Strip foundation on the supporting sole. The construction of a strip foundation The need for materials for the installation of a monolithic tape

Column Foundation

The base of the most common monolithic strip foundation is a reinforced concrete platform, which is needed so that the load from both the foundation itself and the building that stands on it is evenly distributed to the ground. As a rule, the width of the sole of the strip foundation or the base of the foundation should be twice the width of the foundation itself.

The construction of the base of the foundation comes from the calculation of data that characterize the soil.

The height of such a sole, as a rule, is made no more than thirty centimeters, and the width of the sole of the foundation is made at the level of sixty centimeters. For the most part, such foundations are reinforced with several rows of reinforcement, one rod of which has a diameter of twelve millimeters.

Sometimes it happens that the width of the sole exceeds the width of the foundation several times. This is due to the fact that some types of soils simply cannot hold large masses that arise during the construction of fairly large objects.

Construction stages

Before you start construction, you need to mark the exact location of the foundation in the pit, that is, outline the corners and intersections of the walls, and so on. If before the start of work, surveyors worked on this site, then the marking is not difficult. It remains just to pull the cord between the poles (special flags). Landmarks, as a rule, are installed even before the moment they began to dig a pit.

Also in this case, a plumb line is used. It helps to set new flags. For convenience, pieces of reinforcement can be used as such flags - then when pouring the foundation, they will not need to be removed, but poured along with them. The flags must be set at a distance that exactly corresponds to the length of the wall that will stand on this section of the foundation.

After two flags are set, you need to set two more, that is, in the remaining two corners. You can do this diagonally. It lies in the fact that with the help of simple mathematical calculations, the diagonal of the building is accurately calculated based on knowledge of the length and width of the building.

Knowing the length of the diagonal and the dimensions of the foundation, you can easily and most importantly accurately determine the position of the other two flags. It is done like this:

The width of the sole of the strip foundation is often greater than the width of the foundation itself

Two people hold the beginning of the tape measure at the points already marked;
Another person crosses the two free ends of the tape measures at the mark that shows the length of the wall;
At the intersection point, another flag is driven into the ground.

After the markup is made, it must be fully checked to eliminate possible errors. It's easy to check. All you need to do is simply measure the lengths of all sides, and if they correspond to the construction plan, then the markup is done correctly.

Foundation formwork

After marking and checking it, if successful, formwork should be prepared for the future foundation. For it, you can use ordinary boards that are about 30 centimeters wide and at least three in thickness. This is due to the fact that when pouring concrete, it will exert a very large lateral pressure on the formwork, and thin boards can simply bend, which will lead to a curvature of the foundation.

To fasten the boards together, it is necessary to drive U-shaped metal rods into the ground, while the horizontal bar of such a rod should be no more than the width of the foundation. Such elements must be placed from each other at a distance not exceeding 70 centimeters.

The boards themselves must be positioned so that the wall is exactly in the center of the foundation.

The work begins with the fact that two boards of the specified size are fastened together at an angle of ninety degrees. Such a structure will serve as an outer corner. Further, this angle is set at a certain distance from the cord.

After that, using U-shaped brackets, we install the inner walls of the formwork, which must be installed exactly parallel to the outer walls. So there is a gradual advance from one corner of the formwork to the second and third. All brackets that fix the formwork can be placed on straight sections at a distance of about 110-120 centimeters.

At the junction, the boards should be knocked together with nails, which should be driven in at an angle in order to nail two boards with one nail. On the sides of the joint, one fixing bracket must be installed.

If the boards have slightly curved ends, then in order not to get a gap between them, another board is nailed up, from the outside, which closes this gap. If any board turned out to be a little longer than all the others, then you can not cut it, but simply nail it on top of the second board.

backfilling

The width of the foundation is calculated depending on the load of the building and the bearing capacity of the soil

After the complete installation of the formwork, some places should be strengthened. This can be done using backfill. It is necessary to sprinkle with earth those places where there is a potential weakness, for example, the place of the joints of the formwork boards, or the place where there is no way to drive in a latch, and so on. Such places need to be sprinkled with earth to the very top of the boards. In addition, you can sprinkle the entire foundation around the perimeter, but with less land. This will prevent the formwork from being lifted and pushed out of its position when the ground is very wet, such as during rain.

Setting the foundation level

You can set the level of the edge of the foundation using a theodolite. There are two main rules for using this tool:

It must have a strictly horizontal arrangement;
Must be placed at the exact specified depth.

In order not to remeasure later, the level marks can be fixed by means of small nails. Hammering nails is only half their length in increments of about 0.5-1 meter. Nails are hammered from the inside of all formwork boards. Later, when concrete begins to be poured into the formwork, such nails will serve as a measuring line along which you need to navigate so that in one place the foundation is not poured higher and in another lower.

pouring concrete

Trench for strip foundation

The concreting of the pit begins with the most inaccessible places. If it turns out that there is no way to approach some places at all, then their filling happens like this:

First, we begin to fill in the place that is located next to the hard-to-reach;
With a shovel, we rake concrete into a hard-to-reach place until it reaches the level marked with nails.

Foundation reinforcement

After the concrete has been poured, the reinforcement of the concrete can begin. It is better to strengthen the foundation with reinforcement with a diametrical section of 12-12.5 millimeters. To do this, the reinforcement bars must be laid out on liquid concrete, at a distance of about fifteen to twenty centimeters from each formwork wall. The rods need to be pushed under the U-shaped clamps.

After the bars are laid, they should be sunk into the concrete. This can be done with bayonet shovels. It is necessary to produce recession to a depth of about twenty centimeters, that is, two-thirds of the length of the shovel bayonet.

When the bars are completely immersed in concrete, in order to avoid air getting there, you need to make a tracing from above with a shovel, that is, repeatedly push the shovel into the concrete and stick it out, so that the bayonet of the shovel is perpendicular to the reinforcement bar.

Foundation grout

Now that the reinforcement is laid, you need to slightly raise the U-shaped fixed elements. It is not worth raising them completely, but to a height of about 5-10 centimeters. This is necessary in order to perform the grouting of the edge of the concrete surface in order to smooth it. In turn, smoothing is necessary in order to facilitate subsequent work on the construction of the basement or walls, as well as to simplify the process of removing dirt from the foundation.

