Characteristics of the rash in infectious diseases table. Childhood skin diseases with rash

2. Flea bites

Fleas are tiny jumping insects that can live in the tissues of a home. They have a very fast breeding cycle and can take over a house quickly.

Flea bites on humans often appear as red spots;

The skin may become irritated and sore;

Secondary infections can be caused by scratching.

3. Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)

Also known as erythema infectious syndrome and slapped cheek syndrome, which is caused by parvovirus B19. One of the symptoms is a rash that appears in three stages:

Glossy red eruption on cheeks, with clusters of red papules;

After 4 days, a network of red marks may appear on the arms and torso;

In the third stage, the rash appears only after exposure to sunlight or heat.

4. Impetigo

Impetigo is a highly contagious skin infection that most commonly affects children. The first sign is usually a patch of red, itchy skin. There are two types of impetigo:

Red spots appear around the mouth and nose;

More rarely, it affects children under 2 years of age. Medium and large blisters appear on the trunk, arms and legs.

5. Shingles

Shingles is an infection of a single nerve, caused by the same virus as chickenpox - the varicella zoster virus. Symptoms include:

The rash is similar to chickenpox;

The blisters may coalesce to form a solid red band;

The rash is often painful.

6. Scabies

Scabies is a skin condition caused by a microscopic mite. It is highly contagious and spreads easily through individual contact. Symptoms include:

Intense itching - often worse at night;

Rash - Appears in lines like petals. Sometimes there are blisters.

Pain - may appear where the rash is scratched.

7. Eczema

Eczema is one of the most common skin conditions and often develops during childhood. Symptoms depend on the type of eczema and the person's age, but they often include:

Dry scaly patches on the skin;

severe itchy rash;

Cracked and rough skin.

8. Seasonal fever

Seasonal fever or allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction to pollen. Symptoms may be similar to those of a cold, such as:

Runny nose

watery eyes

sneezing

It can also cause a rash similar to mosquito bites.

9 Scarlet Fever

Scarlet fever is a disease caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes.

Symptoms include sore throat, rash and fever. The rash has the following characteristics:

red spots

The spots turn into a thin pink-red rash, like a sunburn;

The skin seems rough.

10. Rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory response to a streptococcal infection. Most often affects children aged 5-15 years. Symptoms include:

Small, painless lumps under the skin

red skin rash;

Swollen tonsils.

11. Mono (mononucleosis)

Mono or mononucleosis is caused by a virus and is rarely serious, but symptoms can include:

Pink, morbilliform rash;

Pain in the body;

Increased temperature.

12. Ringworm

Ringworm, despite its name, is caused by a fungus. A fungal infection affects the top layer of the skin, scalp, and nails.

Symptoms vary depending on the site of infection, but may include:

Itching, red rash on fingers;

Small patches of scaly skin;

The hair next to the spots come off.

13. Measles

Measles is a contagious infectious disease. Symptoms include:

Reddish brown rash;

Small grayish white spots with bluish white centers in the mouth.

14. Yeast infection (candidiasis)

Candidiasis is a common fungal infection of the genitals. It affects both sexes, but more often women. Symptoms include:

Pain and tenderness in the genital area;

Itching, burning and irritation.

15. Varicose eczema.

It develops due to poor circulation and most often affects the legs. Symptoms include:

Varicose veins covered with itching, dry skin;

red, swollen, painful skin;

Heaviness, soreness of the legs after standing for some time.

16. Rubella

Rubella (otherwise German measles) is an infection caused by the rubella virus. Symptoms include:

Rash - less bright than measles, often begins on the face;

Inflamed, red eyes;

Stuffy nose.

17. Sepsis

Sepsis, often referred to as blood poisoning, is a medical emergency. This is the result of a widespread immune response to infection.

Symptoms vary but may include:

Rash that does not disappear with pressure;

Temperature;

Pulse increase.

18. West Nile virus

Lumpy and/or flat, pink skin rash on the trunk, arms, or legs;

excessive sweating;

19. Lyme disease

A bacterial infection transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. Symptoms include an erythema migraine rash that often appears in the early stages of the disease.

The rash begins as a small red spot that may be warm to the touch but not itchy. The rash does not necessarily appear at the site of the tick bite.

20. Bacterial infection of the deep layer of the skin - the dermis.

Usually occurs when bacteria enter through a break in the skin. Symptoms include:

Skin sores or rash that starts suddenly and grows rapidly

Warm skin around redness;

Fever and fatigue.

21.MRSA

MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) is a bacterial infection that is resistant to a number of antibiotics, making it difficult to treat. Symptoms include:

Swelling and tenderness in the affected part of the body;

Wounds that don't heal.

22. Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus. It's unpleasant, but most people get better after a couple of weeks. Symptoms include:

An itchy rash of small red spots first appears on the face and trunk, and then spreads over the whole body;

Then blisters develop on top of the spots;

After 48 hours, the bubbles burst and begin to dry out.

23. Lupus

Lupus is an autoimmune disease. Symptoms vary widely from person to person, but may include:

Crimson form of a rash on the cheeks and bridge of the nose;

Dark red patches or purple, scaly rash on the face, neck, or arms;

Skin sensitivity to the sun.

24. Toxic shock syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome is a rare condition caused by a bacterial infection. It develops rapidly and can be life-threatening.

All people with toxic shock syndrome have a fever and rash with the following characteristics:

Looks like a sunburn and covers most of the body;

Turns white when pressed.

25. Acute HIV infection

In the early stages of HIV, levels of the virus in the blood are very high because the immune system has not yet started fighting the infection. Early symptoms include a rash with the following features:

Mainly affects the upper body;

Not bumpy and rarely itchy patches.

26. Hand-foot-mouth

A childhood illness caused by a viral infection. Symptoms include:

The rash is flat, non-itchy red blisters on the hands and soles of the feet.

Loss of appetite.

Ulcers on the throat, tongue and mouth.

27. Acrodermatitis

A type of psoriasis that is associated with viral infections. Symptoms include:

Itchy purple or red blisters;

Enlarged lymph nodes;

Bloated belly.

May cause a number of complications. Symptoms include:

skin rash in one specific area that is red, itchy, and raised;

Complicated breathing;

Fatigue.

29. Kawasaki disease

A rare syndrome that affects children. It is characterized by inflammation of the walls of the arteries throughout the body. Symptoms include:

Rash on legs, arms and trunk, between genitals and anus;

Rash on soles of feet and palms, sometimes with purifying skin;

Swollen, chapped and dry lips.

30. Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection. The disease is treatable, but will not go away on its own. Symptoms vary depending on the stage of the disease and include:

Initially, painless, hard and round syphilitic ulcers;

Later, a red-brown rash that begins to spread throughout the body;

Oral, anal and genital wart-like ulcers.

