The Chinese wall is all about her. The Great Wall of China was built by the Russians

Who built the Great Wall of China and why? What functions does it carry at the moment and performed in the past? There is a lot of disagreement on these questions.The Chinese state is not the only country in world history that, at the turn of wars and civil strife, built a protective wall with a guard function along the borders of its territory.

The wall of the Roman Empire, Athens, Korea and Denmark have left their mark on history - all these states erected protective fences to protect the borders, and the Great Wall of China is no exception - this is a confirmed fact.

The beginning of the construction of the Chinese wall did not begin with large-scale structures. In the seventh century BC, China was divided into many feudal petty "states".

Each such feudal community had its own prince of blue blood, who considered it necessary to protect his possessions. Thus began the spontaneous construction of the Great Wall of China. Each prince began to erect walls, denoting his possessions.

221 BC The 1st Emperor of the Qin Dynasty is one of the most famous and great people in the history of China. (famous for his terracotta warriors), was able to unify China. By his order, the first stage of the large-scale construction of the Chinese Wall was formed, uniting the walls of the three states in the northern part of China.

The first "Wan Li Chang Cheng" - 10,000 li of the Chinese wall, where 2 li \u003d 1 km. Over the course of 2000 years, since then, the wall has been repeatedly rebuilt, expanded and modified.

The foundation of the Great Wall of China and the view that can be observed today, was formed and built during the reign of the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1644 .

Why was the Great Wall of China built?

Military function of the wall. Confirmation of this is the various defensive structures in its areas: watchtowers, passes and fortresses. Small military towns for warriors were built nearby. who guarded the borders of the state where they lived, where weapons and food were stored. Certain sections of the wall served as the transmission of military information and assembly points for the commanders-in-chief of the armies of China.

Interesting on the site Tours to China

economic function. What did the Wall of China protect from? From constant skirmishes with other neighbors of China, from robbery of caravans from raids on cities. The Great Wall protected the economic routes of the Celestial Empire. This protection gave a powerful impetus to the development of the state economy. Protection of the Great Silk Road , which served as a means of collecting and transmitting information and an important artery of China's economic transport route.

What was the Great Wall of China made of?

Materials for the construction of the wall were taken from nearby natural resources. , the main part of which consists of earth and stones. When the wall was built, high technology did not yet exist, so the natural depressions and elevations of the mountain range became the foundation of the Great Wall of China.

In parts of western China, the wall was built of rubble and sand, with interlayers of reeds or tamarisk branches. in order to less expose the wall to strong wind erosion, characteristic of this area of the Chinese wall.

Who Built the Wall of China - Opinions, Facts and Misconceptions

There is a theory, not substantiated by facts, but indicated in certain sources, that the Chinese Wall was built by Russians or Slavic people. When the wall was born, in principle, Russia did not exist yet, there were tribes. In a later period it is possible that the development of the wall or fortifications with additions could have been built by the Slavs. But it is a complete delusion that the Great Wall of China was built not by the Chinese, but by the Russians.

The Chinese wall is an amazing structure built for almost 2000 years and its length is 4 thousand kilometers! Such a long-term construction is not bad ... It is traditionally believed that the Great Wall of China began to be built in the 3rd century BC. For protection from northern nomads. On this occasion, N.A. Morozov wrote:

“One thought that the famous Chinese Wall, 6 to 7 meters high and up to 3 meters thick, stretching for THREE THOUSAND KILOMETERS, was started by the construction back in 246 BC by Emperor Shi-Hoangti and WAS FINISHED ONLY THROUGH 1866 YEARS, TO 1620 AD, is so absurd that it can only annoy a serious historian-thinker.

After all, every large building has a predetermined practical purpose ... Who would have thought of starting a huge building, which can only be completed in 2000 years, and until then it will be only a useless burden for the population ...

We will be told, - The Wall has been repaired for two thousand years. Doubtful. It makes sense to repair only a not very old building, otherwise it will become hopelessly outdated and simply fall apart. What we observe, by the way, in Europe.

The old defensive walls were dismantled and new, more powerful ones were built in their place. For example, many military fortifications in Russia were rebuilt in the 16th century.

But we are told that the Chinese Wall, as it was built, stood for TWO THOUSAND YEARS. They do not say that "the modern wall was built recently on the site of the ancient one."

No, they say that we see exactly the wall that was erected two thousand years ago. In our opinion, this is extremely strange, to say the least.

When and against whom was the wall built? We cannot give an exact answer. This requires additional research. However, let us express the following thought.

The Great Wall of China was built primarily as a structure marking the BORDER between two countries: China and Russia.

It is doubtful that it was built as a military defense structure. And hardly ever used in this capacity. Defending a 4,000-kilometer wall from an enemy attack is POSSIBLE.

LN Gumilyov quite rightly wrote: “The wall stretched for 4 thousand km. Its height reached 10 meters, and watch towers rose every 60-100 meters.

But when the work was completed, it turned out that all the armed forces of China were not enough to organize an effective defense on the wall.

