soldering is divided into low-temperature and high-temperature soldering.

The gap between the parts is set depending on the connection: for low-temperature solders it is 0.05 ... 0.08 mm, for high-temperature solders - 0.03 ... 0.05 mm.

The reliability of soldered joints depends on the state of the surfaces to be joined and their structures, the soldering temperature and the flux used. When preparing the surfaces of parts to be soldered, mechanical or chemical removal of dirt, rust, oxide and grease films is carried out.

The technological process of soldering includes tinning, which precedes soldering and consists in covering the surfaces of the parts to be joined with a thin film of solder. During tinning, the solder fuses with the base metal.

Solders are subject to constructive and technological requirements.

The constructive ones are:

Sufficient mechanical strength at normal, high and low temperatures;

Good electrical and thermal conductivity;

tightness;

Corrosion resistance.

Technological ones include:

Fluidity at soldering temperature; good wetting of the base metal;

The melting temperature and crystallization temperature interval determined for a given solder.

Solders with a melting point of up to 350 ° C are called soft, and solders with a melting point of more than 350 ° C are called hard.

As soft solders, various alloys based on lead and tin are used, the content of which determines the properties of solders.

Solders tin - lead type POS -40, POS - 61, POS - 90 are alloys of tin and lead (40, 61, 90% of the tin content). The mechanical strength of solders increases with an increase in the tin content, and worsens with an increase or decrease in temperature.

For soldering connections during the installation of radio equipment, the so-called tubular solder is widely used, which is a small-diameter hollow tube made of a tin-lead alloy and filled with rosin flux.

The main advantages of tubular solders are:

Possibility of applying solder and flux to the place of soldering in one step;

Improving the quality of soldering;

A sharp increase in labor productivity in assembly operations, as well as facilitating soldering in hard-to-reach places.

The diameter of the tubular solder is determined by the nature of the joints. The use of smaller diameters in many cases saves solder. The dimensions of the outer diameters of tubular solders are: 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3; 4; 5 mm, and internal, respectively, half as much.

For the successful implementation of soldering and obtaining a high-quality connection, active substances are used - fluxes. By their state, fluxes can be solid (pure rosin), soft (various rosin-based pastes) and liquid (acid compounds or alcohol fluxes based on diluted rosin).

Fluxes should ensure timely and complete dissolution of oxides of the base metal, uniform coverage of the metal surface at the place of soldering and protection from oxidation during the entire soldering process.

For electrical soldering of REA, flux FKSp is mainly used (30 ... 40% solution of rosin in ethyl alcohol).

To successfully complete the soldering process and obtain a high quality joint, fluxes must meet the following requirements:

The melting point of the flux must be below the melting point of the solder.

The flux must be liquid and sufficiently mobile at the soldering temperature, spread easily and evenly over the base metal, penetrate well into the gaps; in addition, it should not be too viscous and "leave" the place of soldering.

The flux should contribute to the timely and complete dissolution of base metal oxides by the time the molten solder is removed.

Flux and its decomposition products during soldering should not emit gases that are asphyxiating, unpleasant or harmful to human health.

The main defects in soldering are:

The presence of cracks in the solder joint as a result of the rapid cooling of parts after soldering or a significant difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the solder and metal;

The presence of pores in the seam due to the high soldering temperature or intensive evaporation of the flux;

Insufficient wetting of the surface of parts with solder due to their high contamination. The soldering should be smooth, without gray or brown coating, indicating the wrong temperature, skeletal so that the soldered lead can be viewed on the contact track.

When soldering or replacing microcircuits, it is necessary to comply with the general requirements for electrical installation, as well as comply with specific requirements due to the design and technological features of devices of this class.

Soldering must be carried out with a low-power soldering iron.

Apply protection against static electricity.

Observe the soldering temperature.

Output soldering time - no more than 3 seconds.

The duration of simultaneous exposure to all outputs is no more than 2 seconds.

The interval between soldering adjacent leads is at least 10 seconds

Conduct the desoldering of the leads in a cross way.

The interval between re-soldering is at least 5 minutes.

In the presence of a heat sink, the microcircuit must be fastened with sufficient force and uniform tightening, and the contact surfaces must be lubricated with heat-conducting paste.

Difficulties may arise when dismantling microcircuits due to the large number of pins. In this case, you can use various devices, such as a needle of a medical syringe, matched to the diameter and ground off, shielded braid, a soldering iron nozzle for simultaneous heating of all rations.

MEASURES ON LABOR SAFETY

Safety Requirements

The basic safety rules for the diagnosis and repair of electronic components of household equipment provide for the following mandatory requirements.

The workplace must be kept in order. It should contain only those devices, tools and fixtures that are required to perform this work.

The tool must always be in good condition.

A metal tool (tweezers, wire cutters, pliers) must have insulated handles (for this, rubber tubes can be put on metal handles).

Soldering of radio elements must be done with a serviceable soldering iron, in which the insulation is not broken and there is no contact between the heating element and the metal case or tip.

During soldering, be careful not to burn yourself, especially if the parts to be soldered have spring properties. Carelessness can cause hot solder to splatter and get into your face and eyes.

During the soldering process, harmful fumes of tin and lead are released. You need to remember this and do not lean low over the place of soldering, and also try not to inhale the fumes. The soldering room must be well ventilated. After soldering, be sure to wash your hands with warm water and soap.

When establishing blocks of household equipment under voltage, do not touch bare current-carrying elements or wires with your hands. Installation and repair is carried out only when the equipment is de-energized. Under no circumstances should wet or damp hands touch the housings of switched on devices. It is necessary to monitor the serviceability of the fuses in the electrical network and equipment. It is strictly forbidden to use so-called wire bugs instead of fuses.

At the end of the establishment of blocks of household equipment, it is necessary to disconnect them from the power sources. Special care is required when working with oxide (electrolytic) capacitors that can store large electrical charges.

Before starting work, it is necessary: ​​to study the installation diagram and determine the elements under voltage; tidy up the workplace; check the serviceability of the protective earth; turn on the power; in the event of a malfunction of instruments and equipment, immediately turn off the power; Familiarize yourself with the technological map or the algorithm for finding a malfunction.