31. Typhus

Typhoid is caused by a bacterial infection. It spreads rapidly through contact with the feces of an infected person. If left untreated, 25% of cases end in death.

Symptoms may include:

Pink spots, especially on the neck and abdomen;

elevated temperature;

Abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation.

32. Dengue fever

Also called bone marrow fever, joint fever, is transmitted by mosquitoes. The form ranges from mild to severe. Symptoms may include:

Initially, a red rash appears over most of the body;

Later, a secondary rash appears, similar to measles;

Severe joints and muscle pain.

33. Ebola

Ebola is a serious viral disease that spreads rapidly among loved ones and can often be fatal. Often a rash is one of the symptoms:

Initially, a transient mild rash may be present;

The rash begins to peel off and look like a sunburn.

34. SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious and sometimes fatal respiratory disease. Symptoms may include:

Skin rash;

Muscle ache.

35. Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into contact with an irritant, is relatively common, and can be uncomfortable. Symptoms include:

Red, scaly rash that looks like a bite;

Burning sensation;

Cracked skin.

36. Fungal infection

While some fungi live naturally on the human body, they can sometimes be painful. Symptoms depend on where the infection strikes, but may include:

Red rash with a circular shape and raised edges;

cracking, flaking, or peeling of the skin in the infected area;

Irritation, itching or burning in the infected area.

37. Drug allergy

Some people have allergic reactions to prescribed medications. The body's immune system mistakenly attacks the drug as if it were a pathogen. Symptoms vary by person and drug, but may include:

Rash, including hives;

itching of the skin or eyes;

Swelling.

38. SARS

Also called pediatric pneumonia, SARS is less severe than the typical form. Symptoms may include:

rash (uncommon);

Weakness and fatigue;

Chest pain, especially when breathing deeply.

39. Erysipelas

Erysipelas, erysipelas, is a skin infection that is a form of cellulitis, and only affects the top layers of the skin, not the deeper tissues. The skin in a certain area becomes:

swollen, red and shiny;

Soft and warm to the touch;

Red streaks on the affected area.

40. Reye's syndrome

Reye's syndrome is rare and most common in children. This can cause serious damage to the organs of the body, especially the brain and liver. Early symptoms include:

Rash on the palms of the hands and feet;

Repeated severe vomiting;

Lethargy, confusion and headaches.

41. Addison Crisis

Also known as adrenal crisis and acute adrenal insufficiency, this is a rare and potentially fatal condition in which the adrenal glands stop working properly. Symptoms include:

Skin reactions including rash;

low blood pressure;

Fever, chills and sweating.

42. Chemical burns

They can occur when a person is in direct contact with a chemical or its fumes. Symptoms vary but may include:

Skin that appears black or dead

irritation, burning, or redness in the affected area;

Numbness and pain.

43. Colorado tick (tick) fever

Also known as mountain tick fever and American tick fever, is a viral infection that develops after being bitten by Rocky Mountain ticks. Symptoms may include:

flat or pimply rash;

Pain in the skin or muscles;

Rash is one of the typical and most persistent clinical signs.

many infectious diseases. The nature of the rash, the localization of the elements

rashes on the body, time of appearance of rashes by days of illness and subsequent

the spread of the rash throughout the body, the reverse development of the elements of the rash along

terms of illness for each infectious disease that accompanies the rash,

constant, which is used in differential diagnosis.

Should

keep in mind that rashes are also observed in allergic reactions (see)

and skin diseases.

TYPHOID FEVER. The causative agent of the disease is Salmonella typhi.

Symptoms. The rash appears no earlier than the 8-9th day of illness. The rash is small

metny roseolous, localized mainly on the abdomen, the chest is larger

kovy parts of the body. As a rule, roseolas exist no more than a day,

however, their new rashes are observed throughout the febrile

period. Roseola single, slightly raised above the skin surface,

pale pink color, easily disappear when pressed. leading symptom

before the rash appears - high, not decreasing for several

days temperature in the absence of any specific complaints. promotion

temperature in turn is preceded by malaise for 3-5 days.

Having reached the maximum, the temperature remains for a long time (on average 3-5 weeks)

at a high level, fluctuating slightly throughout the day. Decreasing the-

The temperature is often stepwise, often with significant scope. So

2nd week of illness, starting from the 8th day, when the appearance of sy-

pi, the patient has pronounced lethargy, adynamia, pallor of the skin

covers. Very often, relative brady-

cardia, and in the lungs, phenomena of diffuse bronchitis and focal

pneumonia. Simultaneously with the appearance of a rash, an increase in the

measures of the liver and spleen, moderate bloating, moderate pain

ness and rumbling in the ileocecal region. The tongue is usually dry

wives with a thick dirty coating, thickened, edematous, with imprints of teeth along

edges. In most patients, the stool is normal or there is a tendency to

pores, but in some cases there may be loose stools.

differential diagnosis. The most common differential diagnosis

carried out with typhus, Brill's disease.

Emergency care is usually not required. Etiotropic treatment

carried out only in the hospital and begin after blood culture in order to isolate

niya of a hemoculture of a typroid stick. Treatment is carried out with chloramphenicol

according to a continuous scheme (2 g / day) until the 10-12th day of normal temperature

Hospitalization. The patient is subject to hospitalization in the infectious ward

leniya. Transportation by special transport.

TYPHUS. One of the characteristic symptoms of typhus is

a rash that appears simultaneously on the 4-5th (rarely on the 6th) day of illness.

The rash is profuse, polymorphic, roseolous-petechial, without a tendency to

confluence, localized on the anterior surface of the abdomen and chest, lateral

parts of the trunk, neck, in the lumbar region, on the flexion surfaces

tyah hands, inner and front parts of the upper third of the thighs.

The rash remains

etsya throughout the febrile period, leaving for some

pigmentation time.

Differential diagnosis is carried out with typhoid fever, tick-borne typhus

North Asian typhoid, measles, meningococcemia, hemorrhagic fevers

kami (see Feverish conditions).

Emergency care and hospitalization (see Febrile conditions)

TICK-BORNE TYPHUS OF NORTHERN ASIA. On the 4th-5th day of illness at the same time

an abundant polymorphic, roseolopapular rash appears, localizing

sitting on the head, neck of the trunk and limbs, including the palms and back

top of the foot. The rash persists throughout the febrile period

(8-14 days) and leaves behind pigmentation.

differential diagnosis. Tick-borne typhus of North Asia, especially

in the first days of the disease, it is necessary to differentiate primarily from rash

typhus, Brill's disease, relapsing typhus, measles, rubella, me-

ningococcemia, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, hemorrhagic fever

radki with renal syndrome, Omsk hemorrhagic fever (see Likho-

happy states).

