How to take measurements for clothes without a centimeter tape. Research work in mathematics "how to measure without a ruler" "Taking measurements for men's clothing

Korinenko Daniel

This article is about the fact that a person in his life can measure any lengths and distances without using measuring instruments.

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Without measuring ruler or measurement with bare hands

Korinenko Daniel

GBOU gymnasium No. 406, 5 "g" class

Bobrovskaya Svetlana Ivanovna

To date, there is not a single profession and even a school subject where nothing needs to be measured with the help of instruments or by eye, that is, without instruments.

Well, of course, we all have measuring instruments at home. This is a watch that tells you when you have to go to school and when your favorite TV show starts; a thermometer, which everyone will surely glance at when going out into the street; electricity meter and more.

Have you ever had such a situation: you need to measure something, but there are no rulers, tape measures and other measuring tools within reach?

If you have absolutely nothing at hand, you have at least arms and legs!!!

And, although we are all different, on average, some parts of the body of all of us are quite close in size.

For example, there was such a situation: they bought a TV. Dad knew the dimensions of the trunk of the car (length, height, depth), and he measured the dimensions of the box with his hand, or rather, the distance between the thumb and forefinger, i.e. span.

Why is this topic not relevant, if without any tools, you can measure the height of a box, pillar, pyramid, tree, etc.

Problem: Is it possible to measure objects without standard measuring instruments.

Target: justify the importance of measuring different quantities without measuring instruments.

Tasks :

Analyze the literature on ancient measures of length

Compare and summarize the need to use non-standard measures of measurement.

Conduct a peer survey

Reveal the presence or absence of interest in my project

Hypothesis : Suppose you need to measure something, but there is nothing at hand. A person in his life can measure any length and distance without using measuring instruments.

The first units of measurement were not very precise. For example, distances were measured in steps. Of course, different people have different step sizes, but they took some average value. For measuring large distances, the step was too small a unit. Therefore, in ancient Rome, for such measurements, mile (this is a path of 1000 double steps, both right and left foot).

And even greater distances were measured transitions or travel days. In Jack London's story "White Silence", the Indian, when asked how much is left to travel, answers: "You drive 10 dreams, 20 dreams, 40 dreams", i.e. days. Estonian sailors measured the distance tubes . So they called the path traveled by the ship at normal speed during the time that a pipe stuffed with tobacco was being smoked. In Spain, the same measure of distance was cigar, and in Japan - horse shoe. This was the name of the path taken by the horse until the straw sole tied to its feet, which replaced the horseshoe in this country, was worn out.

One of the most common units of length was elbow , i.e. distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger.

But the elbows of different people have different lengths. Therefore, in each city, the king who ruled them issued a decree which elbow should be used by all his subjects. And when the small kingdoms merged into one large state, then the appropriate instructions came from the capital.

A measuring ruler is not always at hand, and it is useful to be able to somehow manage without it. The easiest way to measure long or short distances is in steps. To do this, you need to know the length of your step. Of course, the steps are not always the same, but still we can know their average length. To do this, you need to measure the length of many steps together and calculate the length of one from here. Another old rule refers to walking speed: a person walks as many kilometers per hour as he takes steps in 3 seconds !!!

In theory, everything is clear, but in practice there was such an experiment: to measure the length of the car. Measure your stride length with a tape measure. It is equal to 70 cm. The length of the machine according to the technical data sheet = 431 cm. According to measurements, the length of the machine is 6 steps, i.e. 420 cm. There is an error.

Measurement with the palm, more precisely the width of the hand

In ancient Russia, small objects were measured with a palm, and in English stories one can often find a description of how a peasant or horse lover determined the height of a horse by the number of palms. Knowing the size of your desk, measuring it with your palms and span. Happened:

Table length = 200 cm.

table length = 12 spans * 16 cm = 192 cm;

table length = 24 palms * 9cm = 216cm

We will also measure the door in our room:

Door frame height = 25 palms or 13 spans

Door frame height (data from the store) = 210 cm

These experiments will interest everyone and you can measure everything around! Starting from classmates and ending with a sandwich!

Fathom = growth;

sandwich = 6 coins of 10 rubles.

MEASURING means to find the value of some physical quantity with the help of special technical devices. At the same time, it is compared with the same-named value, taken as a unit.