During work it is necessary: ​​to observe silence; do not leave the workplace unnecessarily; do not turn on other devices and equipment unnecessarily; perform work in accordance with the technological map, schematic diagram and algorithm. It is forbidden to check by touch the presence of voltage and heating of current-carrying parts of electrical installations; to solder the included devices; use to connect wires with damaged insulation; leave unattended devices that are energized. After finishing work, turn off the power and tidy up the workplace.

In emergency situations, it is necessary to turn off the electrical installation. In the event of a person getting under the influence of current, it is necessary to turn off the power, release the person who is energized, provide first aid, if necessary, give artificial respiration and ensure constant monitoring until the arrival of a doctor.

Electrical safety requirements

Electrical safety is understood as a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from the dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.

The nature of electric shock and its consequences depend on the voltage, strength and type of current, the path of its passage, the duration of exposure, the individual physiological characteristics of a person and his condition at the time of the defeat.

In case of electric shock, the following violations occur:

Heating of the skin, tissues or blood vessels (thermal action);

Tissue rupture (mechanical action);

Decomposition of blood, change in its chemical composition, electrolysis (chemical action);

Involuntary muscle contraction, respiratory or cardiac paralysis (biological action).

Electrical burns occur during the thermal action of an electric current, the most dangerous of which are burns resulting from exposure to an electric arc, since its temperature can exceed 3000 ° C.

When electroplating the skin, the smallest particles of metal penetrate into the skin under the action of an electric current, as a result of which the skin becomes electrically conductive and its resistance drops sharply.

Electric signs are spots of gray or pale yellow color that occur when they are in close contact with a current-carrying part, through which an electric current flows in working condition.

Electric shocks are a common lesion of the human body, characterized by convulsive muscle contractions, disorders of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.

Mechanical damage, tissue ruptures and fractures occur with convulsive muscle contraction, as well as as a result of falls when exposed to electric current.

With electrophthalmia, the outer membranes of the eyes are damaged due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation from an electric arc.

To prevent electric shock, the following work safety rules must be strictly observed.

Electrical wires supplying power to the workplace must be reliably insulated and protected from mechanical damage.

It is necessary to regularly monitor the serviceability of the electrical cords of appliances and power outlets. When performing work, it is necessary to use a special electrical tool with insulated handles. During operation, the power tool must quickly turn on and off from the mains, but not spontaneously, be safe in operation and not have live parts accessible for accidental contact.

The voltage of the power tool should not exceed 220V in rooms without increased danger and 42V in rooms with increased danger.

The voltage of lamps for local lighting should be 36V, and in especially dangerous rooms - no more than 12V.

When installing blocks of household equipment, it is prohibited: to check by touch the presence of voltage and heating of the current-carrying parts of the circuit; use to connect wires with damaged insulation; to solder and install parts in live equipment.

During the adjustment process, it is allowed to connect the measuring device to the control points without removing the voltage, for which a wire with a plug-in lug is touched to the control point, while the other wire from the device must first be connected to the metal grounded case of the equipment being adjusted.

fire safety requirements

The requirements for fire and explosion safety are regulated by state standards, building codes and intersectoral fire regulations. Basic measures to prevent fires and explosions include:

Limiting the amount of combustible substances;

The maximum possible use of non-flammable substances;

Elimination of possible sources of ignition (electric sparks and excessive heating of equipment);

Limiting the spread of fire using construction and planning tools (arrangement of fire barriers);

Organization of fire protection, use of fire extinguishing equipment and fire alarm devices.

When repairing household radio-electronic equipment, it is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of electrical equipment. Electrical installations and instrumentation must have fuses and circuit breakers. After completion of work, all electrical facilities must be de-energized. According to the conditions of fire safety, the insulation resistance of electrical circuits should be carefully monitored. Wiring and general ventilation in the room for work with flammable substances and adhesives must be carried out taking into account explosion safety.

The area where the wires run should be free of any debris or flammable materials. At the end of the work, the plugs of the devices included in the sockets must be removed and the knife switches turned off.

The maximum amount of solvents used for washing and degreasing equipment parts and containing combustible substances for storage at the workplace is indicated in the instructions approved by the enterprise. This amount is limited to the daily requirement determined by the technological department and agreed with the fire authorities.

Flammable liquids must be stored in non-sparking containers with leak-tight lids to prevent tipping. The dishes must have an inscription with a clear name of the liquid, as well as the mark "Flammable". Due to the fact that flammable liquids (ethyl alcohol, turpentine) are used during electrical work (soldering and tinning with hot solder, burning the ends of electrical wires), electrical installation areas are fire hazardous. To prevent fire, stands for electric soldering irons must be made of non-combustible material.

In case of fire in the workshops, extinguishing equipment (fire extinguishers, fire tools, inventory) and fire alarms should be provided. The worker must know the location of fire extinguishers and other fire fighting equipment, as well as be able to use them.

If the wires ignite, it is necessary, first of all, to de-energize them, and then extinguish them. Never use non-standard fuses.

It is forbidden to hang clothes and other items on switches, knife switches, wrap electric lamps with paper and other flammable materials.

In the event of a fire, the worker who noticed the fire must take measures to eliminate it, at the same time calling the fire department. When it is not possible to put out the fire on their own, workers must leave the premises through entrances and exits, including emergency ones. Each worker must know the procedure for calling the local and city fire brigade.

Environmental Requirements

The legal basis for environmental protection in the country is the law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population", adopted in 1999. In accordance with this law, sanitary legislation has been introduced, which includes this law and regulations that establish safety criteria for a person, environmental factors and requirements for ensuring favorable conditions for his life.

The most important legislative act aimed at ensuring environmental safety is the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, adopted in 2002.

Regulatory legal acts on environmental protection include sanitary norms and rules of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which ensure the necessary quality of natural resources (air, water, soil) and establish the procedure for taking into account environmental requirements in the design, repair and operation of electronic equipment.

To protect against ionizing radiation (radiation), the following methods and means are used:

Increasing the distance from the radiation source;

Radiation shielding with screens and biological shields;

Use of personal protective equipment.

The power supply of the digital voltmeter is not a source of environmental pollution and does not contain toxic and radioactive substances, therefore, from an environmental point of view, it is absolutely safe.