In fact, if a small detachment is placed on each tower, then the enemy will destroy it before the neighbors have time to gather and give help.

If, however, large detachments are spaced less often, then gaps are formed through which the enemy will easily and imperceptibly penetrate deep into the country. A FORTRESS WITHOUT DEFENDERS IS NOT A FORTRESS

What is the difference between our point of view and the traditional one? We are told that the Wall separated China from the nomads in order to secure the country from their raids. But, as Gumilyov rightly noted, such an explanation does not stand up to scrutiny.

If the nomads wanted to cross the Wall, they would have easily done so. And not just once. And anywhere. We offer a completely different explanation.

We believe that the Wall was built primarily to DESIGNATE THE BORDER BETWEEN THE TWO STATES. And it was built when they reached an agreement on this border. Apparently in order to exclude border disputes in the future.

And such disputes, probably, were. Today, the agreed parties draw the border ON THE MAP (that is, on paper). And they think that this is enough.

And in the case of Russia and China, the Chinese, apparently, attached such importance to the treaty that they decided to perpetuate it not only on paper, but also “on the ground”, by drawing the Wall along the agreed border.

This was more reliable and, as the Chinese thought, would eliminate border disputes for a long time. The length of the Wall itself speaks in favor of our assumption. Four or one or two thousand kilometers is normal for a border between two states. But for a purely military structure - it makes no sense. But the political border

China for its supposedly more than two thousand years of history has changed many times. This is what historians tell us. China united, then fell apart into separate regions, lost and acquired some land, and so on.

On the one hand, this seems to make it difficult to verify our reconstruction. But on the other hand, on the contrary, we are given the opportunity not only to check it, but also to DATE the construction of the Wall.

If we manage to find a political-geographical map on which the BORDER OF CHINA WILL PASS EXACTLY ALONG THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA, this will mean that EXACTLY AT THIS TIME THE WALL WAS BUILT.

Today the Wall of China is INSIDE China. Was there a time when it marked the BORDER OF THE COUNTRY? And when did it happen? It is clear that if it was built as a BORDER WALL, then at that time IT HAD TO GO EXACTLY ON THE POLITICAL BORDER OF CHINA.

This will allow us to date the construction of the Wall. Let's try to find a GEOGRAPHICAL MAP on which the Wall of China runs EXACTLY ON THE POLITICAL BORDER OF CHINA. It is important that SUCH CARDS EXIST. And there are many. These are maps of the 17th-18th centuries.

We take a map of Asia of the XVIII century, made by the Royal Academy in Amsterdam:. This map was taken by us from a rare atlas of the 18th century.

On this map we find two states: Tartaria - Tartarie and China - Chine. China's northern border runs roughly along the 40th parallel. EXACTLY THIS BORDER GOES THE WALL OF CHINA.

Moreover, on the map this Wall is DESIGNATED as a thick line with the inscription Muraille de la Chine, that is, “the high wall of China” in French.

The same Chinese Wall, and with the same inscription on it, we see on another map of 1754 - Carte de l'Asie, taken by us from a rare atlas of the 18th century. Here the Chinese Wall also runs roughly along the border between China and Great Tataria, that is, Mongol-Tataria = Russia.

We see the same thing on another map of Asia in the 17th century, in the famous Blaeu atlas. The Chinese Wall runs exactly along the border of China, and only a small western section of the Wall is inside China.

Our idea is also supported by the fact that the cartographers of the 18th century GENERALLY PUT THE CHINA WALL ON THE POLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD.

Therefore, this Wall MAKES THE SENSE OF A POLITICAL BORDER. After all, the cartographers did not depict other “wonders of the world” on this map, for example, the Egyptian pyramids.

And the Chinese Wall - painted. The same Wall is depicted on a color map of the Qing Empire in the second half of the 17th-18th centuries in the academic 10-volume World History

This map shows the Great Wall in detail, with all of its little twists and turns in the terrain. For almost its entire length, it goes EXACTLY ON THE BORDER OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE, with the exception of a small westernmost section of the Wall no more than 200 kilometers long. Apparently

THE CHINESE GREAT WALL WAS BUILT IN THE XVI-XVII CENTURIES AS A POLITICAL BORDER BETWEEN CHINA AND RUSSIA = “MONGOLO-TATARIA”.

It is impossible to admit that the “ancient” Chinese possessed such an amazing gift of foresight that they accurately predicted exactly how the border between China and Russia would pass in the 17th-18th centuries of the NEW ERA, that is, in two thousand years.

We may be objected: on the contrary, the border between Russia and China in the 17th century was drawn along the ancient Wall. However, in this case, the Wall would have to be mentioned in a written Russian-Chinese treaty. We did not find such references.

When was the Wall = Border between Russia = “Mongol-Tataria” and China built? Apparently, it was in the XVII century. No wonder it is believed that its construction was “completed” only in 1620. And maybe even later. See more about it below.

In this regard, it is immediately remembered that EXACTLY at this time there were BORDER WARS between Russia and China. Probably, only at the end of the 17th century they agreed on the border. And then they built a wall to fix the CONTRACT.