Measurement is one of the most important things in modern life. The first units for measuring quantities were not very accurate. In Russia for a long time there were many different sazhens, a palm, etc. The modern unit is mm, cm, dm, meter, etc.

"What does it mean to measure?" In short, you can answer like this: “To measure means to compare with the standard.” In everyday life, the measuring standard must always be available. For a student, a textbook can serve as a standard, as well as a “live scale”, for example, the width of a nail, or the length of the index finger. It can be seen that the "live scale" is more acceptable.

Whether you need to determine the size of your finished garment using a size chart, or you just want to sew something for yourself or someone else, taking the right measurements is the key to a perfect fit for any item. It is best to take measurements with a special centimeter tape, but if you do not have it on hand, you can use other tools at hand.

Steps

Choice of measuring instruments

Look for something flexible to take measurements. Try to find something flexible at home that you can easily wrap around your body to take measurements.

Try using available materials such as yarn, twine, scraps of fabric, or wire.
The material you choose should not be of great value to you, as you will have to mark it with a centimeter scale, cut or otherwise damage it in order to make it easier for you to take measurements.

Find an object with exactly the length you know. Look for an item with a straight edge that you know the exact length of. Depending on the item, you can either use it as a measuring tool or measure other material such as twine with it.

Apply a scale with centimeter marks to the selected material for measurements. If you do not know the exact length of the object chosen instead of the centimeter tape, take a ruler and put a centimeter scale on it.

To take measurements, attach an improvised centimeter tape to the body. Attach the prepared measuring material to the part of the body that you are going to measure in order to determine its length, based on centimeter marks applied to the material or from knowing its exact dimensions.
- If the material being used is too short to measure the desired length, place your finger as accurately as possible at the point where the material ends, and attach it (material) to this point again to continue measuring. Do this as many times as needed to complete the measurement.
- If you want to first find out the length of a body part and only then measure it in centimeters, attach the measuring material to this part of the body and mark on it with your fingers the place (or, if you are using twine, even cut the material in the place) where the required length ends. Then take a ruler or use your hand measurements to find out the length of your measurements.
- Be sure to write down all the measurements received and do not forget to sign what the numbers you specified refer to.
Taking measurements for women's clothing
1. Measure your bust. To determine your chest circumference or the chest circumference of another woman, it is necessary to draw the measuring material around the body along the shoulder blades, under the armpits and along the most protruding part of the chest.
  
  Determine your waist circumference. Take the measuring material and determine the girth of the natural waist - the narrowest point of the body. To determine the location of the waist, look in the mirror and pay attention to the part of the body that is just above the navel, but below the chest.
  
  Measure around your hips. To determine the circumference of your hips, wrap the measuring material around the widest part of your hips.
  - Usually the widest point of the hips is 20 cm below the natural waistline, however this parameter varies from person to person. You can take several different measurements to pinpoint the largest one.
  - If you are measuring yourself, be sure to check in a mirror that the measuring material runs horizontally around the hips and buttocks.
2. Find out the length of the inseam. To determine the length of the inseam of trousers, it is necessary to measure the distance along the inside of the leg from the crotch to the ankle. The leg must remain straight.
  
  If necessary, take additional measurements. Use the measuring material to take any other measurements that are listed in the finished garment size chart or needed to fit the pattern.
Taking measurements for men's clothing

Probably, everyone is familiar with the following situation: there is neither a ruler nor a tape measure at hand, but something needs to be measured and urgently. How to measure distance or diameter if there is no measuring tool at hand is the topic of this article. We’ll make a reservation right away that the idea is not new, but for beginners and lovers of making something, it can come in handy.

If you look, then almost any object can be suitable for measurements. For example, you needed to measure the width of the countertop, you mark the distance with the first object that comes across (let it be at least a spoon, at least a chain from the neck), and then with the help of a ruler you will find out the length of this very spoon or chain. But sometimes there are objects whose dimensions are standard. Knowing them, you can immediately start calculating without measuring these items later.

computer disk

Not all of us carry discs with us in our pocket, but still this item is quite common: at home, at work, in the car. Interestingly, its indicators of the outer and inner diameters are integers. For example, the inner diameter of the hole is exactly 15 mm, and the overall diameter of the disc is 120 mm. But that's not all: with the help of a disk, you can measure the wheels using the so-called method. Its essence is as follows: a mark is made on the edge of the disk with a pencil, marker, or a notch is made. Next, you set the disk with a mark to point A (where you need to start measuring) and roll it like a wheel to point B. In this case, you need to follow the given mark on the disk, counting its full revolutions. And then we apply a simple formula to find out the circumference: π*D. That is, we multiply the famous 3.14 by the diameter = circumference, then multiply by the number of full revolutions = length. If we are talking about a disk, then 3.14 * 120 \u003d 372 mm is the length of its circumference. One turn - 37 cm, two turns - 74 cm, three - 111 cm and so on.

