The main character is crime and punishment. Analysis of Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment

.) In the draft notes of "Crime and Punishment" (see the summary and full text of the novel), this hero is called A-ov, by the name of one of the convicts of the Omsk jail Aristov, who in "Notes from the Dead House" is characterized as the limit of "moral fall ... decisive debauchery and ... impudent baseness. “It was an example of what one bodily side of a person could reach, not internally restrained by any norm, by any legality ... It was a monster, moral Quasimodo. Add to the fact that he was cunning and smart, handsome, even somewhat educated, had abilities. No, better fire, better pestilence and famine, than such a person in society!” Svidrigailov was supposed to be the embodiment of such complete moral deformity. However, this image itself and the author’s attitude towards it turned out to be incomparably more complex: along with cheating, dirty debauchery and cruelty, which brought his victim to suicide, he turns out to be unexpectedly capable of good deeds, of philanthropy and generosity. Svidrigailov is a man of great inner strength who has lost the sense of boundaries between good and evil.

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The image of Lebezyatnikov in "Crime and Punishment"

All other images of the novel were not subjected to much processing. The businessman and careerist Luzhin, who considers any means acceptable to achieve his selfish goals, the vulgar Lebezyatnikov, who, according to Dostoevsky, “sticks to the most fashionable walking idea in order to trivialize, caricature everything that they most sincerely serve ”, were conceived the same as we see them in the final edition of the novel. Incidentally, in emphasizing the typicality of Lebezyatnikov's image, Dostoevsky even coined the term "fawning". According to some reports, some personal traits of the famous Russian critic V. Belinsky were reflected in the character of Lebezyatnikov, who at first welcomed the writings of the young Dostoevsky, and then criticized them from clumsy and primitive “materialistic” positions. (See Lebezyatnikov's description, Lebezyatnikov's theory - quotes from Crime and Punishment.)

The image of Razumikhin in "Crime and Punishment"

The image of Razumikhin in the process of working on Crime and Punishment also remained unchanged in its ideological content, although according to the initial outlines, he should have taken a much larger place in the novel. Dostoevsky saw him as a positive hero. Razumikhin expresses soil views inherent in Dostoevsky himself. He opposes revolutionary Western trends, defends the meaning of "soil", the Slavophile understood folk foundations - patriarchy, religious and moral foundations, patience. Razumikhin's reasoning Porfiry Petrovich, his objections to the supporters of the “environmental theory”, who explained human actions by the social conditions of life, objections Fourierists and materialists, who allegedly seek to level human nature, to eliminate free will, Razumikhin's assertions that socialism- a Western idea, alien to Russia - all this directly echoes Dostoevsky's journalistic and polemical articles.

Razumikhin is a spokesman for the author's positions on a number of issues and is therefore especially dear to him.

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The image of Sonya Marmeladova in "Crime and Punishment"

But already in the next notebook, Sonya Marmeladova appears to the reader the same as in the final text of the novel, the embodiment of the Christian idea: “NB. She considers herself constantly a deep sinner, a fallen debauchee who cannot beg for salvation ”(First Zap. Book, p. 105). The image of Sonya is the apotheosis of suffering, an example of the highest asceticism, complete oblivion of one's own personality. Life for Sonya is unthinkable without faith in God and the immortality of the soul: “What was I without God,” she says. Marmeladov also expressed this idea very vividly in the rough sketches for the novel. In response to Raskolnikov’s remark that there may be no God, Marmeladov says: “That is, there is no God, and there will be no coming ... then ... then you can’t live ... Too bestial ... then I would immediately rush to the Neva. But, gracious sir, it will be, it is promised, for the living, well, then what will be left for us... actually living then he suffers, and therefore he needs Christ, and therefore there will be Christ. Lord, what did you say? The only ones who do not believe in Christ are those who have no need for him, who live little and whose soul is like an inorganic stone” (Second Notebook, p. 13). These words of Marmeladov did not find a place in the final edition, obviously because after the combination of two ideas - the novel "The Drunk Ones" and the story about Raskolnikov - the image of Marmeladov faded into the background.

At the same time, the hard life of the lower classes of the city, depicted by Dostoevsky with such brightness and relief, cannot but arouse protest, which manifests itself in one form or another. So, Katerina Ivanovna, dying, refuses to confess: “I have no sins on me! .. God must forgive even without that ... He knows how I suffered! .. But if he doesn’t forgive, it’s not necessary! ..”