Keyway cutting

Such a groove is needed to ensure a reliable connection between the foundation and the plinth or wall of the building. An extrusion is performed along the entire center line of the upper foundation edge. There are no standards for the size of the groove, but it is usually made quite wide. For example, as one of the dimensions of such a groove, there may be dimensions:

In general, such indicators can range from 2.5 to 5 centimeters, and from 6 to 10 centimeters, respectively.

Indentation is best done with a long wooden block with a rectangular section, and, as a rule, the width of the groove is determined by the width of the beam.

It is best to make a groove device after the concrete has already hardened a little. This fact will allow the groove to keep its rectangular shape and not swim. However, if the concrete is already too hard, then when the beam is pressed in and then removed, the walls of the keyway may crumble.

Grooves should only be placed in straight sections. They should not be made at the corners, moreover, the grooves should not reach corners of the order of 50-80 centimeters.

Formwork cleaning

After the foundation concrete has gained about 80 percent of its strength, which is achieved in a week in hot weather, the formwork can be removed. Before removing the boards, you first need to carry out some work. For example, by drawing all corners. This is done as follows:

First, we take a ruler and on each outer formwork board at the corner we mark a distance of ten to fifteen centimeters;
Further, drawing directly along the foundation, we draw lines from the points parallel to the walls;
Place a dot where the lines intersect.

As a result of such simple work, it turns out that we have drawn a square, one corner of which is the outer corner of the foundation.

Such work is needed in order to then know exactly where the outer corner of the foundation is, since it often happens that it is chipped during the construction process, and it becomes unclear in which place of the foundation to display the corner of the wall.

Column Foundation

A columnar foundation is used when it is necessary to build a building that will have a relatively small weight, for example, such a building can be a frame house.

Structurally, such a foundation consists of ordinary pillars and floor slabs. Poles can be made of various materials:

Brick;
Stone;
tree.

You can use other materials.

The width of one column depends mainly on the bearing capacity of the soil on which it is installed, and on the mass of the entire building. It is very easy to calculate this.

First of all, you need to find out what type of land you plan to build on. Further, according to the reference data, you can find what kind of bearing capacity this type has. For example, we learned that no more than 2.5 kilograms of force per centimeter square of soil can be exerted on the ground.

Then further we measure the mass of the planned building. This can also be done according to special reference data, based on the characteristics of each building material. For example, if it is known that construction will take place in foam blocks, then it is not difficult to calculate how many pieces of such blocks are needed and how much they will all weigh. In the same way, we find out the mass of the ceiling and the roof.

The mass of the finish can be ignored, as well as the people inside the building. This weight has already been taken into account, since there was no deduction for all niches, that is, windows and doors.

After all calculations of the mass have been made, and it has become known, it is necessary to calculate the area on which all this mass will stand. They do it this way: first calculate the number of pillars, then the area of contact with the ground of each pillar, that is, the width of the pillar is multiplied by the length of the pillar. After that, you can calculate the total area of \u200b\u200bthe support, as the number of pillars multiplied by the area of \u200b\u200bthe support of one column.

After this calculation is made, then you need to find out with what force the house will press on one centimeter square of the support area. To do this, you need to divide the entire weight by the entire area. We get the pressure per square centimeter. For example, the entire mass turned out to be 100,000 kilograms, and the entire area is 50,000 square centimeters, respectively, 2 kilograms of force will be exerted on one square centimeter.

The foundation of the house is a very important part that affects the performance and durability of the building. The comfort of living in a building depends on its strength. A strip foundation with a support sole is a fairly popular option in housing construction.

Advantages and disadvantages:

The main advantage of this option is the ability to build at any time of the year, including winter.
Another plus is versatility, it is used for building houses from timber, concrete, stone, logs, bricks.
Among the shortcomings can be noted the difficulty of complying with the technology.

A strip foundation with a sole is suitable for most soils. However, if the site has unsteady soil or peat, then it is necessary to fill it with earth. For an average structure, 10-14 support points are needed.

Technology features

The sole of the monolithic strip foundation is a reinforced concrete platform. Its task is to evenly distribute the load. The width should be at least twice the width of the base itself. Height - about 30cm. In the traditional version, the sole is reinforced with steel reinforcing bars.

The technology consists of several stages. First mark the bottom of the pit under the foundation of the house. Pillars are installed, then the formwork is being built. Most often, boards connected by steel brackets recessed into the ground are used. The formwork is installed so that the walls are located in the center of the sole. The boards are usually not cut, the gaps are closed with short overhead boards, nailed on the outside.

The next stage is a partial backfilling of the soil near potentially problematic points. The event helps the concrete to go under the formwork, lifting it up. Next, the level of the top of the sole of the strip foundation is set. The edge must be located horizontally, at a given depth. Marks are fixed with small carnations.

It's time for concrete. They begin to lay it from areas inaccessible to the concrete truck. Then comes the turn of reinforcement with steel bars. The final stage of the construction of the sole is cutting the keyway along the center line along the upper edge.

With careful observance of technology, the strip foundation with the sole is strong and durable. It will ensure trouble-free operation of the building for many years. The company "Proekt" provides construction services in the suburbs and Moscow on a professional level.

Foundation Width Calculation, soles, supporting part - relevant when choosing a reinforced concrete monolithic tape as the main foundation. If the supporting part of the foundation is calculated incorrectly, then the weight of the house will exceed the resistance of the soil, the house will push through the soil under it. In this case, shrinkage, as a rule, occurs unevenly, and, as a result, structural cracks will appear on the foundation and masonry walls.

How to correctly calculate the foundation independently, spending a minimum of time for this? Moreover, statistics show that more than 70% of private developers do not order calculations from designers, but select the type of foundation and its characteristics at their own peril and risk.

The calculation of the base of the foundation in this article will allow you to get all the necessary values \u200b\u200bin order to select the optimal foundation for your home in 5 minutes.

The calculations below alone are not a guarantee of the reliability of the foundation. In addition to the correct calculation of the foundation, a professional constructive solution (QOL), high-quality construction, reliable conservation of the foundation with anti-heaving measures (if the foundation is left without loads in the winter) and proper operation of the house are necessary. Only if all these conditions are met, the foundation will be reliable and durable.