The wheel method, by the way, works very well when measuring long distances with a bicycle.

A standard cigarette is usually listed as 80mm long. There are other values (70 mm, 100 mm and even 120 mm). When measuring, we got 83 millimeters. If you smoke, there was no ruler at hand, and you need to measure a relatively small distance, then a cigarette will help you do this.

Notebook sheets

A checkered sheet is probably the most convenient way to measure the length of something small. Just put an object on such a sheet and count the number of cells that this object closes. One cell - 5 mm.

If the notebook is in a line, then there is an indicator of the distance between the lines of 11 mm.

Glass jars in any country of the post-Soviet space are standard. That is why we can recommend them as such a line. A three-liter can has a height of 23.5 cm, a liter can is 16 cm, and a half-liter can is 11.7 cm. By the way, the neck of any of these cans has the same diameter indicator - 8.2 cm.

Matchbox

I remember that this method was used a very long time ago. What is good about a box of matches is that it has a standard length of 5 cm. And it is convenient to calculate, and the box itself can be found on every corner.

bank card

The standard card sizes of any bank suggest that this item is convenient for measuring something. The sizes are indicated in the photo and believe that your credit card does not differ in terms of length and width. Maybe the content, but that's another story J.

Mobile phone

What is the most convenient way: everyone has a mobile phone and almost always with them. If you know its overall dimensions, then you can measure it with your phone. For example, the old Samsung in the photo helped the owner out a couple of times. We believe that finding out the height and width of your phone once is not such a big deal, but then, remembering the indicators, it will help you out. Still better than nothing.

Using our body

Our great-great-great-ancestors used their body parts to measure the length of something. For example, a span is the distance between the tips of the index finger and the thumb and is 17.7 cm. The photo shows that the owner of the hand has this distance of 19 cm. » will not give an error for many years. Unless the wrong rearrangement of the fingers when measuring can make a difference, but still better than measuring with a jar, spoon or string.

You can use your step, foot length, elbow, fingers - almost the entire body will serve as a "roulette". Just measure a part of your body in advance, remember this value and you are already a walking ruler.

Instead of a conclusion

A simple example: a man was looking for mushrooms in the forest and at the same time found an interesting blank for some of his crafts. It seems to fit the eye, but the eyes can fail. Carry a piece of wood all the way with you - what if it turns out later that it doesn’t fit? A finger, a mobile phone or a knife (if you know its length) will help you immediately understand whether the found workpiece is suitable or not. Maybe the example is not entirely successful, but still not fantastic - everyone can have something similar happen. Not in the forest, but in another place where there is no ruler, no tape measure, no caliper.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Basic secondary school No. 2" in Tashtagol

Technical and mathematical section:

Category: mathematics

How to measure without a ruler

Ezhova Julia ,

5th gradeMBOU "Main

general educational

school number 2 "Tashtagol

Supervisor:

Sulekova Albina Faritovna ,

mathematic teacher,

second qualification category

Tashtagol, 2014

Introduction………..…………………………………………………………………..3

CHAPTER 1. The ancient system of measures of length in Russia. ………………………...4

CHAPTER 2

2.1. "Live" meter………………………………………………………………...7

2.2. Length measurement by the method of determining the average step………………..8 2.3. Palm measurement, more precisely the width of the hand……………………….8

2.4. Determining the distance with a “live” meter……………………………..8

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….9

REFERENCES………………………………………………………..10

APPENDIX 1. Dictionary.……………………………………………………..11

APPENDIX 2. Standard meter ..………………………………..…………..12

APPENDIX 3. "Live" scale……………………………………..... 13

APPENDIX 4. Old Russian measures of length in proverbs .. ...... 14

INTRODUCTION

Measure yourself and you

become a true geometer!