During the publication of "Crime and Punishment" in the "Russian Bulletin" between the writer and the editors of this journal, there were differences. The editors demanded the removal of the chapter of the novel in which Sonya reads the gospel to Raskolnikov (chapter 4 of part 4 according to a separate edition), with which Dostoevsky did not agree.

In July 1866, Dostoevsky informed A.P. Milyukov about his disagreements with the editors of the Russkiy Vestnik: “I explained to them both [Lubimov and Katkov] - they stand their ground! I can't say anything about this chapter myself; I wrote it in real inspiration, but it may be bad; but their point is not in literary merit, but in fear for moral. In this I was right - there was nothing against morality and even overly opposite, but they see something else, and in addition they see traces nihilism. Lyubimov announced resolutely, what needs to be changed. I took it, and this alteration of a large chapter cost me at least three new chapters of work, judging by the work and longing, but I sent it over and passed it.

Sending the revised chapter to the editor, Dostoevsky wrote to N. A. Lyubimov: “Evil and Kind highly divided, and it will no longer be possible to mix them up and misuse them. Even the other amendments indicated by you, I did everything, and, it seems, with interest ... Everything that you said, I fulfilled, everything is divided, demarcated and clear. gospel reading given a different color.

The works of F.M. Dostoevsky are included in the golden fund of world literature, his novels are read all over the world, so far they have not lost their relevance. "Crime and Punishment" is one of these timeless works, touching on the themes of faith and unbelief, strength and weakness, humiliation and greatness. The author skillfully draws the situation, immerses the reader into the atmosphere of the novel, helping to better understand the characters and their actions, making them think.

In the center of the plot is Rodion Raskolnikov, a student who is mired in poverty. And it's not just the lack of money for some pleasure, it's poverty, which destroys, drives you crazy. It's a closet like a coffin, rags and not knowing if you're going to eat tomorrow. The hero is forced to leave the university, but he cannot improve his affairs in any way, he feels the injustice of his position, he sees around him the same destitute and humiliated.

Raskolnikov is proud, sensitive and intelligent, the atmosphere of poverty and injustice presses on him, which is why a terrible and destructive theory is born in his head. It lies in the fact that people are divided into lower (“ordinary”) and higher (“actually people”). The former are needed only to maintain the population of people, they are useless. But the latter move civilization forward, put forward completely new ideas and goals that can be achieved by any means. For example, the hero compares himself with Napoleon and comes to the conclusion that he is also able to change the world and set his own price for changes. In this sense, he is no different from the old pawnbroker who evaluated the things brought to her. Be that as it may, Rodion decided to test this theory on himself (“Am I a trembling creature or do I have rights?”), Killing an old pawnbroker and not only, saving thousands of people from her arbitrariness, and improving his own financial situation.

Why did Raskolnikov still kill the old pawnbroker?

The hero hesitates for a long time and nevertheless affirms his decision after meeting with the official Marmeladov, who drinks black, impoverishing himself, his wife Katerina Ivanovna, her children, and daughter Sonya (she is generally forced to work as a prostitute to help her family) . Marmeladov understands his fall, but he cannot help himself. And when a horse crushed him drunk, the situation of the family turned out to be even more disastrous. It was to these people who were ruined by poverty that he decided to help. Comparing their plight with the unfair contentment of Alena Ivanovna, the hero came to the conclusion that his theory is correct: society can be saved, but this salvation will require human sacrifice. Having decided and committed the murder, Raskolnikov falls ill and feels lost to people (“I didn’t kill the old woman ... I killed myself”). The hero cannot accept the love of his mother and sister Dunya, the care of his friend Razumikhin.

Raskolnikov's twins: Luzhin and Svidrigailov

Also a double is Svidrigailov, who tried to seduce Dunya. He is the same criminal, guided by the principle of "a single evil is permissible" if the end goal is good." It would seem that it is similar to the theory of Rodion, but it was not there: his goal should be good only from a hedonistic point of view and for Svidrigailov himself. If the hero did not see pleasure in her for himself, then he did not notice anything good. It turns out that he did evil for the benefit of himself, moreover, for the benefit of his depravity. If Luzhin wanted a caftan, that is, material well-being, then this hero longed to satisfy his base passions and nothing more.

Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova

Tortured and languishing, Raskolnikov draws closer to Sonya, who also broke the law, like the hero. But the girl remained pure in her soul, she is more of a martyr than a sinner. She sold her innocence for a symbolic 30 rubles, just as Judas sold Christ for 30 pieces of silver. At this price, she saved the family, but betrayed herself. The vicious environment did not prevent her from remaining a deeply religious girl and perceiving what was happening as a necessary sacrifice. Therefore, the author notes that the vice did not touch her spirit. With her timid demeanor, her incessant shame, the girl contradicted the vulgarity and impudence of the representatives of her profession.

Sonya reads to Rodion about the resurrection of Lazarus, and he confesses to the murder, believing in his own resurrection. He did not confess to the investigator Porfiry Petrovich, who already knew about his guilt, did not confess to his mother, sister, Razumikhin, but chose Sonya, feeling salvation in her. And this intuitive feeling was confirmed.

The meaning of the epilogue in the novel "Crime and Punishment"

However, Raskolnikov did not repent at all, he was only upset that he could not stand the moral torment and turned out to be an ordinary person. Because of this, he again experiences a spiritual crisis. Once in hard labor, Rodion looks down on the prisoners and even on Sonya, who followed him. The convicts answer him with hatred, but Sonya is trying to make life easier for Raskolnikov, because she loves him with all her pure soul. The prisoners sensitively responded to the caress and kindness of the heroine, they understood her silent feat without words. Sonya remained a martyr to the end, trying to atone for both her sin and the sin of her lover.

In the end, the truth is revealed to the hero, he repents of the crime, his soul begins to revive, and he is imbued with "endless love" for Sonya. The readiness of the hero for a new life is symbolically expressed by the author in a gesture when Rodion joins the sacraments of the Bible. In Christianity, he finds the consolation and humility necessary for his proud character to restore inner harmony.

"Crime and Punishment": the history of the creation of the novel

F.M. Dostoevsky did not immediately come up with a title for his work, he had options “Under Trial”, “The Criminal's Tale”, and the title known to us appeared already at the end of the work on the novel. The meaning of the title "Crime and Punishment" is revealed in the composition of the book. At the beginning, Raskolnikov, seized by the delusions of his theory, kills an old pawnbroker, violating moral laws. Further, the author debunks the hero's delusions, Rodion himself suffers, then ends up in hard labor. This is his punishment for putting himself above everyone around him. Only repentance gave him a chance to save his soul. The author also shows the inevitability of punishment for any crime. And this punishment is not only legal, but also moral.

In addition to the variability in the title, the novel originally had a different concept. Being in hard labor, the writer conceived the novel as Raskolnikov's confession, wanting to show the hero's spiritual experience. Further, the scale of the work became larger, it could not be limited to the feelings of one hero, so F.M. Dostoevsky burned the almost finished novel. And he began anew, already the way the modern reader knows him.

The subject of the work

The main themes of "Crime and Punishment" are the themes of poverty and oppression of the majority of society, on which no one gives a damn, as well as the themes of rebellion and delusions of the individual under the yoke of social disorder and suffocating poverty. The writer wanted to convey to the readers his Christian ideas about life: for harmony in the soul, one must live morally, according to the commandments, that is, not give in to pride, selfishness and lust, but do good to people, love them, sacrificing even their own interests for the good of society. That is why at the end of the epilogue Raskolnikov repents and comes to faith. The problem of false beliefs raised in the novel is still relevant today. The theory of the protagonist about permissiveness and the crime of morality for the sake of good goals leads to terror and arbitrariness. And if Raskolnikov overcame a split in his soul, repented and came to harmony, having overcome the problem, then in larger cases this is not so. Wars began because some rulers decided that the lives of a thousand people could easily be sacrificed for their goals. That is why a novel written in the 19th century does not lose its sharpness of meaning to this day.

"Crime and Punishment" is one of the greatest works of world literature, imbued with humanism and faith in man. Despite the seeming depressiveness of the narrative, there is hope for the best, that one can always be saved and saved.

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Mid 19th century. A poor district of St. Petersburg, adjacent to the Catherine Canal and Sennaya Square ("Crime and Punishment": the image of St. Petersburg "is a separate interesting topic). Summer evening. Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich, a former student, leaves his closet, located in the attic, and goes to Alena Ivanovna, an old pawnbroker, in order to take the mortgage - her last valuable thing.So begins Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment", a summary of which we describe.