The main task of the foundation- accept loads from the house, partially redistributing them in its thickness and transfer them as evenly as possible to the soil base located under the foundation. Therefore, in the formula for calculating the base of the foundation:

S foundation supports> P 1 (weight of the house) / P 2 (soil resistance) x 1.2 - the following indicators are presented:

House weight P 1 (ton / m 2) - the force with which the house presses down on the ground;
Safety factor 1.2- a value showing the ability of the structure to withstand the loads applied to it above the calculated ones provided for by the standards. The presence of a margin of safety provides additional reliability of the structure in order to avoid damage, destruction in the event of possible design, manufacturing or operation errors.
Ground resistance force P 2(kg / cm 2) - reverse force directed from bottom to top. It is not recommended to multiply this value by additional coefficients, because this will lead to a decrease in the area of the base of the foundation, reducing its bearing capacity.

To determine the soil resistance force, it is necessary to know its composition. For this, it is not necessary to do geology. It is enough to dig a hole up to 1.5 m deep in the area and examine the soil tactilely and visually. The most common in the Moscow and Leningrad regions are the following bearing soils: 1) Clay; 2) Loam - if clay rock mixed with sand, where clay prevails; 3) Sandy loam - if sand is mixed with clay, where sand prevails; 4) Sand.

For calculations, we will use average values that show what resistance a particular soil has, i.e. what bearing capacity the soil is able to provide on the site for building a house.

P 2 clay \u003d 6kg / cm 2

R 2 sand \u003d 4 kg / cm 2

For convenience and speed of calculations, we divide the constant values \u200b\u200band get:

1.2 safety factor / P 2 clay \u003d 0.2

1.2 safety factor / P 2 sand = 0.3

From here we derive the formula calculation of the area of the foundation by the weight of the house:

For clay: S foundation supports> P 1 (house weight) x 0.2

For sand: S foundation supports > P 1 (house weight) x 0.3

How to determine the weight of the house P 1? To do this, select the main material for the construction of the walls, then the weight category load factor from the table below:

Load factors take into account all additional loads during the operation of the house.

Calculation of strip foundation example:

Example 1

Initial data. Typical project of a one-story house made of aerated concrete No. 62-09 with a total area of 113.09 m 2. Building area 157.14m 2 . Finishing - facade plaster. The length of the bearing walls, including internal ones = 79.64m. The bearing soil on the site is clay.

R 1 house weight \u003d 157.14 x 2 \u003d 314.28 tons. Before setting the formula, we translate tons into kg. We get the weight of the house = 314 280 kg

S foundation support \u003d P 1 (weight of the house) x 0.4 \u003d 314 280 x 0.4 \u003d 125 712 cm 2 \u003d 12.57 m 2

12.57m2 - this is the required (S norms - normative) foundation support area for this particular project and construction conditions, necessary to solve its main task (see at the beginning of the article).

P - perimeter, the total length of all load-bearing walls according to the project is 79.64 m.

S fact \u003d P x T \u003d 79.64 x 0.4 \u003d 31.86 m 2

We compare 2 numbers and get: S fact > S norms. That. this foundation is 2.5 times higher than the normative values, therefore it fully complies with the necessary requirements.

Example 2

Initial data. Typical design of a two-story attic house No. 62-09 with a total area of 113.6 m 2. Building area 93.57m 2 . The material of the bearing walls is aerated concrete 400mm. Finishing - facade plaster. The length of the bearing walls, including internal ones = 59.17 m. The bearing soil on the site is sand.

According to the table - the house corresponds to the 2nd weight category. We get:

R 1 house weight \u003d 93.57 x 2 \u003d 187.14 tons. Because 2-storey house multiply 187.14 x 2 = 374.28 tons. Before setting the formula, we translate tons into kg. We get the weight of the house = 374 280 kg

S foundation support \u003d P 1 (weight of the house) x 0.6 \u003d 374 280 x 0.6 \u003d 224 568 cm 2 \u003d 22.57 m 2

14.97m2 - this required (S norms - normative) foundation support area for this particular project and construction conditions, necessary to solve its main task (see at the beginning of the article).

The next step is to check the compliance of the actual area of the strip foundation with the normative area. S fact ≥ S norms

P - perimeter, the total length of all load-bearing walls according to the project is 59.17 m.

T - the thickness of the walls of the strip foundation must be no less than the thickness of the bearing walls. In this project, it is = 0.4m.

We calculate the actual area S fact of the strip foundation:

S fact \u003d P x T \u003d 59.17 x 0.6 \u003d 35.5 m 2

We compare 2 numbers and get: S fact > S norms. That. this foundation exceeds the normative values, therefore it fully complies with the necessary requirements.

Note. When calculating the area of a pile-grillage foundation, 2/3 of the area should come to the heels of the columnar foundation (piles).

The classic foundation sole, which can be seen today in many residential buildings, is designed in such a way as to evenly distribute the load of the foundation of the house on the ground surface. This structure appears as a reinforced concrete platform having a width at least twice the width of the foundation itself.

The extreme need for the construction of the sole of the foundation is the situation when the foundation will be installed on loose sandy soil or with silty soil.

How to calculate the size of the sole of the foundation?

The calculation of the dimensions of the sole of the foundation is made according to the formula below.

Sf \u003d 1.1 x (Md: Rg);
Sf is the area of the base of the foundation;
Md - the approximate mass of the future building;
Rg - soil resistance (we take information from the table);
1.1 is a typical safety factor for low-rise buildings.

Over many years of world construction practice, it has been revealed that in order to increase the strength of the foundation, it is necessary to increase the width of its sole. must have half its width, and the width of the sole must be greater than the thickness of the foundation wall by at least 200 mm.

The construction is good and needs special styling. It is very important that the sole is located well below the freezing depth.. This condition must be met in order to further protect the building from movement on muddy ground.

To determine the parameters of the foundation as accurately as possible, a huge number of factors should be taken into account, the most important of which are:

condition and type of soil;
building design;
brand of concrete;
the amount of reinforcement used.