ECONOMIC PART

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From the author: I really didn’t imagine that the desire to write articles would manifest itself at this age ... I, at the time of writing this article, am 45 years old, I have been involved in electronics since I was 15 years old. Higher specialized education: engineer-designer-technologist of radio-electronic equipment (REA). I managed to work in the design department at a pilot plant that produced electronics for the defense industry (even before perestroika), in the automated control systems of large enterprises in our city of chemists. During perestroika and general collapse, he worked as a technical specialist in a private business. I even managed to work in the State Statistics Service, although not for long. At the moment I have my own SC and I am engaged in system maintenance of computer equipment for small businesses and some budget enterprises of our city. During his career, he managed to get acquainted with many enterprises of our city, the principles of organization and management of technical services, and the most valuable thing - with people. The examples discussed in this article are taken mainly from my own experience and have a real life origin. The purpose of this work: to orient a young man (a girl) who is starting his life path and protect him from "typical mistakes" in the case of choosing this type of occupation.

"Master" - a general concept

A bit of history. If we recall the history of the social structure and development of society, then the concept of "master" appeared at the very beginning, when the stratification of society into classes began. The class of craftsmen and artisans has always been separated from the rest of society. A feature of this class, as the school general history stated, was private ownership of the means of production (tools) and objects of production (products). From this it is clear that this is far from being a poor stratum of society. During the development of society, this class has undergone major changes. When building a bourgeois way of society, the “manufacturers” vividly expressed themselves, and with the passage of the scientific and technological revolution, they firmly took a leading position along with “politicians” and “managers”. But at the same time, one should not forget that the "manufacturers", although they are at the top of the social pyramid, but this is only a part of the class of "masters". Even in our time, organizations (artels) and individual craftsmen who are in demand by society continue to exist, and no mass production can replace their work. It is to this category that the repair business in general, and the repair of electronics in particular, belongs.
Now that we have clarified the social status, let's try to understand the very concept of "master". This question often haunted writers. Perhaps the most successful attempt to describe the image of the master was succeeded by Mikhail Bulgakov in the novel The Master and Margarita. In fact, it is a whole inner world with its own laws and principles of construction and development. I won’t retell the novel, I’ll note only one detail - human society is always very wary of dissidents, often considering them “schizos” and tries to protect itself from this little-studied phenomenon, considering it a mental disorder. From my own experience I can say that "master" is a complex concept. It is not described by a certain set of qualities and characteristics. But, despite this, certain features of the master are still inherent:
First of all, he is a technically literate person. Moreover, not only in the direction in which he specializes, but also in all related areas of scientific and technological development. This is due to a number of factors, the main of which are the vision of the whole problem as a whole and the ability to solve a problem that is beyond the power of an ordinary technical specialist. Ways to achieve can be very different. The most common one is specialized education- the fastest way to achieve the goal. I can't give specific recommendations. Here everything is decided individually. Not less important self-education. It's no secret that in the group of masters there are not many people with higher profile education, however, self-education is much more important to achieve the required level. The knowledge gained “in pain” is more valuable and remains for a much longer period than the “listened course of lectures”. work experience in the chosen direction. After all, statistics and systematization of accumulated experience gives new knowledge and vision of the task.
Secondly, he is a "fan of his own business." It is diligence, perseverance, purposefulness, love for one's work that allows one to reach certain heights in the chosen direction. But the main thing here is not to go too far. Everything is good in moderation.
Third, talent. Well, this is from God. If given, then the whole path to success will not seem so difficult and thorny at all.
Fourth, he is a creative thinker. Now it's fashionable to talk. Well, in fact, a person who has non-standard flexible thinking. Actually, it is this way of thinking that distinguishes the "master" from the "advanced technician" and makes his work akin to a work of art.
Now let's see what the "omniscient" Wikipedia says about this. The very first definition:
Master- a person who has achieved high art in his work, investing in his work ingenuity, creativity, making objects unusual and original.
And after that, 22 definitions and interpretations.
And finally, I want to add a few of my own comments. They are not universally recognized and have only the status of "personal observations". But they will be very useful when choosing this type of activity.
Almost all the masters I have met in my life have one thing in common: they are far from ordinary people in life. And I put it very mildly. Complexes and troubles abound there. There are a number of objective explanations for this, which I will not give, sparing their pride. But, in most cases, employees and management of such people are tolerated as a necessary evil in exchange for their skills. The leaders of the SC, I hope they will understand me. The second remark smoothly follows from the first - often these are “people with a throat”. I do not want to cast a shadow on all the masters, but drunkenness and various violations of labor discipline are much more common in this category of people.
However, there are also positive observations. Despite the shortcomings described above, the family life of the masters develops, as a rule, successfully. Even in their youth, they are not deprived of the attention of the opposite sex. And this is despite the persistent image of "nerds" and "crazy". What can we say, when the master has reached a certain perfection and weight in society ...
Conversations among craftsmen, contrary to popular belief, are rarely limited to purely technical issues. Despite the boundless dedication to his work and great employment, as a rule, the master has a hobby, and indeed, nothing human is alien to him.