MENINGOCOCCAEMIA. One of the characteristic clinical signs of meningo-

coccemia - a rash that appears after 5-15 and from the onset of the disease. Typical

naya hemorrhagic rash has the form of irregularly shaped asterisks of different

values ​​- from a pinprick to relatively large elements with some

rose in the center. The elements of the rash are dense to the touch, often raised above

skin level. Often, a hemorrhagic rash is combined with a polymorphic ro-

zeolous and roseolous-papular rash, which is localized mainly

predominantly on the buttocks, thighs, legs, arms, eyelids and somewhat less frequently on

face and body. On the oral mucosa, conjunctiva in this

at the same time, hemorrhages of various sizes appear. During the reverse development

rashes first disappear roseolous, papular and small hemorrhagic

elements (after 5-10 days). Extensive hemorrhages, in place of which

necrosis develops, persist longer.

The differential diagnosis is with measles. scarlet fever, hemorrhagic

vasculitis, sepsis, thrombopenic conditions.

With hemorrhagic vasculitis, in contrast to meningococcemia, the rash

relies strictly symmetrically, more often on the extensors, buttocks, in the area

ankle joints.

Thrombocytopenic purpura is characterized by a varied rash ranging from

small petechiae to ecchymosis. The rash is localized on the mucous membranes and

on areas of the body that are subject to trauma. bleeding patterns,

hemorrhages. The general condition of the patients was slightly disturbed, fever

Not typical.

Emergency care and hospitalization (see Febrile conditions).

MEASLES. One of the constant signs of measles is a rash that

on the 3rd-4th day of illness. Rash large-spotted papular with

lust for merger, consistently spreading to all fates

bodies in descending order (face, neck, torso, arms, legs). phasing

rash is an important diagnostic sign of measles. The rash is located on

unchanged skin background. The rash can be very profuse (confluent) or, for example,

rotive, very scarce in the form of separate elements. Sometimes against the background of measles

exanthema can be seen petechiae. After 3-4 days, the elements of the rash turn pale and

pigmentation remains in their place "which is noted within 1-1.5

differential diagnosis. In the period of rash, measles is differentiated from

rubella (see), infectious erythema, drug and allergic

rashes, enterovirus infections with exanthema.

In the treatment of sulfanilamide drugs, antibiotics may appear

measles-like rash. Along with it, there may be rashes and other

character - urticaria. with a pronounced exudative component. hemorrhagic

ragic, etc. The rash rarely occurs on the face, more often it is localized on the

trap, in the area of ​​​​the joints. Sometimes a drug rash becomes pigmented.

In enterovirus infections that occur with exanthema, the rash is different

which from measles does not have a rash, pigmentation, are absent

spots of Belsky - Filatov - Koplik. Catarrhal phenomena are usually mild

expressed.

Emergency care and hospitalization (see Febrile conditions).

SCARLET FEVER. By the end of the first, on the 2nd day of the disease on hyperemic

against the background of the skin, a small-dotted rash appears, which spreads rapidly

all over the body. A pale nasolabial triangle is characteristic against a bright background.

cheek hyperemia. Small-pointed rash thickens in the area of ​​​​natural folds

skin dock (armpits, inguinal folds; inner surface

hips). Along with a small-dotted roseolous rash in these places,

be petechiae. The rash may be papular, small-spotted, or hemorrhagic.

Czech. Dermographism white, distinctly expressed? The rash is usually seen in

within 3-7 days, disappearing, it does not leave pigmentation. In the second week

disease, peeling begins, most pronounced on the toes and sour

Scarlet fever can occur without a rash (atypical form).

The differential diagnosis is carried out with rubella (see), pseudotuberculosis

zom ("scarlet fever"), medicinal exanthema. In a number

cases, differentiation from a scarlet fever-like rash is necessary,

cabbage soup in the prodromal period of measles and chickenpox.

In pseudotuberculosis, the rash is larger than in scarlet fever, usually

localized around the joints. Hyperemia and swelling of the hands and

stop (symptom of gloves and socks).

Urgent care. Antibiotic therapy is used, mainly for

prevention of complications. Penicillin is prescribed at the rate of 15000-20000 DB

(kn x day), in severe forms, at least 50,000 IU / (kg x day). Injections

produces every 4-6 hours. The duration of the course of treatment is 5-7 days. At

intolerance to penicillin, prescribe erythromycin, tetracyclines in the

plant doses.

Hospitalization of patients with severe forms of the disease and in the presence of

concomitant diseases in the infectious department. In most cases-

it is possible to treat at home.

RUBELLA. The causative agent of the disease is the Polynosa rubeolae virus.

Symptoms. Rubella rash is one of the most common symptoms of

climb. A rash appears on the 1-3rd day from the onset of the disease, first on the face and

neck, spreading in a few hours throughout the body. Rash chalk-

smoky, ice-pink, without a tendency to merge. With moderate

rash and severe forms of the disease in adults, the rash may be spotty-papu-

lesion with petechial elements and a tendency to merge. Has-

Xia, a rash on an unchanged background of the skin, mainly on the back, extension

body surfaces of the limbs and is absent on the palms and dorsal

the tops of the feet. Simultaneously with an increase in temperature to 38C (In adults

up to 39-40 °C) against the background of general weakness, headache, nausea, articular and

muscle pain, generalized lymphadenopathy is noted. Most hour-

then there is an increase and soreness of the posterior cervical and occipital lim-

phatic knots that have a test consistency and retain sub-

visibility.

The differential diagnosis is most often made with measles,

scarlet fever, typhus, Brill's disease. meningococcemia, Omsk

hemorrhagic fever. haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

mom (see febrile states), infectious mononucleosis.

Infectious mononucleosis is often accompanied by the appearance on the skin

small-spotted, maculopapular (morbilliform), urticarial, hemorrhagic

gytic rash, which is located symmetrically on the trunk, end-

ties, never occurs on the face, is characterized by polymorphism and rapid

replacing one element with another. In infectious mononucleosis, an increase

many groups of lymph nodes, and not only the posterior cervical and occipital

local. Infectious mononucleosis is also characterized by liver enlargement.

and spleen, which does not happen with rubella.

Emergency care is usually not required, unless

with severe hyperthermia. For mild and moderate forms of the disease

patients can stay at home. There is no specific therapy for rubella. At

necessary, pathogenetic treatment is carried out.

Hospitalization is not required. Patients are hospitalized with severe

form of the disease in the infectious department.

During the first few years of life, any, even the healthiest child, suffers from childhood infectious diseases. After that, the body has an immunological memory for certain types of viruses, which allows the child to not get sick with these diseases in the future. It has long been known that it is necessary to recover from childhood infectious diseases precisely in childhood, when the process is easier to tolerate. Doctors have a task - to identify the disease in time, differentiate it and competently help the body fight the disease. What are the main childhood infectious diseases? How do they differ from each other in the clinical picture?