The construction of a house begins with the foundation, which is why it is very important to understand the full degree of responsibility and the importance of the correctness of preliminary calculations and measurements. We advise you to leave this matter to professionals in order to subsequently avoid such troubles as subsidence and cracking of the base. The right ones will help to avoid this.

Before starting the construction of the foundation sole, you should decide on the tools and materials that will be used. The most important and necessary items that are sure to come in handy for the construction of the sole of the foundation include:

shovel - for excavating a trench;
bayonet shovel - for working with reinforcing bars;
fittings or wire;
hook (tool for knitting reinforcement);
a hammer;
nails;
wooden beams;
level or hydraulic level;
2 nylon laces;
concrete;
boards with a section of 5 × 30 cm;
milestones.

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Preparatory work: installation of landmarks

When the dimensions of the foundation are known, you can proceed to the next step. Before starting the construction of the very sole of the foundation itself, it is necessary to make markings at the bottom of the pit, indicating the clearest possible location of the foundation of the building.

It is most convenient to navigate by the landmarks that the surveyors installed in the process of marking the construction site even before the foundation pit was dug.

We find the position of the corner points at the bottom of the pit using a nylon cord, pulling it between the poles and the plumb line, which were installed by surveyors.

At the very bottom of the pit, along its steep part, it is necessary to hammer in a couple of landmarks. To do this, we recommend using rebar trimmings, since they will not need to be removed during the pouring of concrete. Between this pair of stakes, the distance must exactly correspond to the length of the wall, which was determined and indicated on the architectural plan.

In order to quickly complete the drawing of the markings for the remaining pair of corners, we first of all advise you to calculate the size of their diagonal. Such a miscalculation can be done on your own, however, it will take a lot of time for calculations, marking, to say nothing about the process of construction itself. In view of the time savings, it is advisable to hire a couple of specialists with experience in performing these tasks.

It is best to calculate the dimensions of the foundation with the help of three members of the team. The procedure will be as follows: at key points that have already been marked with tops, two people fix and firmly hold the extreme parts of the tapes from two roulettes. At the same time, a third person stretches the tapes of these tape measures in such a way that the tapes intersect at the designation of the length of the diagonal and the length of the wall. At the intersection point of the tapes, it is necessary to drive another stick into the ground.

In order to control the clarity and correctness of the work done, it is necessary to check the distance between all the poles several times. The last thing to do is to pull the cord between the two corners, as a result of which the contour of the future strip foundation will be obtained.

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Formwork construction

After the process of installing the poles has been completed, it will be possible to begin the construction of the formwork itself. For these purposes, it is desirable to use boards with a cross section of 5 × 30 cm, interconnected by means of metal brackets hammered into the ground. The brackets are shaped like the letter "P" and perform the function of holding the inner and outer walls of the formwork. The optimal distance is about 16 cm.

The formwork must be installed so that the walls of the foundation are distributed exactly in the very center of the sole. Next, we fasten together (at an angle of 90 °) two boards with a section of 5 × 30 cm and place them from the cord at a distance of 17.5 cm. A similar algorithm is carried out in order to form an outer corner.

After completing the above steps, it is necessary to install and fix the boards for the inner wall of the formwork. On both sides of the joint of the boards with a step equal to about 100 cm, we install brackets in the shape of the letter "P".

If the boards do not fit snugly together, we advise you to close the connector with a small patch board, nailing it from the outside. If the opposite situation arose, the board turned out to be larger than expected, then it is simply necessary to nail it to the adjacent board with an overlap.

The boards need to be leveled and corrected, because this factor greatly affects the strength of the sole and how it will subsequently perform its functions.

After the installation is completed, the areas of the weakest points of the formwork must be partially covered with soil. The weak points of the formwork can be either the joints of the boards, or the places where there are no brackets. Such backfilling of the soil will prevent concrete from getting under the formwork.

After completing all of the above actions, it is necessary to establish the uppermost level of the edge of the base of the foundation. This is done using a theodolite. When determining the level, it is imperative to make small fixators with carnations, hammering them 50% of the length at a distance of 1 m from each other. In the future, such small landmarks will play into the hands in the process of laying concrete.

Foundation sole - the lower plane of the foundation, transferring the load to the foundation.

Foundation sole - the lower plane of the foundation, which is in direct contact with the base and transfers the load to it.

[Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)]

The sole of the foundation is its lower plane, which transfers the load to the soil base.

[SP 46.13330.2012]

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Source: Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials. - Kaliningrad. Edited by V.P. Lozhkin. 2015-2016.

construction_materials.academic.ru

FOUNDATION SOLE - the lower plane of the foundation, in direct contact with the base and transferring the load to it

(Bulgarian language; Български) - the length of the planes on the foundation

(Czech; Čeština) - základová spára

(German; Deutsch) - Fundamentsohle

(Hungarian; Magyar) - alaptest alsó síkja

(Mongolian language) - suuriyin st

(Polish language; Polska) - podstawa fundamentu

(Romanian; Român) - talpă de fundaţie

(Serbo-Croatian; Srpski jezik; Hrvatski jezik) - temeljna stopa

(Spanish; Español) - superficie inferior de un cimiento; plano inferior de un cimiento

(English language; English) - foundation bed; foundation base

(French; Français) - lit de fondation; base de fondation

Source: Building Glossary in 12 languages

Construction dictionary.

SOLE WORKING
REMAKE EMERGENCY

dic.academic.ru

1.3.B The shape and size of the base of the foundation

The shape can be any (round, annular, polygonal, square, rectangular, ribbon, tabr, cruciform and more complex shape), but, as a rule, it repeats the shape of the structure based on it.

The sole area can be preliminarily determined from the condition:

PII ≤ R, where

PII - average pressure under the base of the foundation from the main combination of design loads in the calculation of deformations;

R is the design soil resistance of the base, determined by the SNiP formula.

Rice. 10.12. Calculation scheme of a centrally loaded foundation.

The reactive diagram of soil repulsion in the calculation of rigid foundations is assumed to be rectangular. Then from the equilibrium equation:

The difficulty is that both parts of the expression contain the desired geometric dimensions of the foundation. But in preliminary calculations, the weight of the soil and foundation in ABCD is replaced approximately by:

γm is the average value of the specific gravity of the foundation and soil on its ledges; γm=20 kN/m3;

d is the depth of the foundation, m.