Electronics repairman

Wikipedia has a very specific definition on this subject:
Master- a skilled worker (usually in consumer service organizations, for example, a TV technician)
It's so simple and without further ado. Imagination immediately draws a picture: a kind of unshaven middle-aged man, looking older than his age, with a soldering iron in his hand and a cigarette in his teeth. And in the company of his receptionist - a nimble girl, nicknamed Mashka the fuck-up, who simply mocks her clients. These associations are from the recent communist past, caused by the words "in consumer service organizations", which in those days were service centers.
In fact, the masters are not at all like that!
My first childhood impression was formed by a neighbor on the landing. His uncle's name was Seryozha and he worked as a chief specialist in the chromatograph adjustment department at the only enterprise in the USSR for their production. In the apartment in the pantry he had a real workshop equipped. There was even an oscilloscope. Naturally, in those years it was not advertised, but it made an indelible impression on my childish consciousness. Sergey Fedorovich Ermakov was a true specialist in his field and fully fit the general description of the master, made by me above. He is no longer alive, so I will not list the shortcomings.
At the school where I studied, just at that time a radio club began its work. Yes, not simple, but with a real amateur radio station UK3TBT. Its leader Kladov Evgeny Frolovich, although he sometimes made “left” repairs, his main hobby was the design of electronic circuits and the construction of amateur radio stations. In the laboratory (a separate school room with access to the street was allotted for this) everything was equipped with the latest technology of that time. We had no problems with either materials or radio components. Design abilities could be shown in any direction of radio engineering, and even under the supervision of such an experienced mentor. And of course, participation in regional competitions of young technicians with winning prizes, all-Russian amateur radio competitions ... In the end, this influenced my life choice. In addition to the leader, there were two more assistants. Both are quite well-known radio amateurs of the city and the country. Because these are things of bygone days, you can give out some secrets for which then they would not have been patted on the head. From the description of the teaching staff, it is not difficult to guess what the leadership in the laboratory was doing after school hours.
At the institute where I studied, one of the major courses on the basics of electronics and circuitry was taught by Anatoly Ivanovich Grechikhin (UA3TZ), Honored Master of Sports, winner of the 1962 European Championship in orienteering (fox hunting). I accidentally found his photo in the "Amateur Radio Reader" published in 1966. That's where the memories were when I asked for an autograph in this book. Of course, there was something to learn from such a master. I passed all the tests, laboratories, exams the first time and only for "five". Unfortunately, he is no longer alive either.
All the people I have listed were and are real Masters of their craft with a capital letter. Although, in life there are also masters described by me at the beginning of the subsection. And, unfortunately, more often. But let's be the best.
There are additional requirements for the electronics repairman, imposed by the specifics of the work. This, to a greater extent, concerns knowledge and skills. From the school course - physics, or rather, one of its sections - electrodynamics. All electronics are based on only 3 laws: Ohm's law for a circuit section and two Kirchhoff's laws (for some reason, Kirchhoff's laws are not in a school textbook). And a person who claims to be a master should be ashamed not to know them. And of course, special courses: circuitry, basics of radio engineering, materials of construction and technology of REA parts (basics), basics of metrology. This is me listing the courses of the institute program. The work also requires knowledge of English (technical) and safety regulations. Of the skills, the main thing is the ability to hold a soldering iron in your hands. The rest is already due to the specifics of the repair of a particular technique. If we talk specifically about repairing laptops, then the soldering irons here are somewhat different than those of telemasters. Although, modern technologies for printed wiring of SMD elements and BGA soldering from microelectronic devices (mobile phones, PDAs, laptops) are gradually spreading to all other consumer electronics. Now even an ordinary electric light bulb has been stuffed with electronics. What can we say about more complex household appliances ... And the technique has one serious drawback - it breaks down. And then it's time to talk about the workplace of the master and about "consumer service organizations", which include modern service centers (SCs).

Service center structure

It is clear that any business begins with leader. Within the framework of this article, it is not possible to dwell on it in detail. I can only say that the work of the entire SC depends on it.
Accounting. Well, everything is clear here. Not a single enterprise in the world works without accounting and reporting to higher structures and the tax office. And who will pay the salary, pay the bills, issue the money under the report and accept the proceeds for the day? Human Resources has historically been part of the accounting department.
Dealt with the administration. Let's move on to support services.
Depending on the scale and profile of the SC, the composition of services may vary. But in any SC there is supply service(or as it is now fashionable to say - logistics). Her task includes the purchase of tools, materials and components, maintaining warehouses and accounting for them. This service employs one or more managers. Also, in any SC there is customer service(or simply - acceptance). I hope there is no need to explain the goals and objectives of this service. I will also not list cleaners, utilities and other life support services. We turn to the consideration of technical services.
Repair shop and its composition:
- Foreman. Responsible for the work of the area entrusted to him in general and each employee in particular. Person financially responsible. It is on him that all the expensive equipment is listed and he is responsible for the distribution of tools, materials and work. In fact, it is he (or rather, his subordinates) who earns money for the entire SC, and therefore the well-being of the entire enterprise depends on his professionalism and energy. As a rule, this is the most experienced and knowledgeable employee of the enterprise, therefore he has the final word both at a meeting with the director and in a smoking room among employees.
- Master repairmen. Technical specialists (the word "workers" does not dare to call them) who directly carry out the repair of electronic equipment. Their knowledge, experience and God's help contribute to the accomplishment of their work. "Ek enough!" some will say. But I can say with full responsibility that the work of a master repairman is a creative work. This also includes intuition - "successfully replacing the lack of information" (M. Zhvanetsky), and shamanic "dancing with a tambourine" (a favorite phrase on the forums), and even some extrasensory abilities.
Next come the "narrow specialists". Their presence and profile directly depends on the volume of work performed by the SC and the organization of work in the repair shop.
- So, infrared (IR) soldering station operator. In many SCs where there is a division of labor, this is a separate position and a specially trained person. His duties include removing / planting the chip, reballing (rolling solder balls) of the chip. Here the most important is the knowledge of materials and BGA soldering technology. And the quality of repair directly depends on his skill.
- Accumulator. Battery testing and restoration specialist. Here the most important knowledge of physical chemistry, materials science, technical documentation from the manufacturer. Equipment for testing and recovery is very specific, it costs a lot of money. But on the other hand, the work is just a fairy tale - I put the battery on the run and into the smoking room (just kidding).
- Specialist in data recovery from hard drives / flash drives. The work is quite complex and has a huge number of technical subtleties. Usually this is done in specialized centers.
- system engineer or a system software (SW) specialist. Its task is to install, reinstall, restore and configure standard operating systems (OS). Some SCs underestimate the importance of this type of work and leave it either to the client or to "nimble guys" who do it at the client's home.
Perhaps there are more exotic specialists in the SC, but I have not met any. But I met a “simplified” organizational structure of the SC, where some types of work are performed by one person. There are even SCs where ALL work is done by one person. But this is already aerobatics.

Workplace of the master-remortnik of REA

It is no secret that the workplace and the tool used in the work characterizes any specialist. Just by looking at the workshop, one can say with a sufficient degree of certainty about the professional suitability of a person, the composition and quality of the work that he performs. The technical equipment of the workplace consists of two main components: the scope of work and the capabilities of the SC, the ability of the repairman to organize, complete and arrange equipment and tools.
The required attributes are:
- Table with illumination of the working area;
- Measuring instruments in the composition: digital multimeter, oscilloscope;
- A technically complex tool consisting of: a microscope, a laboratory power supply, a programmer with a set of adapters, a hot air soldering station, a set of soldering irons with temperature control and miniwave nozzles, a sharp tip;
- Equipment for BGA soldering: IR soldering station with bottom heating, IR pyrometer, a set of stencils for rolling balls;
- Consumable tools and materials: A set of tweezers, a set of screwdrivers, side cutters, pliers, solder, a desoldering braid, a set of fluxes for soldering, flushing fluids, brushes, rags.
As a rule, the master chooses for himself the composition of the tool, its type and the materials used in the work based on reasons of ease of use. All of the above should be located and arranged for reasons of ease of use. "Creative clutter" in the workplace is unacceptable. This leads to an increase in repair time, damage to an expensive tool and, as a result, an increase in the cost of repairs and a decrease in its quality.
At one of the most popular Russian forums, NoteBook1 (NB1), a photo contest of repairmen jobs was held several years ago. It is a pity that the administration of the resource did not leave this topic attached. This could serve as both advertising and anti-advertising of the master and SC.