What is the rash in the main childhood infectious diseases?

The main childhood infectious diseases are: measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, scarlet fever and erythema infectiosum. The ways of infection with these children's infectious diseases are airborne. Scarlet fever has the shortest incubation period - from several hours to 7 days. Erythema infectiosum and measles have an incubation period of 1-2 weeks, mumps, measles and chicken pox have the longest incubation period of 2-3 weeks.

The symptom of intoxication, which implies headache, severe weakness, body aches and whims of the child, is most pronounced in bark and scarlet fever, in other diseases moderate intoxication. Accordingly, an increase in body temperature in measles and scarlet fever can reach 40 0 ​​C and above. But the main criterion that is taken into account in the diagnosis of childhood infectious diseases is the nature of the rash and its localization.

The nature of the rash in childhood infectious diseases:

• Measles is a patchy-papular rash, flat, has a different diameter, polymorphic, can merge. The rash appears in stages, after 3 days.
• Rubella is a small, patchy rash on intact skin that does not merge with each other. No phasing is noted. Exanthema on extensor surfaces. The rash appears from the first day of illness.
• Epidemic mumps - rashes are absent.
• Scarlet fever - small - dotted rash of bright red color on hyperemic skin. It merges over time, and a continuous reddening is formed. The rash appears from the first day of illness.
• Chicken pox - characterized by fake polymorphism. That is, at first the element of the rash is roseola, later it turns into a papule, then into a vesicle, then into a pustule with contents. After opening the pustules, crusts form. At the same time, all these elements can be on the skin. The rash with chickenpox is itchy, appears at the end of the first day or at the beginning of the second day.
• Erythema infectiosum - first red dots appear, then spots, which later become swollen with a pale center inside.

Localization of the rash in childhood infectious diseases

It is important not only the nature and timing of the appearance of the rash, but also its localization. Localization of the rash in childhood infectious diseases:

• Measles - A rash appears on the face and behind the ears, spreading to the body and arms.
• Rubella - rashes appear on the face, then spread to the whole body. There are exanthems on the extensor surfaces of the hands, enanthems on the soft palate.
• Scarlet fever - elements of the rash are noted throughout the body, most clearly localized in the folds. The only place where the rash is absent is the nasolabial triangle.
• Chicken pox - rashes on the whole body and face, spreading to the mucous membranes.
• Infectious erythema - the rash appears first on the cheeks, spreading throughout the body.

In addition to the skin, in childhood infectious diseases, the mucous membrane is also subject to pathological changes.

Mucosal changes in childhood infectious diseases

If a child has measles, there are specific changes on the mucous membrane of the oropharynx - Filatov-Koplik spots, which look like small white poppy grains. The mucosa is edematous and plethoric. The child has photophobia and blepharospasm.

With rubella, nasopharyngitis, swelling and enanthems in the soft palate are noted. Scarlet fever is manifested by the presence of a clear boundary between the soft and hard palate, which in medicine is called "burning throat". The soft palate at the same time has a bright red color, delimited from the hard palate. With scarlet fever, tonsillitis develops.

The oropharynx with chicken pox is edematous, hyperemic, aphthous stomatitis is observed. In mumps, the oropharynx is edematous, hyperemic, there is a positive symptom of Murs (swelling and hyperemia of the stenon duct). Rhinitis is characteristic of erythema infectiosum.

If a child has a childhood infectious disease, specific treatment should be started immediately to avoid life-threatening complications.

Childhood diseases are classified as a separate group of diseases that first occur between the ages of 0 and 14 years. Only in rare cases (without vaccinations) does a child manage to avoid them. But even this age threshold does not guarantee that these infections will not overtake a person in adulthood.

What groups are divided into and for what reasons arise

1. Diseases that prevail only in childhood:

What does the disease look like?

Age: rubella infection is possible as early as 6 months of age. The peak incidence occurs between 3 and 8 years of age.

Incubation period: the disease lasts from 10 to 25 days (usually 14-18 days). First of all, a rash appears on the face, then it smoothly covers the entire body. Further, the lymph nodes increase and the temperature rises to 38 ° C. The rash disappears on the 3-4th day of illness.

Complications: the consequences of rubella are very rare, they usually develop into polyarthritis or encephalitis.

Treatment: no specific treatment for rubella is required. It is enough for the child to regularly give antipyretic drugs (at a high temperature). In case of complications, the child is hospitalized. After the disease, a strong immunity appears and re-infection is almost impossible. Read more about rubella treatment.

Spreading:

Symptoms: inflammation of the nasopharyngeal mucosa (perspiration, sore throat, runny nose), temperature 39-40°C, hemorrhagic rashes/spots appear on the 2nd-3rd day. Further, hemorrhages of 2-7 mm begin to appear under the skin, blood from the nose, shortness of breath, tachycardia appear. The last symptoms are vomiting, loss of consciousness, decreased heart rate. With the active stage of the disease, the child has 10-19 hours. If help is not provided in time, a fatal outcome is possible.

What does the disease look like?

Age: up to 87% of cases, the virus affects children under 5-6 years of age.

Incubation period: from 2 to 10 days (usually 3-4 days). If you do not help the child in the first 2-3 days, then the probable mortality of the child increases to 85%.

Complications: purulent meningitis (inflammation of the brain), death.

Treatment: carried out exclusively in the hospital.

Spreading: airborne, contact.

Symptoms: fever (38-41°C), runny nose, cough, in 1 day mouth ulcers appear, similar to stomatitis. Further sores appear on the face near the mouth and cheeks. The child is worried about pain in the abdomen. Diarrhea may appear. There is no appetite. Ulcers and rash gradually pass to the whole body.

What does the disease look like?

Age: from 3 months to 18 years. The peak incidence occurs between the ages of 2 and 6 years.

Incubation period: from 7 to 18 days. In the first 3 days, fever, cold symptoms, conjunctivitis appear. Then there is a rash in the mouth and after 14 hours it can cover the entire face and gradually move to the body. After 8 days, the rash disappears and the temperature returns to normal.

Complications Key words: bronchitis, laryngitis, croup, pneumonia, encephalitis

Treatment: at home, take antipyretic drugs (paracetamol, ibuprofen). Complications require inpatient treatment.

At the age of 12-14 months, children are vaccinated against measles.

Mumps (mumps)

Symptoms: the parotid salivary glands increase, the lymph nodes increase, the throat is red, pain when chewing, the temperature is 38-40 ° C. In the acute form, there is headache, vomiting and abdominal pain.

What does the disease look like?

Age: from 1 to 15 years old. The peak incidence is from 3 to 7 years.