The main character intends to kill this old woman. Rodion stops by one of the cheap taverns on the way back. Here he accidentally gets acquainted with Marmeladov, who has lost his place, drunkenly. He tells Rodion how her husband's drunkenness, poverty and consumption pushed Katerina Ivanovna, his wife, to a cruel act - to send Sonya, his daughter from his first marriage, to the panel to earn money.

The thought of killing

The next morning, Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother from the provinces describing the troubles that Dunya, his younger sister, suffered in the house of Svidrigailov, a depraved landowner. He also learns that his sister and mother will soon arrive in Petersburg, since a groom for Dunya was found here. This is Luzhin, a prudent businessman who wants to build a marriage not on love, but on the dependence and poverty of the bride. Raskolnikov's mother hopes that this person will help Rodion to graduate from the university. Thinking about the sacrifices that Dunya and Sonya make for the sake of their loved ones, Raskolnikov affirms his intention to kill Alena Ivanovna - this is an evil worthless "louse". After all, her money will save many young men and women from the undeserved suffering. But in Rodion's soul, the disgust for violence rises again after the dream that he sees. This is a memory of childhood: Raskolnikov sees the nag being beaten to death, and the boy's heart is filled with pity for her.

Raskolnikov commits the murder of Alena Ivanovna and Lizaveta

Rodion still not only kills Alena Ivanovna, but also Lizaveta, her meek, kind sister, who unexpectedly returned to the apartment. Having miraculously gone unnoticed, Raskolnikov hides the stolen goods in a random place, without even assessing its value.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" continues with the fact that soon the protagonist discovers with horror the alienation between himself and others. From the experience, Raskolnikov falls ill, but he cannot reject the burdensome worries of Razumikhin (university comrade). From a conversation with the doctor of the latter, the main character learns that the painter Mikolka has been arrested on suspicion of the murder of Alena Ivanovna. This is an ordinary country boy. Reacting painfully to talk about a crime committed, Rodion arouses suspicion among those around him.

Luzhin's visit

Luzhin, who came on a visit, is shocked by the furnishings of Rodion's closet. Their conversation gradually develops into a quarrel, after which it ends with a break. Raskolnikov is especially offended by the closeness of the conclusions that Luzhin draws from "reasonable egoism" - the protagonist's own "theory" that it is possible to kill people. Luzhin's theory seems vulgar to him.

Raskolnikov gives money to the Marmeladovs

A sick young man, wandering around St. Petersburg, suffers, feeling alienated from the world. At this time, the image of St. Petersburg reappears in the work "Crime and Punishment", periodically appearing in the novel. The protagonist was already ready to confess to the authorities in the crime. Suddenly, in the novel Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov notices a man crushed by a carriage. This is Marmeladov. Out of compassion, Rodion spends the last of his money on a dying man: the doctor is called, Marmeladov is transferred to the house. Here Raskolnikov meets Sonya and Katerina Ivanovna. Sonya, dressed as a prostitute, says goodbye to her father. The protagonist of the novel "Crime and Punishment" helped the Marmeladovs and, thanks to this good deed, felt for a short time a community with people. But, having met his sister and mother at his apartment, he suddenly realizes himself "dead" for the love of relatives and drives them rudely. Raskolnikov is alone again. He hopes to get closer to Sonya, who, like himself, has "stepped over" an absolute commandment.

Raskolnikov's visit to the investigator, his "theory"

Razumikhin takes care of Rodion's relatives. He falls in love almost at first sight with Dunya. The offended Luzhin, meanwhile, puts the bride before a choice: either her brother, or him. Rodion, as if in order to find out about the fate of the things pawned from the murdered woman, but in fact - in order to dispel the suspicions of some of his acquaintances, asks himself to meet with the investigator Porfiry Petrovich, who is conducting the murder case of Alena Ivanovna. Porfiry recalls Rodion's article "On Crime", published recently in the newspaper. He invites the author to explain the theory in which the idea of ​​"two categories of people" is developed. According to Raskolnikov, the "ordinary" majority is only material for the reproduction of the population. He needs a strict moral law and obedience. This category is "trembling creatures". There are also "higher" (actually people) who have the gift of a "new word". These people, in the name of the best, destroy the present, even if it is necessary for this to "step over" the moral norms previously established for the "lower ones", for example, to kill a person. Then these "criminals" become the creators of new laws. That is, by not recognizing the laws that are spoken of in the Bible ("do not steal", "do not kill", etc.), Raskolnikov thereby "allows" some people to shed "blood in conscience." Porfiry, smart and insightful, unravels the ideological killer in the hero, who claims to be Napoleon. However, the investigator has no evidence against Rodion - and he lets him go in the hope that his good nature will win in him. This will lead to the fact that Raskolnikov himself confesses to his deed.

The hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment", according to the chapters described by us, gradually becomes more and more convinced that he made a mistake in himself. Rodion is tormented by the "meanness" and "vulgarity" of a single murder. He understands that he is a "trembling creature": having killed, he could not overstep the law of morality. The motives for the crime in the mind of Rodion are twofold: this is both an act of "justice" and a test of "the highest level" of oneself.

Meeting with Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov, who arrived in St. Petersburg after Dunya, apparently guilty of the recent death of his wife, meets Rodion Raskolnikov and says that they are "of the same field", only Rodion has not yet completely "defeated Schiller" in himself. Raskolnikov, with all his disgust for this man, is attracted by his apparent ability to enjoy life, although Svidrigailov, the hero of the novel Crime and Punishment, committed so many crimes ... The characterization of this character is presented below, after a brief summary.

Exposing Luzhin

A decisive explanation with Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin takes place during dinner in one of the cheap rooms. Luzhin, one of the two "twins" of Raskolnikov in the novel "Crime and Punishment", settled here out of economy with Dunya and his mother. An analysis of the character of this hero is also presented at the end of the article. The groom is accused of slandering Sonya and Raskolnikov. Luzhin allegedly gave Sonya money for base services, which were selflessly collected by his mother for his studies. The groom, expelled in disgrace, is looking for a way to discredit Rodion in the eyes of his mother and sister.

Raskolnikov visits Sonya

Meanwhile, Raskolnikov, once again feeling a painful alienation from his loved ones, decides to come to Sonya. He seeks salvation from loneliness from this girl who has transgressed the commandment. However, Sonya is not alone. For the sake of others (hungry sisters and brothers), she sacrificed herself. This was done to her not for her own sake, like Rodion. Compassion for loved ones, love, faith in God never left Sonya. She reads the gospel lines to the protagonist about how Jesus resurrected Lazarus, hoping that a miracle will happen in her life. The hero fails to captivate Sonya with his "Napoleonic" plan to dominate the "anthill".

Second meeting with Porfiry

Rodion, tormented by both the desire for exposure and fear, comes again to Porfiry, allegedly worrying about the mortgage. In the end, at first glance, an abstract conversation on the topic of the psychology of criminals brings the young man to a nervous breakdown. He practically impersonates Porfiry. Rodion is saved by the unexpected confession of the painter Mikolka in the murder of the pawnbroker.

The second exposure of Luzhin

A commemoration for the father and husband was held in the Marmeladovs' room. During them, Katerina Ivanovna insults the hostess of the apartment in a fit of morbid pride. This woman tells her to leave immediately with the children. Suddenly, Luzhin appears, who lives in the same house, and says that Sonya stole a hundred-ruble banknote from him. The "guilt" of the girl is proved: money is found in the pocket of her apron. In the eyes of others, she is now also a thief. However, suddenly there is a witness who says that Luzhin himself slipped Sonya a piece of paper. The slanderer is disgraced, and Raskolnikov explains the reasons for his act as follows: having humiliated Sonya and his brother in the eyes of Dunya, he wanted to return the favor of his bride.

Raskolnikov confesses to Sonya in the murder

"Crime and Punishment" chapter by chapter continues with the fact that Rodion confesses to Sonya in the murder. It happens in the following way. Raskolnikov goes to her apartment. Here the hero confesses to Sonya that he killed Lizaveta and the old woman. The girl pities Rodion for the moral torments to which he doomed himself. She offers Raskolnikov to atone for his guilt by hard labor, confessing everything voluntarily. Rodion, on the other hand, laments only that he turned out to be in fact a "trembling creature", with a need for love and conscience. He replies: "I'll still fight." Meanwhile, Katerina Ivanovna finds herself on the street with the children. She dies of a throat bleed after refusing a priest. Svidrigailov, who is present here, agrees to pay for the funeral, as well as provide for Sonya and the children.

Raskolnikov is found at home by Porfiry, who convinces him to turn himself in. The investigator does not believe that Mikolka is to blame. He only "accepted suffering", following the primordial people's need for atonement for the sin of inconsistency with Christ, his ideal.