Master - Apprentice

The topic is not unimportant in any business, because it is believed that the path to mastery must necessarily pass through the “blacksmith of personnel”. In some ways, this point of view is justified, but in some ways it is not. Let's try to figure it out.
Starting a business (namely, this is the ultimate goal) without having any money or practical knowledge is simply suicide. The easiest way to fill this gap is to become an apprentice to a real master. There are, of course, other ways, such as a “tour of life” (used by wealthy parents), attach to a “warm place” (knowledge and experience are not very important, everything is decided by the parents’ connections), send “to people” (put out the door in which the mother gave birth, and then somehow himself). But one way or another, the question of practical training confronts every person. So, having entered the master as a student, a young man (girl) still does not think much about the practical benefits of this action due to the banal lack of his own life experience, and here the participation of parents in this process is very important. It is on their shoulders that the choice of the life path of their child, the selection of an educational institution and the further employment of the “young specialist” fall. The last stage, most often, is solved through acquaintances and connections. Masters themselves rarely take unfamiliar people as apprentices “from the street”, because working and learning from a real master is something you have to earn.
A few words about the organization of labor. The personnel structure takes on a pyramidal form: at the head of the master and at the base of one or many apprentices. Now the workshop can carry out much more orders, because. one room is used, the same tool is used, but more people are already doing the work. There is also a distribution of responsibilities. Now the master no longer needs to do all the work himself. Part of the work is simply entrusted to an apprentice. As a rule, this is a job that does not require qualifications and is quite difficult or tedious. The composition of assistants may vary depending on market conditions, the time of year and the tyranny of the master.
In addition to professional skills, students also adopt traditions that have been established over the years in this field of activity. From time immemorial in Russia, the end of a serious matter was celebrated with festivities, songs, and dances. Artisan people were also famous for this. After all, it was not for nothing that the saying appeared: "drinks like a shoemaker." Modern workshops also have their own traditions, which greatly diversify the joint everyday work of people. As an example, I can cite one Palovo-posadsky SC, which annually travels to Karelia and rests in tents in nature. General gatherings are also held (NB1 participants annually gather in the village of Gribovka near Odessa), competitions, and seminars. Of course, good traditions find their successors in former students.
From the foregoing, it can be noted that there is not much practical benefit for starting your own business. If you wish, you can achieve everything yourself without outside help and loss of time.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to note that the masters I know have never regretted choosing their life path, no matter how difficult and thorny it was. Therefore, if you decide to devote your life to technology and achieve decent results in this, then I hope this article will be able to give you some idea of ​​​​the current state of affairs in the chosen direction.
Separately, I would like to note the role of communications, the Internet and technical forums in the exchange of information. Literally, 20 years ago, it was impossible to even think about such services. There were long queues behind every reference book in the library to borrow it. In principle, it was impossible to buy the necessary guide to radio components (obviously, it was a state secret). Currently, there are no problems with this in principle. For almost any radio component, you can find a datasheet on the corresponding Internet resource. Ordering a complete set, in most cases, is done in online stores. Communication and obtaining qualified assistance takes place without getting up from the workplace. Therefore, the creative abilities, knowledge, skills of a particular person come to the fore. On this rosy note, I would like to end my article.
Good luck to you, MASTER!

SCIENCE AND MILITARY SECURITY No. 3/2006, pp. 42-47

Lieutenant colonel Y.I.SEMAK,

Senior Researcher

Research Institute

Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus

The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring the reliability of radio-electronic equipment (REA) of products (samples, complexes, systems) of medium-range anti-aircraft missile weapons (ZRO SD) during their modernization and overhaul in modern conditions.

One of the priorities for ensuring the national security of Belarus is the improvement of weapons and military equipment. First of all, this concerns the weapons system of the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces. This system includes ZRO SD. A significant proportion of the ZRO SD fleet requires modernization and overhaul. Giving the components of these types of weapons new properties and improving the existing ones is due to modern operational-tactical and technical requirements for this type of weapon. At the same time, resource limitations, design and technological capabilities of the defense sector of the state economy, specific requirements for the technical indicators of components for intersectoral use of military purposes and their provision act as objective conditions. In such a situation, it is necessary to ensure the required performance indicators of the anti-aircraft defense products in service with the least material costs. Modern realities make it necessary to evaluate the rationality of solving such problems based on the criteria of technical and economic efficiency.

At the stage of overhaul of a regular sample of the ZRO, part of its equipment is modernized (replaced with a new one), and the rest is subjected to a major overhaul. This raises the question of ensuring the reliability of such equipment. This problem was revealed during the modernization and overhaul of the product 9K37 (Buk). The ultimate goal of measures (works) to ensure the reliability of REA is to meet the reliability requirements specified in the tactical and technical specifications for the product, during the established average resource (average service life), taking into account the duration of the life cycle of the 9K37 product. Due to the uniformity of the electronic equipment element base of other products of the ZRO SD, the approaches to ensuring its reliability are similar.

The special equipment of ZRO products is divided into mechanical and hardware parts. The specific properties of this type of weapon are immanently determined by the functions that are physically implemented, primarily by the hardware. In addition, in the system of combat readiness of ZRO products, the technical condition of REA is the leading component.

In accordance with the specifics of the technical work performed on the mechanical and hardware parts, their modernization and overhaul are carried out at different enterprises. In this regard, this article considers the problem of ensuring the reliability of only the hardware part (REA) of the ZRO SD.