Marsilio Sicino

To date, there is not a single profession and even a school subject where nothing needs to be measured with the help of instruments or by eye, that is, without instruments.

Have you ever had such a situation: you need to measure something, but there are no rulers, tape measures and other measuring tools within reach?

If you have absolutely nothing at hand, you have at least arms and legs!!!

And, although we are all different, on average, some parts of the body of all of us are quite close in size.

Why is this topic not relevant, if without any tools, you can measure the height of a box, pole, pyramid, tree, etc.

Target: find out: how to measure the distance if there is no ruler at hand.

Hypothesis : a person in his life can measure any length and distance without using measuring instruments.

Tasks :

analyze the literature on ancient measures of length in Russia

compare and summarize the need to use non-standard measures of measurement.

try in practice to measure the height and length of an object, distance without a ruler

Object and subject of research : furniture in the classroom, a person's height, measuring the length of a car, measure a distance of 2 meters long.

Research methods:

studying information from books, reference books, magazines;

obtaining information from adults;

searching for information on the Internet;

measurement observation without the help of a ruler;

experimentation;

CHAPTER 1. Ancient system of measures of length in Russia

Since ancient times, our ancestors measured the distance with themselves, with their bodies. This is convenient, and your hands and feet are always with you, they cannot be "forgotten at home". The system of ancient Russian measures of length included the following main measures: verst, sazhen, arshin, cubit, span and vershok.

In ancient Russia, distances were measured usingVERST ( or earlier name - FIELD) . Verst - from the word "twirl". Initially - the distance from one turn of the plow to another during plowing. For a long time, the two names were used in parallel, as synonyms. A verst as a measure of length has been found in Russia since the 11th century. The size of a verst repeatedly changed depending on the number of sazhens included in it, and the size of a sazhen. The average length of a verst is 1060m.

STEP - the average length of a human step = 71 cm. One of the oldest measures of length. Information has been preserved on the use of a step to determine the distance between cities in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Egypt, Persia. The step as a measure of length is still used today. There is even a special pedometer device, similar to a pocket watch, which automatically counts the number of steps a person has taken. Steps measured the distance at which the opponents had to converge during the duel.

ARSHIN - an old Russian measure of length. There are various versions of the origin of the arshin measure of length. Perhaps, originally, "arshin" denoted the length of a human step (about seventy centimeters, when walking on a plain, at an average pace) and was the base value for other major measures determination of length, distances (sazhen, verst). The root "AR" in the word arsh and n - in the Old Russian language (and in other neighboring languages) means "EARTH", "surface of the earth", and indicates that this measure could be used to determine the length of the path traveled on foot. There was another name for this measure - STEP.
Arshin has been mentioned in literary sources since the middle of the 16th century. The name comes from the Persian word "arsh" - elbow. This is the length of the entire outstretched arm from the shoulder joint to the terminal phalanx of the middle finger. There are 71 cm in an arshin. But different countries (and even in different provinces of Russia) had their own units for measuring length, so merchants, selling their goods, as a rule, measured it with their own arshin, deceiving buyers. This is where the saying “Measure by your own arshin” came from. To eliminate confusion, the official arshin was introduced, i.e. the standard of the arshin, which is a wooden ruler, at the ends of which metal tips with the state stamp were riveted.

FATTH - old Russian, one of the main, measures of length. The sazhen is mentioned in the "Word about the conception of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery" for 1017. The name sazhen comes from the verb " encroach”, meaning “to reach something; reachable distance. According to historians, there were more than 10 sazhens, and they had their own names, were incommensurable, and not a multiple of one another. Fathoms: urban - 284.8 cm, untitled - 258.4 cm, great - 244.0 cm, Greek - 230.4 cm, government - 217.6 cm, royal - 197.4 cm, church - 186.4 cm, folk - 176.0 cm, masonry - 159.7 cm, simple - 150.8 cm, small - 142.4 cm and another untitled - 134.5 cm (data from one source), as well as - yard, bridge.

In the 11th-14th centuries. sazhen was about 176 cm. It was the so-called flyweight, determined by the span of a person’s hands from the end of the fingers of one hand to the end of the fingers of the other. A sazhen was also used oblique(great), equal to 248 cm (determined by the distance from the toes to the end of the fingers, extended diagonally).