Was this Wall earlier than the 17th century? Apparently not. Scaligerian history tells us that China was conquered by the “MONGOLS” in the 13th century AD. e. More precisely, in 1279. And he became part of the huge “Mongolian” = Great Empire.

According to the new chronology, the correct dating of this conquest is the end of the 14th century, that is, a hundred years later. In the Scaligerian history of China, this event is noted in the XIV century as the coming to power of the MING dynasty in 1368, that is, THE SAME MONGOLS.

As we now understand, in the XIV-XVI centuries, RUSSIA AND CHINA STILL MADE ONE EMPIRE. Therefore, there was no need to build the Wall = Border.

Most likely, such a need arose after the unrest in Russia, the defeat of the Russian Horde dynasty and the seizure of power by the Romanovs. As you know, the Romanovs abruptly changed the political course of Russia, trying to subordinate the country to Western influence.

Such a pro-Western orientation of the new dynasty led to the collapse of the Empire. Turkey separated, and heavy wars began with it. China also separated. And, in fact, control over a significant part of America was lost. China's relations with the Romanovs became tense, and border conflicts began. It was necessary to build the Wall, which was done.

Apparently, it is even possible to more accurately indicate the time of the construction of the Great Wall of China. As we have said, the Wall was apparently erected as a border between China and Russia during the border disputes of the 17th century. ARMED COLLISIONs flared up from the middle of the 17th century. The wars went on with varying success. Descriptions of these wars were preserved in the notes of Khabarov.

The agreement that fixed the NORTHERN BORDER OF CHINA WITH RUSSIA was concluded in 1689 in Nerchinsk. Perhaps there were earlier attempts to conclude a Russo-Chinese treaty.

It is to be expected that the China Wall was built between 1650 and 1689. This expectation is justified. It is known that the emperor = Bogdykhan Kangxi “began to implement his plan of FORCING THE RUSSIANS FROM THE AMUR.

BUILDING A CHAIN OF FORTIFICATIONS IN MANZHURIA Bogdykhan sent the Manzhur army to the Amur in 1684” What kind of CHAIN OF FORTIFICATIONS did Bogdykhan build by 1684? Most likely, he built the Great Wall of China. That is, a CHAIN OF FORTIFIED TOWERS CONNECTED BY A WALL

A GROUP of British archaeologists, led by William Lindsey, made a sensational discovery in the fall of 2011: a part of the Great Wall of China, which is located outside of China, was discovered in Mongolia. The remains of this huge structure (100 kilometers long and 2.5 meters high) were discovered in the Gobi Desert, located in southern Mongolia. Scientists concluded that the find is part of the famous Chinese sights. The wall section materials include wood, earth and volcanic stone. The building itself dates from the period between 1040 and 1160 BC.

Back in 2007, on the border of Mongolia and China, during an expedition organized by the same Lindsey, a significant section of the wall was found, which was attributed to the time of the Han Dynasty. Since then, the search for the remaining fragments of the wall continued, which finally ended in success in Mongolia.

The Great Wall of China, we recall, is one of the largest architectural monuments and one of the most famous defensive structures of antiquity. It passes through the territory of Northern China and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

It is generally accepted that they began to build it in the 3rd century BC. to protect the state of the Qin dynasty from the raids of the "northern barbarians" - the nomadic people of the Xiongnu. In the 3rd century AD, during the Han Dynasty, the construction of the wall was resumed and it was extended to the west.
Over time, the wall began to collapse, but during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), according to Chinese historians, the wall was restored and strengthened. Those sections of it that have survived to our time were built mainly in the 15th-16th centuries.

Over the three centuries of the reign of the Manchu Qing Dynasty (since 1644), the protective structure dilapidated and almost everything collapsed, since the new rulers of the Celestial Empire did not need protection from the north. Only in our time, in the mid-1980s, restoration of sections of the wall began as material evidence of the ancient origin of statehood in the lands of Northeast Asia.

SOME Russian researchers (President of the Academy of Fundamental Sciences A.A. Tyunyaev and his associate, Honorary Doctor of the University of Brussels V.I. Semeyko) express doubts about the generally accepted version of the origin of the protective structure on the northern borders of the state of the Qin dynasty. In November 2006, in one of his publications, Andrey Tyunyaev formulated his thoughts on this topic as follows: “As you know, to the north of the territory of modern China there was another, much more ancient civilization. This has been repeatedly confirmed by archaeological discoveries made, in particular, on the territory of Eastern Siberia. Impressive evidence of this civilization, comparable to Arkaim in the Urals, not only has not yet been studied and comprehended by world historical science, but has not even received a proper assessment in Russia itself.

As for the ancient wall, according to Tyunyaev, “the loopholes on a significant part of the wall are directed not to the north, but to the south. And this is clearly seen not only in the most ancient, not reconstructed sections of the wall, but even in recent photographs and in works of Chinese drawing.