Incubation period: from 12 to 25 days.

Complications: meningitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, orchitis

Treatment: home - bed rest, taking antipyretic drugs (paracetamol, ibuprofen), irrigation of the mouth (tantum verde), painkillers. During complications, the child must be transferred to the hospital.

Immunity after the disease is stable, re-infection is practically excluded. In 1-2 years they are vaccinated.

Spreading: airborne, contact.

Symptoms: severe sore throat, temperature 38-40°C, enlarged tonsils, possible vomiting and a small rash all over the body. The nasolabial triangle turns pale.

What does the disease look like?

Age: from 1 year to 10 years.

Incubation period: 5 to 7 days. The disease begins immediately in an acute form, similar to a sore throat.

Complications: joint inflammation, myocarditis, lymphadenitis, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia.

Treatment: at home, antibiotics (ceftriaxone), antibacterial and analgesic sprays in the throat (ingalipt, tantum verde, oralsept), antipyretics (nurofen, panadol) are prescribed. If the child is breastfeeding or there are complications, then he is sent to the hospital.

After the illness, a strong immunity develops.

Chickenpox

Symptoms: temperature 37.5-38 ° C, the appearance of pink spots all over the body, after 4-7 hours the rash turns into small bubbles, and after a day or two it becomes covered with a crust. Possible itching. Find more information about the symptoms and signs of chickenpox.

What does the disease look like?

Age: from 1 year to 13 years. The peak incidence occurs between 3 and 6 years of age.

Incubation period: from 11 to 27 days (usually 13-21 days).

Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, meningitis, croup, stomatitis.

Treatment: rinsing the mouth with an antibacterial solution, taking antipyretic drugs, lubricating the rash with brilliant green (point), using antiviral ointments. More information about chickenpox treatment.

Spreading: airborne, fecal-oral.

Symptoms: high temperature, cold symptoms, problems with stools, lethargy, weakness, bodily irritability, muscle weakness, it hurts the child to sit on the potty, sweating, confused breathing, convulsions appear.

What does the disease look like?

Age: from 1 year to 6 years

Incubation period: from 7 to 23 days.

Complications: meningitis, curvature of bones and joints, disability.

Treatment: There is no cure for the disease, but vaccination effectively helps to strengthen the immune system. After the illness, therapeutic and restorative gymnastics is actively used. As soon as the first symptoms of the disease appear, the child must be hospitalized.

After illness, immunity becomes stable. Re-infection is excluded. The vaccine is also actively working, it excludes infection in 99%.

This video presents the program "Live healthy" with Elena Malysheva. The theme of the program is Poliomyelitis. It tells about the symptoms of the disease, its treatment and consequences.

Whooping cough

Symptoms: the first 1-2 weeks the child is worried about a simple cough and mild fever, then the cough becomes paroxysmal. The child may turn blue during coughing and the capillaries of the eyes may burst.

Age: from 6 months up to 14 years old

Incubation period: from 3 to 15 days. Infectivity persists for the first 20-30 days after infection.

Complications: pneumonia.

Treatment: at home, they use antitussive drugs (oralcept), less often they prescribe antibiotics (amoxicillin).

Diphtheria

Symptoms: high temperature from 38 ° C, sore throat, swelling of the nasopharynx, reddening of the tonsils. On the second day, a plaque appears in the throat, films begin to form on the tonsils. There is swelling of the subcutaneous tissue of the neck.

What does the disease look like?

Age: from 1 year to 13 years

Incubation period: from 2 to 11 days (usually 3-5 days).

Treatment: self-treatment is unacceptable, only hospitalization.

Intestinal infections

• Dysentery. It is characterized by acute diarrhea and general intoxication. The age of increased incidence is 2-8 years. The disease is highly contagious. It is transmitted with the contact-household form. The incubation period lasts 2-7 days. Symptoms are classic: diarrhea, abdominal pain, rumbling, feces with mucus, rarely feces with blood. There may be vomiting. Treatment is with antimicrobials (enterofuril) and antibiotics (see about). It is also important to drink "Cmecta".
• Rotavirus infection. Occurs when hygiene rules are not followed. Rotavirus infections include entire groups of pathogens. It is important to always thoroughly wash your child's hands, as well as vegetables, fruits and chicken eggs. Symptoms of the disease are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever from 38 ° C, the nasopharynx becomes inflamed, and there may be nasal congestion. The illness lasts 5-10 days. Rotavirus is treated at home or in a hospital. Popular drugs: Enterofuril, Ceftriaxone, Smekta. You also need to stick to.

Respiratory diseases

• . Diseases have the following symptoms: sore throat, cough, temperature from 37 to 40 ° C, weakness. Depending on the type of infection, the condition of the child may differ. Read more about the symptoms and signs of SARS. Some diseases are mild, and some have complications in the form of tonsillitis, pharyngitis. carried out at home. Use antiviral drugs, antipyretics. In case of complications, antibiotics are prescribed and hospitalization is offered.
• . A common disease in the pediatric age group. It affects the nasopharynx, tonsils and lymph nodes. It has airborne distribution and contact-household. : the temperature rises (from 38 to 40 ° C), a severe sore throat appears, soreness in the lymph nodes is felt, a severe runny nose occurs (sometimes with pus discharge), a white or yellow pustular plaque forms in the mouth on the tonsils. The disease lasts 7-12 days. carried out at home with the help of antipyretic and antiviral drugs. You can use throat sprays and gargles.
• . A separate group of viruses that has many strains. It mutates every year and forms new subspecies. It is transmitted by airborne droplets. - sore throat, high fever, runny nose, aches, headache and photophobia. The disease lasts 7-15 days. It is carried out with antiviral drugs and a strong antibiotic. In case of complications, the child is hospitalized.
• . Penetrate into the child's body through the upper mucous membranes. The upper respiratory tract and digestive tract are affected. The incubation period is 3-10 days. The disease is contagious. Symptoms are classic - sore throat, runny nose. Distinctive features of the enterovirus are the tension of the occipital muscles, rashes on the body (rash or sores). Treatment is recommended in a hospital. More often used antibiotics and enterovirus drugs.

Analyzes

In the laboratory, 2 methods for determining the pathogen are carried out:

• enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) - provides accurate diagnostic results, detects antibodies and helps prevent secondary infection.
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - detects microorganisms in small quantities. The analysis is highly sensitive and specific.

• blood test;
• Analysis of urine;
• stool analysis.