ELBOW - a unit of length used since ancient times. Initially, the elbow was defined as the distance in a straight line from the elbow to the end of the middle (or thumb) finger of the outstretched hand (or clenched fist). The value of this ancient measure of length, according to various sources, and in different countries, ranged from 37 to 47 cm. The builders of the Egyptian pyramids considered the cubit to be the standard of length. In Russia, the cubit as a measure of length has been mentioned in literary monuments since the 11th century. One of the main Russian measures of length. In different centuries, the cubit was from 38 cm to 51 cm. From the 16th century it was gradually replaced by the arshin and in the 19th century it was almost never used.

For small measures of length, the base value wasSPAN (pyadnitsa), used in Russia from time immemorial. The span is the distance between the ends of the extended fingers (thumb and index). The span was often used in everyday life for an approximate determination of small lengths. The span had no material design - they used the hand. used a spansmall , equal to 18-19 cm spangreat - 22-23 cm spansomersault (span with the addition of two joints of the index finger) - 27 cm, spanmeasured - 17.95 cm.

In the 16th century, Russian measures appeared VERSHOK - a measure of length equal to the width of two fingers (index and middle). The name "Vershok" comes from the word "top" (top of the finger, i.e. finger). In modern terms - 4cm 5mm.

Measures of length (used in Russia after the "Decree" of 1835 and before the introduction of the metric system):

1 verst = 500 or 700 fathoms = 1km 67m
1 sazhen = 3 arshins = 213cm
1 arshin \u003d 16 inches \u003d 71 cm
(divisions in vershoks were usually applied to arshin)

1 cubit = 44 cm (according to various sources from 38 to 47 cm)

1 inch = 4.5cm

1.2. "Live" meter

It would be nice for each of us to acquire such a “living meter” so that, if necessary, use it to measure length. It is useful to remember that most peoplethe distance between the ends of the arms spaced equal to growth - a rule noticed by the brilliant artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci. It allows you to use our "live meters", because almost everyone knows their height.

To measure small distances, you should remember the length of your “span”, i.e. the distance between the ends of the spaced thumb and forefinger.

To measure the distance between objects, you need to know your stride length. To measure small values, you need to know the length of the index finger from the base and the width of your fingers.

Armed with all this information, you can quite satisfactorily perform a variety of measurements with your bare hands, even in the dark.

1.3. Measuring the path in steps.

Measuring the path in steps. A measuring ruler is not always at hand, and it is useful to be able to somehow manage without it. The easiest way to measure long or short distances is in steps. To do this, you need to know the length of your step. Of course, the steps are not always the same, but still we can know their average length. To find out the length of your average step, you need to measure the length of many steps together and calculate the length of one from there. In this case, of course, it is no longer possible to do without a measuring tape. First you need to measure a distance of 20m. Remove the tape and draw a line. It is possible that the step will not be whole. If the remainder is shorter than half the length of the step, it can be discarded, and if it is longer, then it can be counted as a whole step. Dividing 20m by the number of steps, we get the average length of one step. This number must be remembered.

CHAPTER 2

2.1. "Live" meter.

First, I will create my "live" meter. To do this, you need to make the appropriate measurements:

Measurement

Old name in Russia

Length in cm

Growth

Approximately equal to fly fathom

155

Step

Approximately equal to a yard

the length of the entire outstretched arm from the shoulder joint to the terminal phalanx of the middle finger

arshin

the distance between the ends of the spread thumb and forefinger

small span

The distance between the spread thumb and little finger

big span

Hand width

palm

The distance between the ends of the spread arms

"Flying fathom"

145

distance from the toe of the left foot to the end of the middle finger of the right hand raised up

Oblique fathom

180

Distance from elbow to end of middle finger

elbow

a measure of length equal to the width of two fingers (index and middle).

vershok

In theory, everything is clear, but in practice it is necessary to carry out such an experiment: measure the length of the machine, the length of the table, the height of the door, your height and measure the distance 2 meters long.

Length measurement by the method of determining the average step.

Having determined the length of the step by the method of determining the average step, we will determine the length of the car.

The length of my family's car according to the technical data sheet = 481 cm.

According to my measurements, the length of the car is 7 steps, i.e. 7 steps x 71cm = 497 cm. There is an error (16 cm).