The required area of the base of the foundation.

Then the width of the sole (b):

a) in the case of a strip foundation; A=b 1p.m.:

b) in the case of a columnar square foundation; A=b2:

c) in the case of a columnar rectangular foundation:

We set the ratio of the length of the foundation (l) to its width (b) (because the foundation repeats the outline of the structure resting on it).

c) in the case of a columnar round foundation:

b = D is the diameter of the foundation.

After preliminary selection of the width of the base of the foundation b=f(Ro), it is necessary to clarify the calculated soil resistance - R=f(b, φ, c, d, γ).

Knowing the exact R. Determine b again. The steps are repeated until the two expressions give the same values for R and b.

After. How the size of the foundation was selected, taking into account the modularity and unification of structures, the actual pressure on the soil along the base of the foundation is checked.

The closer the PII value is to R, the more economical the solution.

With this test, we check the possibility of calculating according to the linear theory of soil deformation.

If the condition is not met, then the calculation must be carried out according to the nonlinear theory, which greatly complicates it.

1.3.B. Eccentrically loaded foundations

These are foundations in which the resultant of external loads (forces) does not pass through the center of gravity of its sole.

The pressure on the soil along the base of an eccentrically loaded foundation is taken to vary according to a linear law, and its boundary values are determined by the eccentric compression formulas.

Given that ,

We come to a more convenient form for calculation:

e is the eccentricity of the sole with respect to the center of gravity;

b is the size of the base of the foundation in the plane of the action of the moment.

Rice. 10.13. Diagrams of pressures under the base of the foundation under the action of an eccentric load.

They try not to allow a two-valued diagram, because in this case, a separation of the foundation from the ground is formed.

Since, in the case of off-center loading, the maximum pressure on the foundation acts only under the edge of the foundation, when selecting the dimensions of the base of the foundation, the pressure can be assumed to be 20% more than the design resistance of the soil, i.e.

In cases where the point of application of the resultant of external forces is displaced relative to both axes of the foundation (Figure 10.14), the pressure under its corner points is found by the formula:

Rice. 10.14. eccentric loading of the foundation with respect to two main axes of inertia:

a is the displacement of the resultant external forces; b - the device of an asymmetric foundation.

Since in this case the maximum pressure will be only at one point of the base of the foundation, it is allowed that its value satisfies the condition:

But the following conditions are checked:

;- on the most loaded part.

studfiles.net

How deep to make the foundation | how to calculate foundation

The foundation is the foundation of your home. What you make the foundation, so will your house. If you do not correctly calculate the foundation for the house, then, accordingly, it will not stand for a long time.

In this article you will find the necessary information about the foundations:

how to make a foundation for a house,
how deep to put it
how to calculate the width of the sole of the foundation,
what load the foundation can withstand from the building and much more.

The most common foundations are strip, columnar, slab and their derivatives.

The purpose of any foundation is to withstand the load from a building or structure, distribute it and transfer the load to the base (soil).

If the soil does not withstand the load from the building (marshland), then before starting the construction of the foundation, you can make a partial replacement of the soil with a more durable one, for example, cover it with granular slag (which eventually turns into concrete), or use piles.

The choice of one or another foundation mainly depends on the type of soil and on the depth of groundwater.

The foundation sole is the bottom plane of the foundation that rests on the ground.

The depth of the foundation is defined as the distance from the surface of the earth (soil) to the base of the foundation. Basically, the depth of the foundation depends on two factors: the level of groundwater and the depth of soil freezing.

If all the nuances and subtleties are taken into account when laying the foundation, then this will affect the durability of the higher building!

Remember that the cost of laying the foundation is from 15 to 25% or more, depending on the type of soil, its freezing and the depth of groundwater.

If you save on the foundation in the wrong place, then its redoing and eliminating errors will be very costly, and in some cases (as practice shows) it is impossible!

Preparatory work. Foundation layout.

We are preparing the site in the place where the future house will stand. We clear the area of bushes, trees. If the top layer consists of good fertile soil, then it can be removed and transferred to a place where it will not interfere.

It is advisable to divert surface water (precipitation) to the side so that the construction site is not flooded.

The layout of the foundation begins with a breakdown of the plan of the house in kind. The project (on the master plan) usually indicates what the house needs to be tied to. Most often, the house is tied to the road or to neighboring buildings.

First of all, we mark out where the outer walls of the house will be. For marking, it is best to use wooden or metal pegs and a nylon cord.

So: we mark the contour of the building and hammer pegs in the corners.

Then it is necessary to make a cast-off around the future building. Scraps make it incredibly easy to build in the early stages! If you do not want to put it, then you can not put it, you will still do everything right. But, as practice shows, the cast-off significantly saves time during the further laying of the foundation and the construction of the basement.

A cast-off is two pegs to which a board is nailed with an edge.

For convenience, we hammer the cast-off at a distance from the edge of the future pit, at a distance of 2 to 5 m. In such a way that the cast-off does not interfere with the operation of heavy equipment:

excavator, which will dig a pit,
assembly crane, which will mount the foundation blocks and slabs.
normal entrance of the mixer and the like.

Sometimes a cast-off is made continuous - around the entire perimeter of the house, but this is not very convenient. The best option is to make a cast-off from small elements similar to a small bench.

The cast-off is usually placed in such a way that all axes can be marked on it.

The height of the cast-off - most often we make it 500 - 600 mm above the ground. You can make it higher, for example, 100 - 150 mm higher than the future floor of the first floor.

Some neglect the axes and use the edges of the outer walls of the building (or main walls) as a basis. I do not recommend doing this, as it is easy to make a mistake.

If you mark everything from AXIS, you will never go wrong.

When the axes intersect, a right angle (90 degrees) is formed. If you neglect the right angle, you get a crooked house. This will come out when installing the roof and floors. Visually, you can see that the house was not built evenly (without a right angle), first of all it can be seen on the roof of the house!

How to make a right angle easily - to check the angles, you can use the "Egyptian Triangle". We set aside 3 m from the intersection of the axes in one direction and 4 m in the other direction from the intersection of the axes (perpendicularly) (you can tie a knot or a piece of wire). After that, the first and last knots are connected with a tape measure, you should get 5 m (the square of the hypotenuse).