In 2008, at the First International Congress "Pre-Cyrillic Slavic Writing and Pre-Christian Slavic Culture" at the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkina Tyunyaev made a report "China - the younger brother of Russia", during which he presented fragments of Neolithic ceramics from the territory of the eastern part of Northern China. The signs depicted on ceramics did not look like Chinese characters, but they showed almost complete coincidence with the ancient Russian runic - up to 80 percent.

Based on the latest archaeological data, the researcher expresses the opinion that during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, the population of the western part of Northern China was Caucasoid. Indeed, throughout Siberia, up to China, mummies of Caucasians are found. According to genetic data, this population had the Old Russian haplogroup R1a1.

This version is also supported by the mythology of the ancient Slavs, which tells about the movement of the ancient Rus in an easterly direction - they were led by Bogumir, Slavunya and their son Scythian. These events are reflected, in particular, in the Book of Veles, which, let's make a reservation, is not recognized by academic historians.

Tyunyaev and his supporters draw attention to the fact that the Great Wall of China was built in a similar way to European and Russian medieval walls, the main purpose of which is protection from firearms. The construction of such structures began no earlier than the 15th century, when cannons and other siege weapons appeared on the battlefields. Before the 15th century, the so-called northern nomads did not have artillery.

ON THE BASIS of these data, Tyunyaev expresses the opinion that the wall in eastern Asia was built as a defensive structure marking the border between two medieval states. It was erected after an agreement was reached on the delimitation of territories. And this, according to Tyunyaev, is confirmed by a map of the time when the border between the Russian Empire and the Qing Empire passed exactly along the wall.

We are talking about a map of the Qing Empire in the second half of the 17th-18th centuries, presented in the academic 10-volume World History. That map shows in detail the wall that runs exactly along the border between the Russian Empire and the Empire of the Manchu Dynasty (Qing Empire).

On the map of Asia of the XVIII century, made by the Royal Academy in Amsterdam, two geographical formations are indicated: in the north - Tartaria (Tartarie), in the south - China (Chine), the northern border of which runs approximately along the 40th parallel, that is, exactly along the wall. On this map, the wall is marked with a thick line and is labeled "Muraille de la Chine". Now this phrase is usually translated from French as “Chinese wall”.

However, when translated literally, the meaning is somewhat different: muraille (“wall”) in a construction with the preposition de (noun + preposition de + noun) and the word la Chine expresses the object and belonging of the wall. That is the "wall of China". Based on analogies (for example, place de la Concorde - Place de la Concorde), then Muraille de la Chine is a wall named after the country that the Europeans called Chine.

There are other translations from the French phrase "Muraille de la Chine" - "a wall from China", "a wall delimiting from China". Indeed, in an apartment or in a house, we call the wall that separates us from our neighbors a neighbor's wall, and the wall that separates us from the street is an outer wall. We have the same thing with the name of the borders: the Finnish border, the Ukrainian border... In this case, the adjectives indicate only the geographical location of the Russian borders.
It is noteworthy that in medieval Russia there was the word "whale" - knitting poles that were used in the construction of fortifications. So, the name of the Moscow district Kitay-gorod was given in the 16th century for the same reasons - the building consisted of a stone wall with 13 towers and 6 gates...

According to the opinion enshrined in the official version of history, the Great Wall of China began to be built in 246 BC. under Emperor Shi Huangdi, its height was from 6 to 7 meters, the purpose of construction was protection from northern nomads.

Russian historian L.N. Gumilyov wrote: “The wall stretched for 4,000 km. Its height reached 10 meters, and watchtowers rose every 60-100 meters. He also noted: “When the work was completed, it turned out that all the armed forces of China were not enough to organize an effective defense on the wall. In fact, if a small detachment is placed on each tower, then the enemy will destroy it before the neighbors have time to gather and give help. If, however, large detachments are spaced less often, then gaps are formed through which the enemy will easily and imperceptibly penetrate into the interior of the country. A fortress without defenders is not a fortress.”

It is known from European experience that ancient walls more than a few hundred years old are not repaired, but rebuilt - due to the fact that materials over such a long time gain fatigue and simply fall apart. But in relation to the Chinese wall, the opinion was entrenched that the structure was built two thousand years ago and nevertheless survived.

WE WILL NOT go into controversy on this issue, but simply use the Chinese dating and see who and against whom built different sections of the wall. The first and main part of the wall was built before our era. It runs along 41-42 degrees north latitude, including along some sections of the Yellow River.

The western and northern borders of the state of Qin only by 221 BC. began to coincide with the section of the wall built by this time. It is logical to assume that this site was built not by the inhabitants of the Qin kingdom, but by their northern neighbors. From 221 to 206 BC A wall was built along the entire border of the state of Qin. In addition, at the same time, a second line of defense was built 100-200 km west and north of the first wall - another wall. It definitely could not be built by the kingdom of Qin, since it did not control these lands at that time.