Prevention of childhood diseases

In order to protect your child from infectious diseases as much as possible, it is necessary to observe a number of preventive measures:

• fence (isolate) a healthy child from an infectious one;
• temper the child in accordance with the season;
• ventilate the room daily;
• observe hygiene: wash hands often, make a separate towel for the child’s hands and face, wash baby clothes (used) daily.
• the child should have their own dishes and their own bed linen;
• give the child only boiled fresh water to drink;
• give the child only thoroughly washed foods (vegetables, fruits, eggs, berries);
• use only disposable paper handkerchiefs;

• Rash
• On the face
• On the body
• On the stomach
• On the back
• On the neck
• On the buttocks
• On foot

Parents always perceive the appearance of a rash on the skin of a child with anxiety, because everyone knows that the condition of the skin reflects the state of the work of the whole organism. Is a baby rash always a cause for concern, how to understand what is happening with the child and how to help him, we will tell in this article.

Features of children's skin

The skin of children is not like the skin of adults. Babies are born with very thin skin - the dermis of newborns is about two times thinner than the middle skin layer of adults. The outer layer - the epidermis, thickens gradually, as the crumbs grow older.

In the first month of life, the skin can be both red and purple. This is due to the fact that the blood vessels in babies are located close to the surface, and there is not enough subcutaneous tissue, because of this, the skin may look “transparent”. This is especially noticeable when the newborn is cold - a marble vascular network appears on the skin.

The skin of babies loses moisture faster, it is more vulnerable to bacteria, viruses, fungi and mechanical stress. It begins to thicken only at 2-3 years and this process lasts up to 7 years. The skin of younger schoolchildren is already beginning to resemble the skin of adults in terms of its characteristics and functionality. But after 10 years, children's skin is waiting for a new test - this time puberty.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that thin children's skin reacts to any external influence or internal processes with rashes of a very different caliber, color and structure. And not every baby rash can be considered harmless.

It is important to understand that there is no causeless rash in children, any pimple or pigmentation change has a reason, sometimes pathological.

What is a rash?

A rash with medicine is considered to be a variety of rashes on the skin, which in one way or another change the appearance of the skin in color or texture. For parents, the whole rash is about the same, but doctors always distinguish primary rashes that formed first, and secondary ones - those that formed later, in place of the primary ones or nearby.

Different childhood diseases are characterized by different combinations of primary and secondary elements.

hormonal.

Causes

The reasons that cause the development of skin rashes can be varied. Much depends on the age and general condition of the child.

In newborns and children up to a year

In newborns and toddlers of the first year of life, the rash is often physiological, which should not cause much concern on the part of adults. The skin of the crumbs adapts to a new habitat for itself - anhydrous, and this process is often given to the baby with great difficulty. Therefore, any adverse effect can cause rashes all over the body.

The most common rash at this age is acne hormonal, in which pimples of white or yellow color may appear on the face and neck. In this phenomenon, the maternal hormones estrogens, which the child got in the last months of the mother's pregnancy, are "guilty". Gradually, their effect on the body decreases, hormones leave the body of the child. By six months, there is no trace of such pimples.

Babies often react allergic rash on unsuitable food products, substances, medicines, and even household chemicals that mother uses to wash clothes and bedding and wash floors and dishes.

Another common cause of rash in infancy is diaper rash and sweating. A rash on the body, head, arms and legs at an early age also appears with infectious diseases, as well as due to a violation of hygiene rules.

Too dry air in the room where the baby lives, heat, excessive diligent washing of the skin with soap and other detergents provokes the drying of the skin, which only contributes to the development of various types of rashes.

A slight dryness of the skin in the first 3-4 weeks after birth is a variant of the physiological norm.

The skin of an infant from birth is covered with a lipid "mantle", the so-called fatty protective layer. The "mantle" is gradually washed away and erased. With proper care, this temporary natural dryness is easily compensated by the child's body - the sebaceous glands gradually begin to produce the right amount of protective lubricant.

In children older than 1 year

There are not so many physiological reasons for the appearance of a rash after a year. In rare cases, a hormonal imbalance caused by exposure to maternal sex hormones persists. All other cases mostly have pathological causes. At preschool age, children have an increased incidence of viral infections, which are characterized by a rash. These are chickenpox, measles, scarlet fever and other childhood diseases.

In a one year old child who has not yet started attending kindergarten and organized children's groups, the risks of contracting herpes or other viral infections are lower than in children aged 3 to 7 years. Local immunity at this age begins to work better than in infants, for this reason many bacterial skin ailments can be successfully avoided.

Up to 3 years the effect of allergens on the children's body is still strong, and therefore the appearance of a rash on different parts of the body - on the face, head, stomach, elbows and even on the eyelids and ears - is a fairly common phenomenon after eating a product containing an allergen, one or another drug, contact with pollen, animal hair, household chemicals.

And here acne in preschool age is rare. And even if it takes place, then we are most likely talking about a metabolic disorder, a lack of vitamins, minerals, a disease of the internal secretion organs.

In children over 10 years old

After 10 years, children have only one type of physiological rash - acne teenage rashes. Under the influence of sex hormones, which begin to be produced in the body of girls and boys, the sebaceous glands are activated.

Excessive production of sebum leads to blockage of the duct of the glands and the gland itself and the hair follicle become inflamed.

The immunity of children is already sufficiently formed, preventive vaccinations have not gone unnoticed for the body, and therefore the risk of getting sick with "childhood diseases" in adolescence is much lower. Many children have already been ill with them before.

A rash in 15-16 year old teenagers can also be a symptom of a sexually transmitted disease, since quite a lot of boys and girls at this age begin an active sex life. Rashes on the skin of the face and upper body can also be a consequence of taking steroids, with the help of which young men, and sometimes girls, try to create a “beautiful embossed” body for themselves when doing fitness.

An allergic rash in adolescence is not as common as in younger children. Usually, if a teenager is allergic, parents know about it and the appearance of rashes will not surprise or frighten them at all, since they already have a good idea of ​​​​how to deal with it.

At any age, the cause of a rash can be metabolic disorders, lack of vitamins A, E, C, PP, as well as dysbacteriosis, disruption of the stomach and intestines, and kidneys.

Diagnostics and self-diagnosis

A pediatrician, an allergist, a gastroenterologist and an infectious disease specialist can understand the causes of a rash.

For diagnosis, standard methods are used - blood, urine, feces tests. Quite often, skin scrapings, samples of the contents of vesicles and pustules are taken for analysis. This allows you to establish not only an accurate diagnosis, but also the type and type of pathogen, if we are talking about an infection, as well as what drugs the pathogens are sensitive to.

Self-diagnosis includes a set of simple actions to assess the situation.

Parents should undress the child, examine the skin, note the nature of the rash (vesicles, pustules, papules, etc.), its vastness. After that, you should measure the child's body temperature, examine the throat and tonsils, note the remaining symptoms, if any, and decide on calling a doctor.

small red

On the body

A small rash without suppuration on the abdomen, back, buttocks can be a bright and characteristic allergy symptom. In children up to a year, a small red rash under the armpits, on the shoulders, on the buttocks and in the perineum can also indicate the presence of prickly heat, diaper rash.