Scientifically substantiated measures to ensure the reliability of the REA of the ZRO SD fleet are based on an assessment of its effectiveness. If we consider REA as one of the subsystems in the product (in the general case of all products) ZRO SD, then efficiency is understood as the degree of its adaptability to perform certain functions in specific conditions. To evaluate the effectiveness of REA (E(t)) taking into account the main factors, use the criteria for its technical (ET(t)) and economic (EE(t)) efficiency E(t)=ET(t)EE(t).

As a criterion of technical efficiency, the comparison results are used in the form of the ratio of the required and actual efficiency of the REE product (product fleet)

where W(t)- the real value of the indicator of the technical efficiency of the REA product (product fleet);

Wmp(t)- the required value of the indicator of the technical efficiency of the REA product (product fleet);

t

As a criterion of economic efficiency, the results of comparing the actual efficiency of a standard-type REE (product fleet) of ZRO (new or promising prototype) and the cost of its (their) operation, modernization, repair (purchase cost for a newly acquired (acquired) prototype (prototype fleet)) are used as a criterion for economic efficiency.

where W(t)- the real value of the indicator of the technical efficiency of a REA product (product fleet);

C(t)- the cost of operation, modernization and repair (purchase cost for a newly acquired) REA product (product fleet);

t- point in time (average point in time) relative to putting the product (product fleet) into operation.

Then the expressions for quantitative assessments of the effectiveness of the REE product (product fleet) of the CDS SD in the case of each of the four possible options for solving the problem of ensuring reliability will have the form shown in the table, where option A - REA, which, as part of the standard product ZRO SD, underwent a major overhaul and partial modernization that satisfies the condition option B - REA that has undergone modernization as part of a standard product ZRO SD with a complete replacement of the element base with a new one and satisfying the condition during the established period of service; option B - REA of a new (modern) purchased prototype of a regular sample of ZRO SD; option G- REA of a promising purchased prototype of a regular sample of ZRO SD.

If express through the overall CEA performance scores for the four options and assume that during the established service life of the product (product fleet) of the CDS SD, then we obtain equalities that are useful for making a decision

When the condition is met, i.e. The efficiency of REA, which has undergone a major overhaul and partial modernization as part of a standard model (product fleet) of the ZRO SD, which ensured its real value of the technical efficiency indicator at the level of a modern (promising) prototype, is higher than in the case of other options. The real value of the indicator of the technical efficiency of the SRW product depends on its operational-strategic and technical characteristics. The main operational-strategic characteristic of a ZRO product is an indicator of the degree of its adaptability to perform its function (to solve the required combat missions). As such an indicator, the probability of hitting a specific target is taken. under given conditions . In general, it will be a vector quantity. Taking into account the reliability of the electronic equipment of the ZRO product, the expression for the technical efficiency indicator has an analytical form

where - operational readiness factor;

condition of the situation;

t- the time of the combat mission.

Operational Readiness Ratio there is a probability of an event consisting in the fact that the electronic equipment of the LRW product will be in working condition at an arbitrary point in time, except for the planned periods during which the use of the object for its intended purpose is not provided, and starting from this moment it will work without fail for a given time interval. It should be noted that a correct definition requires an indication of the fact that the probability of failure-free operation of REE should not depend on the prehistory, i.e. from the events that took place before the moment of its inclusion. This is possible with a relatively large (P>0.95) value of the probability of a good state of the electronic equipment at the time of its inclusion. The REA operational readiness coefficient is the probability of "intersection of two events" - the REA will be in working condition at an arbitrary point in time (event A), except for the planned periods during which its intended use is not provided, and starting from that moment it will work without fail in within a given time interval Δt(event B). Probability of event B over time Δt does not depend on history. The probabilities of events A and B are respectively - the readiness factor and the probability of failure P(t) REA.

Availability factor (KGi) CEA of the i-th product characterizes its reliability and recovery properties and can be calculated by the formula

where - calendar duration of REA operation i th products (h);

Number of REA failures 1st products in time tki and the average time of its recovery (h);

Number of readiness controls per time tki and duration of readiness control (h);

The number of latent failures and the period between scheduled readiness checks (h).

Values ​​are calculated on the basis of the initial data given in the product forms and equipment failure books.

Probability of failure-free operation of REE of the i-th product of the SRW on the time interval Δt calculated by the formula

where - parameter of the flow of failures of the j-th circuit position. Relies

- operational failure rate of the element located at the j-th circuit position, taking into account its characteristics, operating mode and operating conditions;

N- number of REA circuit positions.

As a result of the transformation of expression (1), as applied to the problem of ensuring reliability, we obtain a formula for the quantitative criterion of the technical efficiency of the electronic equipment of the RW product

where - the real value of the coefficient of operational readiness of the REE of the SRW product at the moment of time t. Calculated by multiplying the values ​​calculated by formulas (3) and (4);

- the required value of the coefficient of operational readiness of the REE of the SRW product at the moment of time t. Indicated in the operational documentation [ 13].

The electronic equipment of the ZRO SD products operated in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus belongs to complex and expensive objects. The ZRO SD park of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces consists of anti-aircraft missile systems and systems 9K37,75R6 (S-300P) and 9K81 (S-300V). The radio-electronic equipment that is part of these types of weapons is made on the element base of the 3rd and partially 2nd generation according to the functional-nodal design principle. Its characteristic features are:

Elements (radio components, electrical products, electronic equipment and quantum electronics, etc.)

REA objects that are not used independently, are not restored and are not dismantled. Sets of radio components (elements) that are used in electronic equipment are usually called the element base and classified by generation;

Modules, micromodules and integrated circuits are the simplest complete structures that perform a specific function as part of the electronic equipment. The structures consist of radio components (elements) and are called functional units;

Units (cassettes) are complete structures consisting of functional units and elements (radio components), a circuit board and electrical installation. Such designs are called typical replacement elements (TEZ). Their repair in military conditions is not provided for by operational documentation. Typical replacement elements are combined in subpanels, and the latter in a panel;

Racks, control panels, etc. - complete structures consisting of panels, sub-panels and cassettes;

Blocks are complete structures consisting of nodes, functional nodes, mounting elements mounted on a common chassis, frame, board.

Racks, blocks, assemblies (cassettes) and functional assemblies used in REA ZRS 9K37,75R6 and 9K81 are not unified among themselves. Analysis of the element base of this REE showed that the nomenclature of most groups of electrical radio products (ERP) is of the same type. This provision makes it possible to evaluate the reliability properties of all radio-electronic equipment of the ZRO SD fleet according to the state of the element base, taking into account its architectural features.