During the Han Dynasty (from 206 BC to 220 AD), sections of the wall were built, located 500 km to the west and 100 km to the north of the previous ones. Their location corresponded to the expansion of the territories controlled by this state. It is very difficult to say today who built these defensive structures - southerners or northerners. From the point of view of traditional history - the state of the Han Dynasty, which sought to protect itself from the warlike northern nomads.

In 1125, the border between the Jurchen kingdom and China passed along the Yellow River - this is 500-700 kilometers south of the location of the built wall. And in 1141, a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Chinese Sung Empire recognized itself as a vassal of the Jurchen state of Jin, pledging to pay him a large tribute.

However, while the lands of China proper were located south of the Yellow River, another section of the wall was erected 2,100-2,500 kilometers north of its borders. This part of the wall, built from 1066 to 1234, runs through Russian territory north of the village of Borzya near the Argun River. At the same time, another section of the wall was built 1,500-2,000 kilometers north of China, located along the Greater Khingan.

But if only hypotheses can be put forward on the topic of the nationality of the builders of the wall due to the lack of reliable historical information, then the study of the style in the architecture of this defensive structure allows, apparently, to make more accurate assumptions.

The ARCHITECTURAL style of the wall, which is now in China, is imprinted with the features of the building "handprints" of its creators. Elements of the wall and towers, similar to fragments of the wall, in the Middle Ages can only be found in the architecture of the ancient Russian defensive structures of the central regions of Russia - the "northern architecture".

Andrey Tyunyaev offers to compare two towers - from the Chinese wall and from the Novgorod Kremlin. The shape of the towers is the same: a rectangle, slightly narrowed upwards. From the wall inside both towers there is an entrance blocked by a round arch, lined with the same brick as the wall with the tower. Each of the towers has two upper "working" floors. Round-arched windows were made in the first floor of both towers. The number of windows on the first floor of both towers is 3 on one side and 4 on the other. The height of the windows is approximately the same - about 130-160 centimeters.

Loopholes are located on the upper (second) floor. They are made in the form of rectangular narrow grooves about 35-45 cm wide. The number of such loopholes in the Chinese tower is 3 in depth and 4 in width, and in Novgorod - 4 in depth and 5 in width. On the top floor of the “Chinese” tower, square holes go along its very edge. There are similar holes in the Novgorod tower, and the ends of the rafters sticking out of them, on which the wooden roof rests.

The situation is the same in comparison of the Chinese tower and the tower of the Tula Kremlin. The Chinese and Tula towers have the same number of loopholes in width - 4 of them each. And the same number of arched openings - 4 each. On the upper floor between the large loopholes there are small ones - at the Chinese and Tula towers. The shape of the towers is still the same. In the Tula tower, as in the Chinese one, white stone is used. The arches are made in the same way: at the Tula one - the gate, at the "Chinese" one - the entrances.

For comparison, you can also use the Russian towers of the Nikolsky Gate (Smolensk) and the northern fortress wall of the Nikitsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky, 16th century), as well as a tower in Suzdal (mid-17th century). Conclusion: the design features of the towers of the Chinese wall reveal almost exact analogies among the towers of the Russian Kremlin.

And what does the comparison of the preserved towers of the Chinese city of Beijing with the medieval towers of Europe say? The fortress walls of the Spanish city of Avila and Beijing are very similar to each other, especially in that the towers are located very often and have practically no architectural adaptations for military needs. Peking towers have only an upper deck with loopholes, and are laid out at the same height as the rest of the wall.

Neither the Spanish nor the Peking towers show such a high resemblance to the defensive towers of the Chinese Wall, as the towers of the Russian Kremlin and fortress walls show. And this is an occasion for reflection for historians.

It has been suggested that, in fact, the "Chinese" wall was built to defend against the Chinese, who subsequently simply appropriated the achievements of other ancient civilizations. Here, to confirm our scientific correctness, it is sufficient to cite only one fact. LOOPHOUSES on a significant part of the wall ARE NOT DIRECTIONAL TO THE NORTH, BUT TO THE SOUTH! And this is clearly seen not only in the most ancient, not reconstructed sections of the wall, but even in recent photographs and in works of Chinese drawing.

Architecture and defensive structures in the territory of modern China

The "Chinese" wall is made similarly to the European and Russian medieval walls, the main direction of which is protection from firearms. The construction of such structures began no earlier than the 15th century, when cannons and other siege weapons appeared on the battlefields. Before the 15th century, of course, the so-called "northern nomads" had no tools.

From the experience of building structures of such a plan, it follows that the “Chinese” wall was built as a military defensive structure marking the border between the two countries - China and Russia, after an agreement was reached on this border. And this can be confirmed by a map of the time when the border between Russia and China passed along the "Chinese" wall.

Today, the "Chinese" wall is located inside China and testifies to the illegality of the presence of Chinese citizens in the territories located north of the wall.