Measurement with the palm, more precisely the width of the hand

In ancient Russia, small objects were measured with the palm of the hand. Knowing the size of your study desk, it is more measurable with your palms and span. Happened:

desk length (data from the store) = 120 cm.

desk length = 7 spans * 15cm = 105cm (error = 15cm)

desk length = 16 palms * 7cm = 112cm (error = 8cm)

Let's also measure the door in our class:

door frame height (data from the store) = 210 cm

door frame height:

27 palms x 7cm = 189cm (error = 21cm)

14 spans x 15cm = 210cm (matched!)

measure your height (155cm):

22 palms x 7cm = 154cm (error = 1cm)

10 spans x 15cm = 150cm (error = 5cm)

These experiments will interest everyone and you can measure everything around! Starting from classmates and ending with a sandwich!

Determining the distance with a "live" meter.

I decided to measure a distance of 2 meters (200 cm) with a “live” meter. For this, I set aside 2 steps (71cm each) + 1 elbow (41cm) + 2 palms (7cm each) + 1 inch (3cm). Then I measured this distance - it turned out 188cm (error = 12cm)

CONCLUSION.

"What does it mean to measure?" In short, you can answer like this: “To measure means to compare with the standard.” In everyday life, the measuring standard must always be available. For a student, a paste from a fountain pen, a math textbook, as well as a “live” meter can serve as a standard, for example, the width of a nail, or the length of the index finger. I find "live meter" to be more acceptable, although it gives approximate values. In household use, the standard can be, for small measurements, a vershok.

The purpose of our work was to find out: how to measure the length, width of any object, regardless of its size, as well as any distance, if there is no ruler, tape measure and other measuring instruments for measuring length.

After studying various literature, information on the Internet and interviewing our parents, we found out thatwith the help of the ancient system of measures of length in Russia, it was possible to measure any distance without measuring instruments.

Through research, we found:

there are a large number of ancient measures of length in Russia;

people have different body sizes, so the “live” meter was also different;

the first units for measuring quantities were not very accurate

Conclusion. As a result of the research work, we realized that the ancient measures of length depended on the characteristics of the physical structure of a person. They are inaccurate and inconvenient to use. But in the modern world, we use them - for approximate values (for example, when buying a product, when transporting an item, etc.)

Ancient measures of length still live in our speech, in the works of oral folk art and literature. Ancient Russian measures of length are the property of our culture and we should be proud of our ancestors and their reasonable decisions in the matter of calculations and measurements.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Glazer G.I. - History of mathematics at school. A guide for teachers. M.: Education, 1964.

Depman I.Ya., Vilenkin N.Ya. Behind the pages of a mathematics textbook: A guide for students in grades 5-6. – M.: Enlightenment, 1989.

Placers of gold. Russian folk proverbs and sayings. - Krasnoyarsk, "Offset", 1993

Klimenchenko D.V. From the history of the metric system of measures. // N.Sh. - 1991. - No. 7 - p.21.

Kordyukova S. "Units needed by everyone" - M .: "Children's Literature", 1972.

Old Russian measures of length, weight, volume

– unit converter

Appendix 1.

Vocabulary

Measurement error - deviations value of a quantity from its true value. Measurement error is a characteristic (measure) measurements.

measure - means to find with the help of special technical devices the value of some physical quantity. At the same time, it is compared with the same-named value, taken as a unit.

Reference (French йtalon). to check measuring devices in circulation (technical, physical).Reference meters. || trans. finished for what. (book).

Leonardodi ser Piero da Vinci ( Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ; , the village of Ankiano, near the town , near - , lock , near , , ) - ( , , ) and ( , ), inventor, writer, one of the largest representatives of art , a prime example of » ( homo universalis ).

The Russian system of measures was finally streamlinedOctober 11, 1835 Decree of Nicholas I "On the system of Russian weights and measures".
A geographic mile was introduced, which is 1/15 of a degree of the earth's equator, or 7 versts. A verst was 500 fathoms, a fathom - 3 arshins, an arshin - 4 spans (quarters), a quarter - 4 inches. There was also a weave - a hundredth of a sazhen.
For small distances, English measures of length were borrowed, an inch, which consisted of 10 lines, and a line, which consisted of 10 points.
By the way, the unofficial name of the Mosin rifle - "three-line" - characterizes the caliber of the cartridge, three lines, which is 7.62 millimeters.
July 21, 1925 can be considered the date of completion of the history of the Russian system. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars in the USSR, the metric system was introduced as a mandatory one.
Many names of Russian measures of length have entered into stable expressions, for example, "oblique sazhen in the shoulders", "seven spans in the forehead", etc.