Due to failure and due to aging.

The main criterion when deciding on the need for a major overhaul of radio-electronic equipment is the level of intensity of failure of its radio elements, and when deciding on the need to modernize products of ZRO SD - the required level of efficiency in performing combat missions under given conditions and resource constraints. The maximum allowable amount of all types of expenses for maintaining the combat readiness of the product at the operational stage acts as resource restrictions.

The aging of radio elements necessitates the transfer of electronic equipment to a new (promising) element base or the extension of the assigned resource (service life and shelf life) for those components that have a residual resource necessary and sufficient for extension. The solution of such a problem becomes a dead end if a critical number of groups of specific types of radioelements have expired and are no longer in production, and their relatively small batches are not in demand in market conditions due to low profitability of production. The way out of this situation may be to replace the element base with a new (promising) one and, as a result, a new design of blocks, sub-blocks, modules, cells and functional units while maintaining the overall architecture of the electronic equipment of the product. With such a replacement, it is possible to manufacture microelectronic equipment on the element base of the 4th or 5th generation. A promising option is the implementation of the components of REA on the element base of the 5th generation, through the use of the technology of "convolution" of a large number of nodes on integrated circuits of a small and medium degree of integration into blocks on ultra-large integrated circuits (VLSI) and systems on a chip (SoC( System-on-Chip)) . This approach makes it possible to restore the operability and resource of the microelectronic part of the electronic equipment, to significantly improve its performance indicators, including reliability indicators.

However, with all the positive aspects of such a "repetition", its cost is high and, in the end, the main thing is missing - the effect of a qualitative increase in the combat effectiveness of the sample. The need to have at the system level the design of VLSI and (SoC) design documentation for REA objects (schematic diagrams), which is the property of its developer, the legal "casuistry" of intellectual property developers of IP blocks (Intellectual property - IP), which can be interpreted as the problem of transforming intellectual property of the developer of electronic equipment of the 2nd and 3rd generations into the private property of developers of equipment based on IP platforms, as well as the considerable cost of designing and developing microelectronic products using the “convolution” technology complicates the practical solution of the problem of transferring the components of electronic equipment ZRO SD to the element base 5 th generation. It should also be taken into account that microelectronic equipment of the 4th generation and above is built according to the main-modular design principle, the ideology and content of which differ significantly from the functional-nodal one. The trunk-modular structure is the structure of a microprocessor system in which various devices (modules) are connected to the same buses (Fig. 1). In this design, all devices (modules) that are part of the system exchange information over a common backbone (common bus). The backbone (bus) consists of lines of conductors through which processed data and results are transmitted, addresses of selectable memory cells of storage or external devices, commands, special control signals that set the operating modes of various devices and provide the necessary and timely exchange of information between them. At any time, only one device can "capture" the highway for receiving and issuing information. In addition to all this, it will be necessary to introduce completely new means of control (diagnostics) into the ZRO systems, and the practical impossibility of implementing the principle of equal strength of the ERI will still not allow completely abandoning the system of maintenance and repair of such REA objects.

Obviously, that part of the radio-electronic equipment of the ZRO sample that is being upgraded is promising to be performed on the element base of the 5th generation according to the trunk-modular design principle with an open architecture and unified information exchange protocols, including for control (diagnostic) tools. The rest of the radio-electronic equipment can be overhauled or transferred to the 5th generation element base. We will call this method of using active means modernization strategy. The modernization strategy is expedient when carrying out a deep modernization of the product (more than 70-^ 85% of the components of the sample are modernized) and obtaining the required output effect, qualitatively characterized by the “significant” level. We will consider modernization strategy ZRO SD products as the first way ensure the efficiency of REA. To do this, the ZRO product must have sufficient modernization potential, and the cost of work must be lower than the purchase cost of its new (promising) prototype. With this approach, the entire REA is divided into two groups. The first group includes functional devices (systems) that are being modernized, as well as functional devices (systems) that are not modernized, but have exhausted their resource, and the second, which is undergoing major repairs, includes devices (systems) that have the necessary resource reserve.

Second way ensuring the effectiveness of REA consists in the implementation overhaul strategies. In this case, all the equipment of the ZRO product is divided into two groups of objects - blocks, functional units (subblocks, modules and cells) and other recoverable components. The first group consists of blocks, assemblies and other components of radio-electronic equipment that have the necessary margin of residual resource, and the second - those that do not have such a margin. Each of these groups is divided into subgroups: modernized and non-modernized objects. The REE objects of the non-modernized subgroup, belonging to the first group, are subject to major repairs in the form of restoration of serviceability and fault detection of the ER components, and the rest are modernized. REA objects of the second group are replaced by new ones. If in the subgroup of non-modernized objects, any REE objects require no more than 15-35% of ERP replacements, then such objects can be repaired in the form of replacements for faulty and exhausted residual life component parts (ERI components). Component parts (ERI components) are understood as products that are not used independently and are not restored after failure.

Since the REA ZRO SD objects, which are in service with the Air Force and Air Defense Forces, have a functional-nodal layout principle, individual nodes from the composition of the blocks can be modernized or overhauled, depending on which section of the circuit is being modernized or undergoing major repairs.

The prerequisites for the implementation of the strategy for the overhaul of REA are: a small operating time of REA under current; high reliability of the element base of the 3rd generation (for integrated circuits of military acceptance, the failure rate is no more than 107 h-1); availability of experimental data on its operation in real conditions; the possibilities of the domestic radio-electronic industry for its production and modernization.

When making a decision on the expediency of carrying out work according to a strategy for modernization or a strategy for overhaul, the determining criterion is the “output effect” of the REE samples (sample) of the SRW. Under the "output effect" is understood the useful result of the operation of the product for a certain period. The “output effect” of the CEA of the RWL sample for the situation under consideration is understood as the period of time yours, during which its ability to perform its functions is maintained (to ensure the defeat of the target with a probability Rtr in conditions ) with the installed system of its operation (R). The cost of the REA operation system of the ZRO sample is the total cost of labor, material and financial resources for creating a system for its operation and ensuring its operation at all stages of operation. The operation system is understood as a set of interrelated products, means of their operation, performers and documentation, the interaction of which takes place in accordance with the tasks of each stage of operation.