If it is difficult to check a right angle, then the best option is to measure the diagonals. The diagonals must be the same size.

Site layout - it is advisable to “shoot” the site with a level and find out the lowest and highest points (site layout) and take one of the marks as the original one. Thanks to the layout of the site, you will know where you need to dig more and where you need to dig less.

If there is no level, then you can use the usual hydro level (thin, transparent hose filled with water). We make a mark on the cast-off board with a pencil (or hammer in a nail) and transfer this mark with the help of a hydraulic level to other cast-offs. The result is a horizontal plane around the perimeter from which you can measure the depth of the pit or trench.

When we measure the depth of the pit (or trench) from the horizontal plane, then the pit itself below will have a flat (horizontal) surface. In other words, the bottom of the pit will be flat.

So: from the axes we set aside parallel on both sides the edges of the future foundation. We stretch two nylon cords along the edges of the foundation and transfer it to the ground using ordinary sand. That is, we sprinkle sand with our hands directly on the nylon cord and on the ground (on the ground) a contour of the outer and inner edges of the foundation looms.

Then we wind the nylon cords so that they do not interfere with digging.

The cast-offs are completely removed only after the builders have built the basement of the house.

Excavation.

Ditches (trenches) are most often dug with an excavator. The shape of the pit (trench) depends on the type of soil and its depth. In dense, not loose, soils, the walls of the trenches are usually vertical (if the trenches are not deep and the groundwater is far from the base of the foundation) and they are used instead of formwork.

Trench depth without formwork:

The maximum depth of a trench with even vertical walls in gravelly and sandy soils is 1 m.
The maximum depth of a trench with even vertical walls in sandy loam is 1.25 m.
The maximum depth of a trench with even vertical walls in clays and loams is 1.5 m.

If it is necessary to dig a trench deeper than the dimensions indicated above, then it is necessary to additionally install formwork to strengthen the walls of the trench or dig trenches with slopes.

When laying columnar foundations, most often they dig square or round pits. Round pits with vertical walls are the best resistant to the collapse of the walls of the soil. Even in a more aggressive environment, when the groundwater level is high, the walls of round pits are more resistant to collapse.

Pits and trenches for the foundation must be protected from surface water runoff. If water flows from the site into the trenches (pits), then the base becomes limp, liquefies and loses its bearing capacity.

You can divert surface water by making ditches, dumps, and the like.

So that the slopes of the trench do not collapse and the foundation does not become limp from atmospheric precipitation, it is necessary to lay the foundation immediately after digging the soil. That is, if you dug a trench, then you immediately need to make a foundation.

Sometimes we dig trenches under half of the house. We fill the grillage, mount the blocks above ground level and fill the sinuses between the blocks. Then we dig out the second (remaining) half of the trenches and complete the foundation completely. This method is used when it is necessary to build a large house on a small plot.

Since the site is small, and the future house is large, there is simply nowhere to put the land!

If you dug a trench (pit) and decided not to lay the foundation immediately, but after some time, then it is best not to dig the trench to the design marks by 10 - 15 centimeters. This unfinished soil will protect the bottom of the trench from soaking and dehydration of the bearing soil (during rainfall).

Immediately before laying the foundation, the unexcavated soil is cleaned to the desired marks.

In no case should the excavated soil be poured back into the trench (in places of random enumeration)! If you fill up the soil, then you get bulk soil in this place. Due to the fact that the soil was poured into the trench, there will be uneven shrinkage of the foundation and the house may burst.

In places of random sorting of soil, the pit can be covered with sand (no more than 100 mm), crushed stone, gravel and compacted well. Also, in places where the soil is sorted out, a hole in the trench can be laid with brickwork or poured with concrete (the best option).

Foundation depth.

Many developers mistakenly believe that the deeper the foundation is laid, the better. Developers believe that if the base of the foundation is below the freezing level of the soil, this will ensure reliable operation of the foundation.

Indeed, if the sole of the foundation is below the freezing level of the soil, then the forces of frost heaving can no longer put pressure on the foundation from the bottom up, that is, raise the foundation. However, do not forget about the lateral tangential frost heaving of the soil, which acts on the side surfaces of the foundation.

Lateral tangential frost heaving of the soil can tear the foundation out of the soil, separating its upper part from the lower one. This happens if the foundation is made of brick, stone or small blocks, especially under light houses (wooden houses, lightweight frame houses, etc.).

In order to avoid the destruction of the foundation (made of brick, stone or small blocks) on heaving soils, it is necessary not only to lay the foundation for a residential building below the level of soil freezing, but also to extinguish the forces of lateral tangential frost heaving of the soil.

To do this, you can insulate the blind area with caramzite, foam or pumpan.

If you do not make an insulated blind area, then you can tie the walls of the foundation (made of brick, stone or small blocks) using a metal frame. The frame is laid to the entire height of the foundation, connecting the lower and upper parts to each other.

It is possible not to use a metal frame, then the walls of the foundation must be laid out wide from below, and gradually tapering towards the top. This will significantly weaken the forces of lateral tangential frost heaving of the soil.

1- inclined walls of rubble masonry; 2 - laying of backing bricks; 3 - core made of reinforced concrete; 4 - concrete; 5 - future base; 6 - backfilling with soil; 7 - reinforced concrete slab, support; 8 - concrete slab; 9 - fittings; U.P.G. - the level of soil freezing.

When erecting buildings and structures on a steeply dipping terrain, it is necessary to take into account the possible shift, lateral soil pressure. The magnitude of the lateral soil pressure depends on many factors (type of soil, how steep the slope is, etc.) and therefore it is quite difficult to calculate it.

The most reliable foundation on a steeply dipping terrain is a strip foundation, because it is rigidly connected to each other in the transverse and longitudinal directions.

A columnar foundation on a steeply dipping terrain must be rigidly tied on top. For communication, it is better to use a reinforced concrete monolithic belt, then all the structural elements of the foundation will work as a whole.

To determine the depth of the foundation, you need to know three main indicators:

Ground freezing level.
ground water height.
The composition (type) of the bearing soil on which the foundation of the house (building, structure) will be located.