Appendix 2

Annex 3. "Live" scale

Appendix 4

Old Russian measures of length in proverbs and sayings

In modern Russian, ancient units of measurement and the words denoting them have been preserved mainly in the form of proverbs and sayings.

From pot twoan inch , and already the pointer -

a young man who has no life experience, but presumptuously teaches everyone.

She has Saturday through Friday for twoan inch got out -

about a sloppy woman who has an undershirt of a long skirt

Don't yield tospans -

don't give even a little.

Sevenspans forehead -

about a very smart person

Himself with a fingernail, and a beard withelbow -

about a man of unenviable appearance, but who enjoys authority due to his mind, social status or life experience. Before Peter I, a beard was considered an honorable possession of a man. A long, well-groomed beard served as a sign of wealth and nobility.

Each merchant to hisarshin measures -

everyone judges any case one-sidedly, based on their own interests

Sitting, walking, as ifarshin swallowed -

about an unnaturally straight man

On threearshin sees into the ground

about an attentive, perspicacious person, from whom nothing can be hidden.

obliquefathom in the shoulders

broad-shouldered, tall man.

Log to log -fathom -

about the accumulation of stocks, wealth through savings.

Verst Kolomna -

talking about a tall person.

Moscowmiles far away, but close to the heart -

this is how the Russian people characterized their attitude towards the capital.

On theverst you fall behind - you catch up by ten -

even a small gap is very difficult to overcome.

Seven-mile Steps -

rapid growth, good development of something.

On thearshin head yes mind onspan -

when talking about a stupid person.

closeelbow do not bite -

and close, but if you don’t get it, you won’t succeed

For sevenmiles slurp jelly -

to go, to go far unnecessarily.

Appendix 4

The use of ancient measures of length in works of literature

Who does not know from childhood Nekrasov's poem "Grandfather Mazai and Hares"! There are lines like this:

With every minute the water was getting closer
To the poor animals: already under them left
Smallerarshin land wide,
Smallerfathoms in length.

The situation is indeed catastrophic: imagine an island less than 71cm x 213cm! Grandfather Mazai came to the aid of the oblique ones just in time.

The word "verst" had a different meaning - milepost. In order to better notice them, they were usually painted with oblique stripes in two colors - white and dark, most often black, and a narrow orange stripe passed between them. It was about such versts that Pushkin wrote in the poem "Winter Road":

Wilderness and snow... Towards me
Onlymiles striped
Come across alone.

Hence the expression KOLOMENSKOYA VERSTA - about a very tall man. It comes from high milestones, placed by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich between Moscow and the village of Kolomenskoye, where his palace was located.

P. P. Ershov "Humpbacked Horse".

"Yes, a skate toy

Only three tallan inch ,

On the back with two humps

Yes sincearshin ears"

Russian folk tale "SEVEN SEMIONS".

“I,” he says, “can forge an iron pillarfathoms twenty high."

M. M. Prishvin “Guys and ducklings”.

“In the spring, this lake overflowed far, and a solid place for a nest could only be foundmiles for three, on a hummock, in a swamp forest. And when the water subsided, all threemiles travel to the lake.

Fairy tale "Brothers-hunters".

“He cooked porridge, he is waiting for his brother. An old man looks out into the clearing, himself no higher than a stump, a hat inarshin , and a beard in threefathoms ».

A. S. Pushkin "The Tale of Tsar Saltan".

“God gave them a son inarshin ».

Russian folk tale "Stupid man".

“I didn’t have time to drive off even a dozenfathom As the bough gave way, the peasant fell and hurt himself.

Russian folk tale "What is heard next."

“Yes,” says the old man, “bread and salt for thousandsmiles heard!

Russian folk tale "Go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what."

"A man with a fingernail, a beard withelbow , sat down near the bull, took out a chiseled knife, began to cut the meat, dip it in garlic, eat and praise.

Epic "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber".

By a straight path - there are five hundredmiles,

And by the roundabout path - a whole thousand.