The decision to choose the first or second way to ensure the effectiveness of REE products of SRW is carried out according to the criterion "output effect (efficiency) - cost", taking into account the requirements for unification, standardization and maximum use of the modernization potential of the sample. At the same time, it is necessary to strive to maintain the uniformity of the electronic equipment element base of the entire fleet of products of the ZRO SD and gradually transfer it to the modern element base of domestic production.

The duration of the time interval Your depends on the amount of material costs C in the remaining life cycle and the moment of the onset of the limiting state of the sample in the sense of its removal from service. The limiting state of the sample in the sense of its removal from service is established by the presence of a sign of "obsolete appearance", characterized by a vector of operational-strategic indicators and a vector of technical solutions . Then the conceptual model of the output effect of the REE of the i-th park of samples (products) of the SRW for calculating the quantitative value has the form

Restriction system:

where i=l, 2, 3;

- the minimum allowable value of the probability of hitting a target under conditions for the sample of the i-th park ZRO;

- the admissible value of the value of material costs for the remaining life cycle for the i-th park of LRW;

- the vector of limiting values ​​of operational-strategic indicators for the sample of the i-th park of ZRO;

The vector of admissible values ​​of indicators of technical solutions for the sample of the i-th park of ZRO;

- the vector of the minimum allowable values ​​of the indicators of the maintenance and repair system for the i-th SRW fleet.

Each of these vectors is a finite multidimensional vector that characterizes the corresponding parameters of the state of the REE of the i-th park of samples of the RWL and the requirements for it. Considering the REA ZRO as a system object, it can be approximated by the “system with a monotonic structure” model. Then the probability of a workable and functionally demanded REA state, taking into account the above restrictions, is defined as the mathematical expectation of structural functions for each vector (factor) .

A special place in ensuring the reliability of REA ZRO SD should be given to its quality control in any modernization and overhaul strategies. And although with the development of complex microminiaturization of REA, many experts perceived it as a panacea for solving problems of reliability and quality, in reality this has not happened yet. So, according to the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Professor Fedorov V.K., this situation is considered a delusion. Doubts are expressed about solving the problem of interconnections, which make up to 80% of defects in radio electronic equipment (RES), by transferring circuitry electronics to integration methods on a wafer or creating "supercrystals", since "... the problems of control and testing are moving in the technological process to even more difficult to control "zone". “The problem of quality is not only not simplified, it is even more aggravated, complicated, moved to the most complex technological processes for obtaining such products, in which it is necessary to control precision modes, materials, etc.” .

There is also an opposite opinion.

In a situation of such an ambiguous view of the problem of ensuring the reliability of REA, it is advisable to consider the problem of failures of EE components, which is interconnected with it. The problem of failures is indicative in the sense that radio-electronic equipment, as the Buk development work has shown, is characterized by a number of properties that manifest themselves in the fact that the reliability indicators of electronic equipment as a whole monotonously worsen (do not improve) with the deterioration of the reliability characteristics of its ERP components.

The problem of the need for radio-electronic components for the defense sector of the industry of the Republic of Belarus can be described by the diagram shown in fig. 2. As can be seen from the diagram, the required service life for CEA is at least 25 years. In reality, REA functions and remains operational even longer. This situation is observed not only in the armed forces of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. In the US Air Force, the REA of the F-15 and B-1 aircraft consists of obsolete ERP, which are no longer used in the new equipment. The new B-2 bomber will contain obsolete radio components until it is removed from service. The US Air Force ground high-frequency communications system has many old, obsolete components.

The obsolescence of REA will continue and accelerate with the development of technology, but the military budget does not allow for the rapid replacement of aging weapons systems with new ones.

According to American military experts, the modernization of electronic equipment in the form of transferring it to a new element base increases the reliability and durability, but a change in design requires new tests, equipment qualification, changes in regulatory documentation, and this is associated with additional costs.

Therefore, making a decision on replacements should be preceded by a stage of careful study of their feasibility, at which it is necessary to establish the obsolescence period of REA products of RWL, its components and ERP, as well as the associated costs. The costs of replacing obsolete electronic equipment and the costs of its operation must be compared with the costs of acquiring a new SRW product and its operation, since they can be so high that it is more profitable to purchase new equipment (SRW SR products). The initial data for solving the problem of the expediency of replacements are the terms of obsolescence of both the REA itself and the SRW product, the number of radio components in it, and the costs of its modernization. The results of solving this problem determine the requirements for the system of maintenance and repair of the electronic equipment of the LRW product.

Thus, the problem of ensuring the reliability of electronic equipment at the present stage is reduced to the choice of a way to increase the efficiency of the fleet of products of the ZRO SD and the corresponding strategy for modernization or overhaul. Then, planning is carried out and scientific, methodological and organizational and technical measures are taken to implement measures in the equipment that determine the preservation of the value of the operational readiness coefficient at a level not lower than that specified in the tactical and technical assignment. A set of means for preventing the causes of failures and eliminating their sources must ensure that the value of the operational readiness factor remains within the established limits during the time of saving the output effect Your out.

The most effective way to improve the efficiency of REA is determined by the criterion "efficiency - cost". When ensuring the required operational-tactical and technical performance indicators of the SRW product fleet during the established service life (ensuring the output effect from the operation of the REE SRW), it is advisable to apply the strategy for overhaul, and in the case of deep modernization and the availability of the necessary reserve of modernization potential, the strategy for overhaul .

Ensuring the reliability of REA products of medium-range anti-aircraft missile weapons during their modernization and overhaul is an important direction in ensuring the combat readiness of the anti-aircraft missile forces of the Air Force and the air defense forces of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus. The solution of this problem at the present stage requires a systematic approach and scientific substantiation of the way to modernize and overhaul the electronic equipment of the entire fleet of ZRO SD. Particular attention should be paid to the unification of the element base, structural components of electronic equipment and its architecture, the implementation of the requirements of the system of military standards. A gradual transition to new types of ZRO is possible with the rational and full use of the modernization potential of existing products in combination with inexpensive but effective overhauls and medium repairs. The implementation of this provision is possible on the basis of a scientific approach to assessing the operational-tactical and technical indicators of SDRO SD products, the modernization potential of products, the capabilities of the design and technological base of the domestic industry, as well as assessing the work performed and measures according to the criterion "efficiency - cost". This is possible when implementing a strategy for the modernization or overhaul of standard products of the ZRO SD.

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