The name of the "Chinese" wall

On the map of Asia of the 18th century, made by the Royal Academy in Amsterdam, two geographical formations are indicated: from the north - Tartaria (Tartarie), from the south - China (Chine), the northern border of which runs approximately along the 40th parallel, that is, exactly along "Chinese" wall. On this map, the wall is marked with a thick line and signed "Muraille de la Chine", now often translated from French as "Chinese Wall". However, literally we have the following: muraille "wall" in a nominal construction with the preposition de (noun + preposition de + noun) la Chine expresses the object and its belonging, that is, "the wall of China".

But in other variants of the same construction we find other meanings of the phrase "Muraille de la Chine". For example, if it denotes an object and its name, then we get the “wall of China” (similar, for example, place de la Concorde - Place de la Concorde), that is, a wall not built by China, but named after him - the reason for the formation was the presence next to wall of China. We find a refinement of this position in another version of the same construction, that is, if "Muraille de la Chine" denotes an action and the object to which it is directed, then it is "a wall (from) China." We get the same with another version of the translation of the same construction - the object and its location (similarly, appartement de la rue de Grenelle - an apartment on Grenelle Street), that is, "a wall (neighbourhood) with China." The causal construction allows us to translate the phrase "Muraille de la Chine" literally as "wall from China" (similarly, for example, rouge de fièvre - red with heat, pâle de colère - pale with anger).

Compare, in an apartment or in a house, we call the wall that separates us from our neighbors, the neighbor's wall, and the wall that separates us from the outside, the outer wall. We have the same thing with the name of the borders: the Finnish border, “on the Chinese border”, “on the Lithuanian border”. And all these borders were built not by the states whose names they are named, but by the state (Russia), which is defending itself from the named states. In this case, the adjectives indicate only the geographical location of the Russian borders.

Thus, the phrase "Muraille de la Chine" should be translated as "a wall from China", "a wall delimiting from China".

Images of the "Chinese" wall on the maps

Cartographers of the 18th century depicted on maps only those objects that were related to the political delimitation of countries. On the mentioned map of Asia of the 18th century, the border between Tartaria (Tartarie) and China (Chine) runs along the 40th parallel, that is, exactly along the "Chinese" wall. On the map of 1754 "Carte de l'Asie", the "Chinese" wall also runs along the border between Great Tartary and China. The academic 10-volume World History presents a map of the Qing Empire of the second half of the 17th - 18th centuries, which shows in detail the "Chinese" wall, which runs exactly along the border between Russia and China.

Time of construction of the "Chinese" wall

According to Chinese scientists, the construction of the Great "Chinese" wall began in 246 BC. Emperor Shi-Hoangti. The height of the wall is from 6 to 7 meters.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall built at different times

L.N. Gumilyov wrote: “The wall stretched for 4 thousand km. Its height reached 10 meters, and watch towers rose every 60-100 meters. The purpose of its construction is protection from northern nomads. However, the wall was built only by 1620 AD, that is, after 1866 years, clearly overdue for compliance with the goal declared at the start of construction.

It is known from European experience that ancient walls, more than a few hundred years old, are not repaired, but rebuilt - due to the fact that both the materials and the building itself become tired over a longer time and simply fall apart. So, many military fortifications in Russia were rebuilt in the 16th century. But representatives of China continue to assert that the "Chinese" wall was built exactly 2000 years ago and now appears before us in the same, original form.

L.N. Gumilyov also wrote:

“When the work was completed, it turned out that all the armed forces of China were not enough to organize an effective defense on the wall. In fact, if a small detachment is placed on each tower, then the enemy will destroy it before the neighbors have time to gather and give help. If, however, large detachments are spaced less often, then gaps are formed through which the enemy will easily and imperceptibly penetrate deep into the country. A fortress without defenders is not a fortress."

But let's use Chinese dating and see who and against whom built different sections of the wall.

Early Iron Age

It is extremely interesting to trace the stages of the construction of the "Chinese" wall, based on the data of Chinese scientists. It can be seen from them that Chinese scientists, who call the wall "Chinese", are not very concerned about the fact that the Chinese people themselves did not take any part in its construction: every time the next section of the wall was built, the Chinese state was far from the construction sites.

So, the first and main part of the wall was built in the period from 445 BC. to 222 BC It runs along 41 ° - 42 ° north latitude and simultaneously along some sections of the river. Huanghe.

At that time, of course, there were no Mongol-Tatars. Moreover, the first unification of peoples within China took place only in 221 BC. under the reign of Qin. And before that, there was the Zhangguo period (5th - 3rd centuries BC), in which eight states existed on the territory of China. Only in the middle of the 4th c. BC. Qin began to fight against other kingdoms and by 221 BC. e. conquered some of them.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall at the beginning of the creation of the state of Qin

Sections of the "Chinese" wall by the beginning of the creation of the state of Qin (by 222 BC).

The figure shows that the western and northern border of the state of Qin by 221 BC. began to coincide with that section of the "Chinese" wall, which began to be built as early as 445 BC. and was built precisely in 222 BC.