However, Rodion still hopes to "transcend" morality. He sees before him the example of Svidrigailov. The sad truth is revealed to the hero by their meeting in the tavern: the life of this "villain" is empty and painful.

Dunya's reciprocity remains the only hope for Svidrigailov to return to God. Convinced that the girl does not love him, he commits suicide a few hours later. So this hero is eliminated from the work "Crime and Punishment". An analysis of this character will be made at the end of the article.

Raskolnikov decides to confess and says goodbye before that to Sonya and family. He still remains convinced that his "theory" is correct. Rodion is filled with contempt for himself. But, at the insistence of Sonya, Raskolnikov repentantly kisses the earth in front of the people, since he "sinned" before her. He learns at the police office that Svidrigailov committed suicide, after which he confesses to the murder of Alena Ivanovna.

Raskolnikov in Siberia

Dostoevsky continues his novel ("Crime and Punishment"). A summary of the events that took place in the epilogue of the work is as follows. Raskolnikov in Siberia, in prison. His mother died of grief, and Dunya married Razumikhin. Sonya settled near the main character and visits him, patiently enduring his indifference and gloom. And here the nightmare of alienation continues: the convicts from the common people hate him, considering them "godless". To Sonya, on the contrary, they treat with love and tenderness, which we learn about by reading the epilogue. "Crime and Punishment" in this part of the work also describes another dream of Raskolnikov. Rodion, once in the prison hospital, has a dream that resembles pictures from the Apocalypse. Inhabiting people, the mysterious "trichinas" give rise in them to a fanatical conviction that they are right and intolerant of the opinions of others. In senseless rage, people killed each other until the entire human race was exterminated, except for a few "chosen ones." Finally, it is revealed to Rodion that pride of the mind leads to death and discord, and humility of the heart is the path to the fullness of life and unity in love. In the hero, "endless love" awakens for Sonya. He takes the gospel into his hands on the threshold of his "resurrection" for a new life.

Thus ends Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. The summary does not describe in detail the relationship between the characters in the novel. For this purpose, we decided to supplement the article with a description of the main characters. We present you the images created by Dostoevsky.

"Crime and Punishment": the heroes of the work

In the system of characters, Raskolnikov occupies a central place, since it is to him that the main lines of the story lead. The image of Raskolnikov connects various situations and episodes of the novel. The rest of the characters appear on the stage primarily because they are needed to characterize Rodion. They make him argue, worry about them, sympathize, cause the main character to have a whole stream of various emotions and impressions. This is how the image of Raskolnikov is revealed.

The system of characters in this work is dynamic. The ratio of actors and heroes who have left the stage in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is constantly changing. Analyzing the work, one can notice that some of them cease to participate in the development of the novel, while others, on the contrary, appear. So, Marmeladov dies (Part Two, Chapter Seven), Katerina Ivanovna (Part Five, Chapter Five), Luzhin appears for the last time in Part Five (Chapter Three), Porfiry Petrovich - in the sixth (Chapter Two), and Svidrigailov decides to shoot himself in sixth part (chapter six).

The character system changes significantly as the epilogue begins. "Crime and Punishment" becomes a work in which only two characters remain. This is Rodion and Sonya. This is due both to the eventful side of the novel, and to the fact that Sonya, according to the author's intention, should play a special role in Raskolnikov's fate, help this hero be reborn to a new life in the finale of the work Crime and Punishment. Raskolnikov returning to God and people.

The characters, each in their own way, reveal various aspects of Rodion's personality. Raskolnikov's relationship with his mother, sister, Svidrigailov, Luzhin, Marmeladovs, Razumikhin, Porfiry Petrovich, Sonya can be described as conflict. Raskolnikov has an outward resemblance to many of them (material and social position, relations with conscience and law). However, internal differences (psychological, moral, ideological) are more important, which do not allow Rodion to lead a life similar to the one they lead.

Raskolnikov has two spiritual "doubles". In the novel Crime and Punishment, these heroes are Svidrigailov and Luzhin. These two characters have a lot in common with the main character. They are united, for example, by the principle of permissiveness. However, the resemblance of the protagonist to his "doubles" is purely external. You can verify this by comparing the moral character and worldview of these two characters with the inner appearance of Raskolnikov.

Rodion has his own way in life. A number of possibilities open before him. He may try to atone for his guilt by repenting, or follow the path of crime to the end. Rodion has to make a choice. Various life opportunities are represented by the secondary characters of the novel. Raskolnikov can reject them or accept them in the work "Crime and Punishment".