If red skin rashes capture a large area of ​​the body, you should think about toxic erythema.

It is important to remember and analyze what preceded the appearance of bodily rashes.

If the child felt sick, vomited, he had diarrhea, then we can talk about pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, if the rash appeared after the temperature and it is red-pink, then it is probably a herpes virus that causes childhood exanthema.

In most cases, the appearance of a small red rash on the body is a sign of an infectious disease, such as rubella.

On the face

Such a rash on the face may indicate an allergic reaction to food, medicines or cosmetics. The rashes themselves in case of allergies do not have purulent cavities, blisters.

Most often in young children, an allergic rash is localized on the chin, cheeks and behind the ears, and in older children - on the forehead, in the eyebrows, on the neck, on the nose. Rarely, allergic rashes affect only the face, usually the rash is found on other parts of the body.

A red rash appears on the face with some viral diseases. If the child did not eat anything suspicious and new, did not take medication, led a normal life, then with rashes on the face, it is necessary to measure the temperature and call a doctor. The temperature usually rises, and the doctor diagnoses chickenpox, measles, or another infection.

At the same time, the child has signs of SARS - malaise, headache, runny nose, cough.

On arms and legs

In children of the first year of life, a reddish small rash on the limbs can be a sign of an allergy (like urticaria), as well as a consequence of overheating and violation of hygiene rules - diaper rash.

The rash is usually located in the skin folds - under the knees, on the crook of the elbow from the inside, in the groin area.

A red rash of various sizes and types can affect the arms and legs of a child with viral and bacterial infections, scarlet fever, and leukemia. With measles, the rash appears on the palms and feet. The appearance of red rashes on the limbs is always a reason to call a doctor at home.

On the head

The scalp is usually covered with a red rash in case of allergic reactions, including to hair care products, to soap. In babies, the most likely cause of the rash is different - prickly heat. Since babies carry out thermoregulation with the help of the scalp, it is she who reacts to overheating and sweating. Also, this symptom may indicate a viral infection.

Colorless

It can be difficult for parents to notice a colorless rash, but this is fixable, since any colorless rash will sooner or later manifest itself more clearly. Most often, a rash without a pronounced color signals the starting stage of an allergy.

On the body. An almost imperceptible rash without a definite color or very pale, which appeared on the body, can cause a sensation of rough "goosebumps" when touched. It looks like goosebumps that “run” over the skin when frightened or chills. Rashes are located close to each other and sometimes are massive. There is an assumption that such a rash is a consequence of hormonal “bursts”.

On the head. On the face and head, a rough, colorless rash usually appears with lactose deficiency. This is usually accompanied by intestinal disorders, the child often has greenish, frothy, foul-smelling loose stools.

watery

A watery rash can be a clear symptom of a herpes infection, as well as impetigo, streptococcal angulitis, and even sunburn.

On the body. If fluid-filled blisters appear on the sides and limbs, it is likely that the child has developed bullous impetigo. Long exposure to the sun also causes blistering skin lesions in children, but the skin will look reddened and somewhat swollen. Blisters can appear on the stomach and back with chickenpox.

Often blisters on the body occur due to an allergic reaction, as well as from insect bites.

• On the face. Watery rashes on the face appear as herpes diseases. In the nasolabial triangle, around the lips, in the nose, the herpes simplex virus appears. Similarly, streptoderma and erysipelas may appear.

Infectious bacterial

A pustular-type rash caused by pathogenic bacteria is treated with antibiotics and antiseptics. Moreover, antibiotics are selected after an analysis for bacteriological culture, when the doctor has clear information about which bacteria caused suppuration and to which antibacterial agents they demonstrate sensitivity.

Children are usually given penicillins, rarely cephalosporins. With a mild infection, local treatment with ointments with antimicrobial action is sufficient - Levomekol, Baneocin, erythromycin ointment, gentamicin ointment, tetracycline ointment.

In some cases, for a large and severe infection, or an infection that is at risk of spreading to the internal organs, prescribe antibiotics inside - for babies in the form of a suspension, for preschoolers and adolescents - in tablets or injections.

Preference is given to broad-spectrum drugs, usually the penicillin group - Amoxiclav, Amosin, Amoxicillin, Flemoxin Solutab. With the ineffectiveness of this group of drugs, cephalosporin antibiotics or macrolides may be prescribed.

As antiseptics well-known aniline dyes are often used - a solution of brilliant green (brilliant green) for staphylococcal infections or Fukortsin for streptococcus. Damaged skin is treated with salicylic alcohol.

Simultaneously with antibiotics, if they are prescribed orally, the child is recommended to take drugs that will help avoid the occurrence of dysbacteriosis - Bifiborm, Bifidumbacterin. It is also useful to start taking vitamin complexes appropriate for the age of the child.

Some purulent eruptions, such as boils and carbuncles, may require surgical intervention, during which the formation is incised crosswise under local anesthesia, the cavity is cleaned and treated with antiseptics and antibiotics. There is no need to be afraid of such a mini-operation.

The consequences of refusing it can be very deplorable, because a staphylococcal infection can lead to sepsis and death.

Sweating and diaper rash

If the baby has prickly heat, then this is a signal for parents to change the conditions in which the child lives. The temperature regime should be at the level of 20-21 degrees of heat. The heat only makes it worse. Irritation from sweat, although it gives the child a lot of painful sensations and pain, can be treated quite quickly.

The main medicine in this case is cleanliness and fresh air. The child should be washed with warm water without soap and other detergent cosmetics. Several times a day you need to arrange air baths for the baby naked. You should not wrap the child, and if he still sweats, for example, while walking on the street in warm overalls in winter, then immediately upon returning home, bathe the child in the shower and change into clean and dry clothes.

With severe diaper rash, damaged skin is treated 2-3 times a day. Most carefully and thoroughly - after daily evening bathing. After it, Bepanten, Desitin, Sudocrem are applied to still wet skin with signs of prickly heat. You need to use powder with great care, because talc dries the skin very much.

Baby cream or any other greasy creams and ointments should not be applied to the skin of a child with prickly heat, as they moisturize, not dry. You should also avoid getting massage oil on diaper rash during evening restorative procedures.

allergic

If the rash is allergic, treatment will be to find and rule out the child's interaction with the allergen that caused the skin rash. To do this, the allegologist conducts a series of special tests using test strips with allergens. If it is possible to find the protein that caused the rash, the doctor makes recommendations to exclude everything that contains such a substance.

If the antigen protein cannot be found (and this happens often), then parents will have to try and exclude from the child’s life everything that poses a potential threat - plant pollen, food (nuts, whole milk, chicken eggs, red berries and fruits, some types of fresh greens and even some types of fish, an abundance of sweets).