"The Tale of Emelya the Fool".

“And this city is sevenmiles …».

When there is absolutely nothing at hand

If you have absolutely nothing at hand, you have at least arms and legs. And, although we are all different, on average, some parts of the bodies of all of us are quite close in size.

The English system of measures is based on this fact, the basic units of which are feet and inches. Inch means "thumb" in Dutch. Look at your fingers: each finger is divided into three phalanges, approximately equal in size. So, the length of each phalanx is an "inch". In different countries, the sizes of inches vary from 23 (Mexico) to 37 mm (Prussia), but the most common English inch is 25.4 mm.

Measure the nail phalanx of your index finger. I got a reference English inch of 2.5 cm. Here you already have a primitive measuring tool. Of course, calculations with the help of fingers will be very, very approximate, but still it's better than nothing.

For more significant distances, you have another tool - the foot, which in English sounds like "foot". A foot in the English system is equal to 12 inches. In some systems, a foot is equal to 10 inches (decimal inch). The range of foot length in different countries is from 250 (Ancient Roman) to 383 (Leipzig) mm. An English foot is approximately 305 mm. So, if your feet are medium in size, you can focus on this value. If you know your height and are not afraid to lie down on the measured surface, you can measure the distance in "parrots", that is, in terms of your height, as in the famous cartoon.

When there are various small things at hand

If you have a piece of paper in a cage from a standard Soviet-style notebook, you can assume that you have a ruler - the size of the cage is 5 mm. Coins will also be your indispensable assistants. For example, 5 Russian rubles or 5 Soviet kopecks have a diameter of 25 mm. 2 Russian rubles - 23 mm, 1 ruble - 20.5 mm, 50 kopecks - 19.5 (in total, the ruble and fifty kopecks give exactly 40 mm, and their difference is 1 mm). (Sorry, I didn’t have time to measure the catfish, if anyone is not too lazy - put it in the comments!)

Banknotes from 10 to 500 rubles have dimensions of 150 x 65 mm. And the larger ones are 157 x 69 mm. A standard faceted glass is 65 mm in diameter and 90 mm high. The RF passport has dimensions of 88 x 125 mm.

So: 1 meter is 40 nickels in a row or 200 cells of a notebook or 6 and 2/3 small banknotes length-to-length or 14.5 large banknotes width-to-width or 15 faceted glasses in a row + a phalanx of a finger or 8 Russian passports docked in heights .

If you have a small ruler, but you need to measure large things or distances

In this case, there are several ways to measure, of which the most obvious is:

1. Connection of small dimensions.

You measure a section equal to the marked length of the ruler, make a mark, apply a zero division to this mark and repeat the procedure further, following to the end of the object being measured. True, in this case, you will accumulate an error caused by the inaccuracy of combining the risks with the zero mark, as well as the possible deviation of subsequent measurements from the initial direction. You can reduce this error by making not one, but two marks - in the middle of the ruler and at the end, and at the next measurement, combine both marks, starting the next measurement from the middle of the previous one.

2. Measurement pyramid method.

A faster and more accurate method is based on building a measurement pyramid. We first find an object that we can measure more or less accurately, then we find another object that we measure not with a ruler, but with the first object. Then we measure the third object with the second, and so on. For example, we have a 150 mm ruler. We find a stick about half a meter long and measure exactly 500 mm on it. Next, we find the rope and measure 5 meters with this stick. Next, we measure the desired distance with ropes. If we need to make a lot of measurements, then the rope will help us accomplish our plans much faster than the original ruler.

3. Wheel method.

If we have something round that can be rolled on a measured surface, we can use the wheel method. We measure the diameter or radius of the circle. We make a notch on the measured surface and on the wheel. We combine serifs, and we begin to roll the wheel, counting the circles. Next, multiply the number of circles by the diameter and by "pi". Or a radius and 2 "pi".

If you have a bicycle, then by measuring the diameter of its wheel and making a mark with chalk on the wheel and asphalt, you can simply ride the bike, counting how many times the mark flashes. In this way, considerable distances can be measured.

And finally: if you have an iPhone, you can install the Apple-o-Meter program (Yablokomer) on it. This program calculates the distance by itself, your task is only to "turn over" your phone along the measured surface, if possible exactly along the line.

And do not forget to remove the cover so that it does not introduce an error.