If in winter the groundwater is more than 2 m below the freezing level of the soil, then for many soils (fine and silty sands, hard clay soils), the depth of the foundation is calculated without taking into account the level of soil freezing.

In other words, the groundwater level is far from the level of soil freezing (more than 2 m), respectively, the soil is relatively dry and will not heave. This will greatly reduce the cost of building a foundation!

And if the groundwater is close to the level of soil freezing (up to 2 m), then the soil (clay soils, fine and dusty sands) is saturated with water and will swell in frost. Therefore, when groundwater is close, the soil is wet. The foundation must be laid taking into account the freezing of the soil, that is, the sole of the foundation should be no higher (preferably a little bit lower) than the level of soil freezing.

Minimum foundation depth.

The minimum depth of the foundation footing in dry soils (fine and coarse sands, hard clays) is 0.7 m.

The minimum depth of the foundation footing in wet soils (fine and silty sands, plastic clay soils, subsiding loess loams) is 1.2 m.

Minimum foundation footing depth for a house that has a basement. The sole of the foundation is laid below the floor level in the basement by at least - 0.4 m.

Table 3.1 How deep should the foundation be laid?

No. p / p	Bearing soils within the freezing depth.	The distance from the depth of soil freezing to the level of groundwater.	The depth of the foundation sole for the construction of one-story and two-story buildings.
	Rocky and semi-rocky soils	Irrelevant.	It does not matter, does not depend on the depth of soil freezing
	Coarse and medium sands, gravelly sands, coarse-grained soils.	Irrelevant.
	Silty and fine sands, clays (wet when freezing become heaving soils), loams, sandy loams.	More than 2 m.	It does not depend on the depth of soil freezing, but not less than 0.5 m.
Less than 2 m.	Not less than 3/4 of the depth of soil freezing, but not less than 0.7 m.
The groundwater level is above the ground freezing level.	Not less than the depth of soil freezing.

To determine the level of soil freezing in your area, you can use the map (see below).

How to independently determine the level of groundwater and soil composition.

Determining the level of groundwater is quite simple: it is necessary to dig a pit - a well on the construction site (on which the future house will stand). The size of the well is approximately 1 meter by 1 meter and a depth of about 2.5 -3 m.

The pit-well must be protected from the flow of surface water and precipitation into it. The most reliable information about the groundwater level, you can get in the fall or spring, when the groundwater level is the highest.

To reduce the cost of digging a hole, you can dig it, for example, in the place where the basement will be.

Thanks to the pit-well, you will find out not only the level of groundwater, but also the composition of the soil.

Most often, the top layer is a fertile layer, it is usually removed, since it does not settle evenly due to decay of organic residues (plants, roots) and the house may burst. The fertile layer is easy to recognize, as it is darker. The thickness of the fertile layer is from 100 to 1000 mm or more.

Beneath the fertile top layer is the natural underlying soil. This soil (natural underlying) is bearing and perceives the load from the base of the foundation and the building above.

If the natural underlying soils are medium and coarse sands, gravelly, then this is a reliable foundation for your home. The minimum foundation depth in such soils is 0.5 m.

If the natural underlying soils are silty and fine sands, sandy loams, clays, loams, it is necessary to take into account the level of groundwater. With a high level of groundwater, these soils have a reduced bearing capacity.

If the natural underlying soils are loess-like loams, then at low humidity they can take quite large loads. With a high level of groundwater, loess-like loams can sag even from their own weight. How to distinguish this not very reliable soil from others?

Quite simply - it must be lowered into the water. Unlike ordinary clay soils, loess-like loam disintegrates much faster in water.

How to calculate the width of the sole of the foundation.

All soils can take the load from a higher-standing private residential building (except for silts and peat bogs). Individual houses are relatively small in size and weight.

If the bearing capacity of the soil is weak, then it is necessary to increase the area of the base of the foundation to reduce the pressure on the soil. The larger the area of the base of the foundation, the less pressure on the soil.

b) Type of bearing soil - all soils are different and have different bearing capacity. When you know the type of soil on which your future house will stand, you can determine the bearing capacity of this soil according to Table 4.1 (see below).

For example, stony soils have the highest bearing capacity: 5.0 - 6.0 kg/cm2, and plastic clays have a weak bearing capacity: 1.0 - 3.0 kg/cm2.

Table 4.1 Calculated soil resistances and their types.

So: when the total weight of the building is known and what load the soil can take (per square centimeter), we calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe base of the foundation.

Everything is done very simply and for clarity, let's look at an example - how to determine the width of the base of the foundation (the area of the base of the foundation) for a two-story residential building.

Example: Two-story residential building 12 meters by 12 meters. House without a basement.

1) Determine the total weight of the building, we consider everything in centimeters and kilograms:

a) Determine the weight of the roof of the house:

The roof is wooden, light, so it will weigh relatively little, about 3,000 kg.
The roof is a metal tile, weighs approximately 800 kg.
The snow and wind load is not very large and we take approximately 2000 kg.

Total: the total weight of the roof is approximately 5,800 kg

b) Determine the weight of the box at home:

- Approximately 15,000 face bricks will be used for this house. One brick weighs 4 kilograms.
15,000 pieces 4 kg = 60,000 kg.
- Approximately 2,500 shell rock will go to the house. One block of shell rock weighs approximately 15 kg.
2500 pcs 15 kg = 80 700 kg.
- For main walls, partitions and non-folds, approximately 12,000 pieces of red single brick will go. One red brick weighs about 3.8 kg.
12,000 pcs 3.8 kg = 45,600 kg.
- Overlapping of the house, the first and second floors - with round-hollow reinforced concrete slabs 34 pieces. The size of the plate is 6 m by 1.2. One slab weighs approximately 2,200 kg.
34 pcs 2200 kg = 74800 kg.
- Mortar for brick and shell rock, screed (on the second floor), finishing (plaster) will weigh approximately 63,000 kg.
- Furniture (on the second floor) and equipment will weigh approximately 5,000 kg.