Pay special attention to baby skin care products.

Usually, eliminating the allergen is more than enough for the allergy to stop and the rash to disappear without a trace. If this does not happen, as well as in case of severe allergies, the doctor prescribes antihistamines ("Tavegil", "Cetrin", "Suprastin", "Loratadin" and others).

At the same time, it is desirable to take calcium preparations and vitamins. Locally, if necessary, the child is used hormonal ointments - "Advantan", for example. Severe forms of allergy, in which, in addition to a skin rash, there are pronounced respiratory manifestations, as well as internal pathologies, the child is treated in a hospital.

Fungal lesions

Fungal infections are highly contagious, so the child must be isolated. Babies are treated in a hospital. Older children will be admitted to the infectious diseases hospital in case of moderate and severe illness. As a topical treatment, antifungal ointments- Lamisil, Clotrimazole, Fluconazole and others.

With an extensive lesion, when colonies of fungi "settled" not only on the limbs, on the wrist, on the legs or on the neck, but also on the back of the head in the scalp, the child is prescribed, in addition to ointments antifungal drugs in tablets or injections.

At the same time, doctors recommend taking immunomodulators, as well as antihistamines, since the waste products of fungal colonies quite often cause an allergic reaction. Treatment for fungi is the longest, after the first course, which lasts from 10 to 14 days, a second, "control" course, which must be carried out after a short break, must be prescribed.

At home, all things and bedding of a sick child are subject to thorough washing and ironing. It is impossible to bathe him during treatment.

The time has passed when the treatment of such diseases was quite painful. There is no need to sprinkle the head with lice dust or smear the skin with kerosene.

Most children's remedies for lice and nits need only a single application. Permethrin-based agents are the most effective in pediatric practice.

When treating, it is important to observe safety measures. Almost all products are toxic, they should not be allowed to get into the eyes and ears, into the mouth and mucous membranes of the baby.

Worm infestations

What exactly to treat with giardiasis, ascaris or pinworms, the doctor decides. Not all drugs that are effective in adolescence are suitable for treating babies and younger students. The most commonly prescribed drugs are Pirantel, Albendazole, Levamisole and Piperazine.

Acne in teenagers

There is no cure for teenage acne, but it can be alleviated. To do this, parents should explain to the teenage child that it is impossible to squeeze out acne, it is also undesirable to treat them with alcohol or lotions.

They treat pubertal acne in a complex way, changing the diet of the child, excluding fatty, fried, smoked and pickled foods, fast food from it. Acne-affected skin is lubricated twice a day with salicylic alcohol and one of the modern remedies in the form of a cream or ointment.

Very effective zinc ointment, "Zinerit". If acne is complicated by a purulent bacterial infection, antibiotic ointments are used - chloramphenicol, erythromycin.

Baby cream and other oily creams should never be used on acne-prone skin.

Other effective drugs for teenage rashes on the face, back and chest are Baziron AS, Adapalen, Skinoren. In some cases, the doctor may advise hormonal ointments - "Advantan", "Triderm". This is true for deep and very severe rashes.

At the same time, vitamins A and E are prescribed in an oil solution or as part of vitamin-mineral complexes. Treatment of pubertal acne takes a very long time. Subject to all the recommendations of a dermatologist, it sometimes takes from 2 to 6 months to achieve the effect.

Neonatal hormonal rash

Newborn acne or a three-week rash does not need treatment. All skin rashes will disappear after the baby's hormonal background returns to normal. It usually takes about a month or two. It is useful for a child to wash with a decoction of chamomile, apply baby cream to pimples on the face and neck, sprinkle them with powder. Trying to squeeze or cauterize with alcohol is strictly prohibited.

Prevention

Since the skin of a child needs special care and protection, proper hygiene and an understanding of the approach to treating dermatological ailments in children will be an excellent prevention of the appearance of a pathological rash.

A home microclimate that is favorable for the health of the skin will help to avoid 90% of skin problems. The air temperature should be no higher than 21 degrees Celsius, and air humidity - 50-70%. Such conditions will not allow the child's skin to dry out, crack, which means that there will be less prerequisites for the development of severe bacterial infections. It is especially important to follow this rule if there is a small child in the house.

It is necessary to do all the preventive vaccinations prescribed for the child by age in a timely manner. This will help protect him from dangerous infectious diseases - measles, diphtheria and a number of others. Vaccination is not a guarantee that the child will not get sick with this infection at all, but it guarantees that in the event of a disease, the disease will proceed more easily and with fewer health consequences.

• When going to the sea, it is important to make sure that the skin of the child is protected. To do this, you need to buy a sunscreen that is appropriate for your age and skin type. And in order to protect the baby from rotavirus, it makes sense to vaccinate in a paid clinic, which is not included in the list of mandatory ones - a vaccine against rotavirus infection.

Proper hygiene- the key to the health of children's skin at any age. It is a mistake to wash a baby rarely, but it is equally wrong to wash him too often. Soap for babies should be used no more than once every 4-5 days, it is better not to use shampoos at all for up to a year.

It is important to choose child care products that are created specifically for children and are hypoallergenic. Antibacterial soap kills not only pathogenic bacteria, but also beneficial ones, and therefore its use without need is not justified at all.

Children's skin should not be exposed to hard washcloths, bath brushes, brooms. After bathing, the skin should not be wiped, but blotted with a soft towel, this will keep the skin intact and sufficiently moisturized.

Wash your baby when changing a diaper it is necessary only under running water, and not in a basin or in a bathtub, to avoid getting intestinal microbes on the skin, external genitalia and urinary tract. Girls are washed in the direction from the pubis to the anus.

When a rash appears cannot self-medicate.

In the house where the children grow up should never be free chemicals, acids and alkalis, aggressive household cleaners.

Young children should buy bed linen and clothes only from natural fabrics. Let them look more modest and discreet, but there will be no irritating effect on the skin of synthetic fabrics, seams and textile dyes, which are used to color bright and alluring children's things.

For skin health in a child's diet, always should be enough vitamins A and E. From childhood, you need to teach your son and daughter to eat fresh orange and red vegetables, greens, sea fish, lean meat, dairy products with sufficient fat content, butter, oatmeal and buckwheat porridge.

The skin of a child from early childhood should be protect from excessive exposure to strong wind, frost, direct sunlight. All these factors dry it out, dehydrate it, as a result, it becomes more vulnerable and prone to various infections.

No crusts, pustules and vesicles on the child's skin cannot be mechanically removed and opened at home, far from sterility. Most of the cases with the addition of an infection to a seemingly harmless rash are associated precisely with the attempts of parents to rid the child of pimples or vesicles on their own. On the neck