Thus, we see that this section of the “Chinese” wall was built not by the Chinese of the Qin state, but by the northern neighbors, but precisely from the Chinese spreading to the north. In just 5 years - from 221 to 206. BC. - a wall was built along the entire border of the state of Qin, which stopped the spread of his subjects to the north and west. In addition, at the same time, 100 - 200 km west and north of the first, the second line of defense from Qin was built - the second "Chinese" wall of this period.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall in the Han era

Sections of the "Chinese" wall in the Han era (206 BC - 220 AD).

The next period of construction covers the time from 206 BC. to 220 AD During this period, sections of the wall were built, located 500 km to the west and 100 km to the north of the previous ones.

Early Middle Ages

In 386 - 535 years. 17 non-Chinese kingdoms that existed in northern China united into one state - Northern Wei.

Their forces and it was during this period that the next part of the wall (386-576) was erected, one part of which was built along the previous section (probably destroyed by time), and the second part - 50-100 km to the south - along the border with China.

Developed Middle Ages

In the period from 618 to 907. China was ruled by the Tang dynasty, which did not mark itself as victorious over its northern neighbors.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty

Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built by the beginning of the Tang Dynasty.

In the next period, from 960 to 1279. The Song Empire was established in China. At this time, China lost dominance over its vassals in the west, in the northeast (on the territory of the Korean Peninsula) and in the South - in northern Vietnam. The Sung empire lost a significant part of the territories of the Chinese proper in the north and northwest, which went to the Khitan state of Liao (part of the modern provinces of Hebei and Shanxi), the Tangut kingdom of Xi-Xia (part of the territories of modern Shaanxi province, the entire territory of modern Gansu province and Ningxia Hui autonomous region).

Sections of the "Chinese" wall during the reign of the Song Dynasty

Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built during the reign of the Song Dynasty.

In 1125, the border between the non-Chinese kingdom of the Jurchens and China passed along the river. Huaihe is 500-700 km south of the places where the wall was built. And in 1141, a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Chinese Sung Empire recognized itself as a vassal of the non-Chinese state of Jin, pledging to pay him a large tribute.

However, while China itself huddled south of the river. Hunahe, in 2100 - 2500 km to the north of its borders, another section of the "Chinese" wall was erected. This part of the wall, built from 1066 to 1234, runs through Russian territory north of the village of Borzya near the river. Argun. At the same time, another section of the wall was built 1500-2000 km north of China, along the Greater Khingan.

Late Middle Ages

The next section of the wall was built between 1366 and 1644. It runs along the 40th parallel from Andong (40°), just north of Beijing (40°), through Yinchuan (39°) to Dunhuang and Anxi (40°) in the west. This section of the wall is the last, southernmost and most deeply penetrating into the territory of China.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall built during the reign of the Ming Dynasty

Sections of the "Chinese" wall built during the reign of the Ming Dynasty.

In China at this time, the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) ruled. At the beginning of the 15th century, this dynasty pursued not a defensive policy, but an external expansion. So, for example, in 1407, Chinese troops captured Vietnam, that is, territories located outside the eastern section of the "Chinese" wall, built in 1368-1644. In 1618, Russia managed to negotiate a border with China (I. Petlin's mission).

During the construction of this section of the wall, the entire Amur region belonged to Russian territories. By the middle of the 17th century, on both banks of the Amur, there were already Russian fortresses-prisons (Albazinsky, Kumarsky, etc.), peasant settlements and arable lands. In 1656, the Daurskoe (later Albazinskoe) voivodship was formed, which included the valleys of the Upper and Middle Amur along both banks.

On the Chinese side, since 1644, the Qing dynasty began to rule in China. In the 17th century, the border of the Qing Empire passed just north of the Liaodong Peninsula, that is, exactly along this section of the "Chinese" wall (1366 - 1644).

In the 1650s and later, the Qing Empire attempted to seize Russian possessions in the Amur basin by military force. Christians also took the side of China. China demanded not only the entire Amur region, but all the lands east of the Lena. As a result, according to the Nerchinsk Treaty (1689), Russia was forced to cede to the Qing Empire its possessions on the right bank of the river. Argun and parts of the left and right banks of the Amur.

Thus, during the construction of the last section of the "Chinese" wall (1368 - 1644), it was the Chinese side (Ming and Qing) that waged wars of conquest against Russian lands. Therefore, Russia was forced to wage defensive border wars with China (see S. M. Solovyov, "The History of Russia from Ancient Times", Volume 12, Chapter 5).

Built by the Russians by 1644, the "Chinese" wall ran exactly along the border of Russia with Qing China. In the 1650s, Qing China invaded Russian lands to a depth of 1,500 km, which was confirmed by the Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860) treaties.

conclusions

The name "Chinese" wall means "a wall delimiting from China" (similar to how the Chinese border, the Finnish border, etc.).