Total: the total weight of the box at home will be about - 329,100 kg.

c) Determine the weight of the plinth and foundation:

- Approximately 6,500 bricks will go to the plinth. One brick weighs about 3.8 kg.
6,500 pcs 3.8 kg = 24,700 kg.
- Foundation blocks (five) will go about 20 pieces (two rows of blocks). One block weighs about 1,600 kg.
40 pcs 1,600 kg = 64,000 kg.
- Concrete grillage will weigh about 15,840 kg.
- Mortar for bricks and block installation requires about 0.52 m3. One m3 of solution weighs about 2,000 kg.
0.52 m3 2000 kg = 1040 kg.
- The rebar in the reamer will weigh about 500 kg.

Total: the total weight of the base and foundation will be about - 106,080 kg.

The total weight of the building will be about 440,980 kg. That is, this weight (441 tons) will put pressure on the ground.

2) Calculate the width of the sole (sole area) of the foundation.

Let's say the width of the sole of the foundation (grillage) is the same as the width of the block, namely 50 cm. The perimeter length is 4,800 cm

4,800 cm 50 cm \u003d 240,000 cm2 (the area the house rests on the ground).

For example, the soil on which a house weighing 440,980 kg will rest is plastic clay. For example, plastic clay can take 2 kg per square centimeter.

240,000 cm2 2 kg \u003d 480,000 kg / cm2 - the weight that the soil can take (plastic clay).

So: our building weighing 440,989 kg presses on the ground (plastic clay). The building's bearing area on the ground is 240,000 cm2. The bearing capacity of the soil is 480,000 kg/cm2.

480,000 kg / cm2 - 440,989 kg \u003d 39,011 kg - safety margin.

The width of the sole of the foundation (grillage) is 50 cm.

Conclusion:

The width of the base of the foundation is 500 mm. This building, weighing 441 tons, can easily withstand the soil (plastic clay). The margin of safety is 39 tons, that is, the load on the ground can still be increased (if necessary) to 39 tons.

Let's summarize. Today, thanks to the article, you learned: how to make markings for the foundation, how to calculate the depth of the foundation, what load it can withstand, what width of the base of the foundation needs to be made, how to determine the groundwater level and much more.

You have received a huge amount of useful and practical information. What do you think about this article and what else could you add?

stroy-bloks.ru

foundation sole

base of foundation, foundation bed, foundation level, underside of base

English-Russian dictionary of technical terms. 2005.

ledge foot
bottom hole

See what the "foundation sole" is in other dictionaries:

Foundation sole - - the lower plane of the foundation, transferring the load to the foundation. [SNiP I 2] Foundation sole - the lower plane of the foundation that is in direct contact with the foundation and transfers the load to it. [Terminological dictionary for ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

foundation sole - The lower plane of the foundation, which is in direct contact with the base and transfers the load to it [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] Topics elements of buildings and structures EN foundation ... ... Technical translator's guide

SOLE - SOLE, soles, female. 1. The lower part of the shoe made of thick leather, shaped like a foot. Welt sole. || Lower part of the foot. 2. The bottom surface, the base of something (tech.). Foundation base. Rail sole. ❖ The sole of the mountain is the place where ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Sole - The lower plane of the foundation in contact with the soil base. (Terms of the Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995) ... Architectural Dictionary

The sole is the conventional name for the underground part of the foundation of a blast furnace ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy

FOUNDATION - an underground or underwater part of a structure that transfers to its soil base the static load created by the weight of the structure, and additional dynamic loads created by wind or the movement of water, people, equipment or ... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

Foundations - is a structural element of the building, providing the transfer of concentrated loads to the ground, reaching 15,000 kN and more. There are foundations for frame buildings on a natural basis and in the form of piles. Foundations on a natural ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

GEORGE THE GREAT MARTYR CHURCH IN Kyiv - one of the first along with c. St. Irene monastery churches in the city. On the creation by Yaroslav the Wise of the church in the name of his heavenly patron, the martyr. George the Victorious is said in the chronicle article of 1037, which gives a generalized assessment of the temple building and ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

FOUNDATIONS OF STRUCTURES - an array of soil that directly perceives the load from the structure. O. s. can be natural if the base of the foundation is based on nature. unreinforced soil, and artificial, when in the presence of weak soil the latter is converted to ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

Holy Cross Cathedral (Solikamsk) - Cultural heritage of the Russian Federation, object ... Wikipedia

dic.academic.ru

foundation sole

base of foundation

Large English-Russian and Russian-English dictionary. 2001.

ledge foot
plantar water

See what the "foundation sole" is in other dictionaries:

FOUNDATION SOLE - the lower plane of the foundation, which is in direct contact with the base and transfers the load to it (Bulgarian; Bulgarian) the length of the planes to the foundation (Czech; Čeština) základová spára (German; Deutsch) Fundamentsohle ... ... Building Dictionary

Sole - The lower plane of the foundation in contact with the soil base. (Terms of the Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995) ... Architectural Dictionary

The sole is the conventional name for the underground part of the foundation of a blast furnace ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy

Holy Cross Cathedral (Solikamsk) - Cultural heritage of the Russian Federation, object ... Wikipedia

dic.academic.ru

foundation sole - from Russian to Turkish

Sole - The lower plane of the foundation in contact with the soil base. (Terms of the Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995) ... Architectural Dictionary

The sole is the conventional name for the underground part of the foundation of a blast furnace ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy

Holy Cross Cathedral (Solikamsk) - Cultural heritage of the Russian Federation, object ... Wikipedia

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home > Trends

Strip foundation on the supporting sole. The construction of a strip foundation The need for materials for the installation of a monolithic tape

Construction stages

Foundation formwork

backfilling

Setting the foundation level

pouring concrete

Foundation reinforcement

Foundation grout

Keyway cutting

Formwork cleaning

Column Foundation

Technology features

Calculation of strip foundation example:

How to calculate the size of the sole of the foundation?

Preparatory work: installation of landmarks

Formwork construction

1.3.B The shape and size of the base of the foundation

1.3.B. Eccentrically loaded foundations

How deep to make the foundation | how to calculate foundation

Preparatory work. Foundation layout.

Excavation.

Foundation depth.

Minimum foundation depth.

How to independently determine the level of groundwater and soil composition.

How to calculate the width of the sole of the foundation.

Conclusion:

foundation sole

See what the "foundation sole" is in other dictionaries:

foundation sole

See what the "foundation sole" is in other dictionaries:

foundation sole - from Russian to Turkish

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