At the same time, the origin of the word "China" itself comes from the Russian "whale" - knitting poles that were used in the construction of fortifications; so, the name of the Moscow district "Kitay-Gorod" was given in a similar way back in the 16th century (that is, before the official knowledge of China), the building itself consisted of a stone wall with 13 towers and 6 gates;

The time of the construction of the "Chinese" wall is divided into several stages, in which:

The non-Chinese began building the first section in 445 BC, and, having built it by 221 BC, stopped the advance of the Qin Chinese to the north and west;

The second section was erected by non-Chinese from Northern Wei between 386 and 576;

The third site was built by non-Chinese between 1066 and 1234. two thresholds: one at 2100 - 2500 km, and the second - at 1500 - 2000 km north of the borders of China, passing at that time along the river. Huang He;

The fourth and last section was built by the Russians between 1366 and 1644. along the 40th parallel - the southernmost section - it represented the border between Russia and China of the Qing dynasty.

In the 1650s and later, the Qing Empire seized Russian possessions in the Amur basin. The "Chinese" wall was inside the territory of China.

All of the above is confirmed by the fact that the loopholes of the "Chinese" wall look to the south - that is, to the Chinese.

The "Chinese" wall was built by Russian settlers on the Amur and in Northern China to protect against the Chinese.

Old Russian style in the architecture of the Chinese wall

In 2008, at the First International Congress "Pre-Cyrillic Slavic Writing and Pre-Christian Slavic Culture" at the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin (St. Petersburg), a report was made "China - the younger brother of Russia", which presented fragments of Neolithic ceramics from the territory of the eastern part of Northern China. It turned out that the signs depicted on the ceramics have nothing in common with the Chinese "hieroglyphs", but they reveal almost complete coincidence with the Old Russian runic - up to 80% (Tyunyaev, 2008).

In another article - "In the Neolithic, Northern China was inhabited by Russians" - based on the latest archaeological data, it is shown that in the Neolithic and Bronze Age the population of the western part of Northern China was not Mongoloid, but Caucasoid. The data of genetics made a clarification: this population was of Old Russian origin and had the Old Russian haplogroup R1a1 (Tyunyaev, 2010a). Mythological evidence suggests that the eastward movements of the ancient Rus were led by Bogumir and Slavunya and their son Skif (Tyunyaev, 2010). These events are reflected in the Book of Veles, whose people in the 1st millennium BC. partially moved to the west (Tyunyaev, 2010b).

In the work “The Great Wall of China - the Great Barrier from the Chinese”, we came to the conclusion that all sections of the Chinese Wall were erected by non-Chinese, since there were simply no Chinese at the time of construction in the places where the wall was being built. In addition, the last section of the wall was most likely built by the Russians between 1366 and 1644. along the 40th parallel. This is the southernmost area. And it represented the official border between Russia and China under the rule of the Qing dynasty. That is why the name "Chinese wall" literally means "the wall delimiting from China" and has the same meaning as "Chinese border", "Finnish border", etc.

http://www.organizmica.org/arc…

Comparison of these two streams may indicate that there were two massive civilizations of antiquity: northern and southern. The Kremlin and the Chinese Wall were built by northern civilization. The fact that the walls of the buildings of the northern civilization are better suited for combat suggests that in most cases the aggressors were representatives of the southern civilization.

On November 7, 2006, an article by V.I. Semeyko "The Great Wall of China was built ... not by the Chinese!", in which the President of the Academy of Fundamental Sciences Andrei Alexandrovich Tyunyaev expressed his thoughts about the non-Chinese origin of the "Chinese" wall:

- As you know, to the north of the territory of modern China there was another, much more ancient civilization. This has been repeatedly confirmed by archaeological discoveries, made in particular on the territory of Eastern Siberia. Impressive evidence of this civilization, comparable to Arkaim in the Urals, not only has not yet been studied and comprehended by world historical science, but has not even received a proper assessment in Russia itself. As for the so-called "Chinese" wall, it is not quite right to speak of it as an achievement of the ancient Chinese civilization.

Here, to confirm our scientific correctness, it is sufficient to cite only one fact. LOOPHOUSES on a significant part of the wall ARE NOT DIRECTIONAL TO THE NORTH, BUT TO THE SOUTH! And this is clearly seen not only in the most ancient, not reconstructed sections of the wall, but even in recent photographs and in the works of Chinese drawing. It has also been suggested that in fact the "Chinese" wall was built to defend against the Chinese, who subsequently they simply appropriated the achievements of other ancient civilizations.

After the publication of this article, its data was used by many media outlets. In particular, Ivan Koltsov published the article “History of the Fatherland. Russia began in Siberia”, in which he spoke about the discovery made by researchers from the Academy of Fundamental Sciences. After that, interest in reality in relation to the "Chinese" wall grew significantly.

Literature:

Solovyov, 1879. Solovyov S.M., History of Russia since ancient times, volume 12, chapter 5. 1851 - 1879.

Tyunyaev, 2008.

Tyunyaev, 2010. Tyunyaev A.A. Ancient Russia, Svarog and Svarog's grandchildren // Studies of Old Russian mythology. – M.: 2010.

Tyunyaev, 2010a. Tyunyaev. In the Neolithic, Northern China was inhabited by Russians.

Tyunyaev, 2010b. About the journey of the people of VK.

The Chinese wall is a great barrier against the Chinese, built by the Russians...

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