Marmeladova Sonya is the moral antipode of Rodion. However, these heroes have something in common: both of them are outcasts, both are lonely. Raskolnikov feels this, telling the girl that they are "cursed together." He is drawn to Sonya, as she is the only person who can understand him in Crime and Punishment. Sonya is the only one to whom Rodion is ready to fully reveal his soul. The hero is horrified by the thought of the possibility of telling someone else his secret, even a close person (Razumikhin, mother, sister). Therefore, it is to her that he confesses to the murder, and it is this heroine who follows the protagonist of the work "Crime and Punishment" to "hard labor". Sonya is capable of self-sacrifice, it is through her that this theme is largely revealed in the work.

"Crime and Punishment" is a novel about faith and love. Sonya understood with her heart in the confession of this hero the most important thing: Rodion is suffering, he is unhappy. The girl did not understand anything in his theory, but she felt that it was unfair. Sonya did not believe that there was a "right to kill." The girl, despite all the misfortunes experienced, kept her faith in God. Therefore, it can be called a criminal only outwardly. She chose a different path than Rodion. This is humility before God, not rebellion. It is he who, according to Dostoevsky, leads to salvation. Sonya, resigned, saves not only herself, but also the main character. It was love for this girl that opened up the opportunity for Rodion to come to terms with people, with life. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the attitude of the convicts towards him changed after a meeting with Sonya.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov is one of the central characters in the work. This is a nobleman who served in the cavalry for two years. After that, he was a sharper in St. Petersburg. Having connected his life with Marfa Petrovna, who bought him out of prison, he lived in the village for seven years. This is a cynic who loves debauchery. A number of serious crimes lies on his conscience. This is the suicide of Philip, the servant, as well as the 14-year-old girl who was insulted by him. Perhaps Svidrigailov also poisoned his own wife. As if the nightmare of the protagonist generated the image of this double of Raskolnikov. He, unlike Rodion, is on the other side of good and evil. At first glance, Svidrigailov has no doubts. That is why he is so worried about the main character, who feels that Arkady Ivanovich has power over him, that he is mysterious. The moral law no longer has power over Svidrigailov. He is free, but it does not bring him joy. Arkady Ivanovich is left with only vulgarity and worldly boredom. Trying to overcome it, he has fun as he can. Ghosts appear to him at night: the servant Philip, Marfa Petrovna ... The indistinguishability of good and evil renders this hero meaningless. Therefore, it is no coincidence that eternity appears to Svidrigailov in the form of a village bathhouse with spiders. His soul is practically dead. The hero, in the end, decides to shoot himself with a gun.

The second "double" of Raskolnikov is Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin. "Crime and Punishment" is a novel in which he is presented as a type of "capitalist" and businessman. He is 45 years old. This is a portly, prim, with a squeamish and cautious physiognomy. He is arrogant and sullen. Luzhin dreams of opening a law office in St. Petersburg. This hero highly values ​​his abilities and his mind. After reading the novel "Crime and Punishment", you will see that he is used to admiring them. However, Luzhin values ​​money most of all. In the name of "economic truth" and "science" he defends progress. Luzhin preaches from other people's words, as he has heard enough of the speeches of Lebezyatnikov, his friend, a progressive. He believes that you should love yourself first of all, since everything is based on personal interest.

Luzhin, struck by the education and beauty of Dunya Raskolnikova, proposes to this girl. His pride is flattered by the thought that she, having experienced many misfortunes, will obey him all her life and revere him. Luzhin, moreover, hopes that Dunya's charm will help his career. This hero lives in St. Petersburg with Lebezyatnikov in order to "seek out" from the youth, thus insuring himself against unexpected demarches on their part. Feeling hatred for Raskolnikov, who kicked him out, Luzhin ("Crime and Punishment") tries to quarrel with his sister and mother. He gives Sonya 10 rubles during the commemoration, after which he slips another 100 into her pocket unnoticed in order to publicly accuse the girl of stealing. However, he is forced to retreat, exposed by Lebezyatnikov.

In the novel "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, the main characters are complex and contradictory characters. Their fate is closely connected with the conditions of life, the environment in which life takes place, and individual characteristics. It is possible to characterize the heroes of Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" only on the basis of their actions, since we do not hear the voice of the author in the work.

Rodion Raskolnikov - the main character of the novel

Rodion Raskolnikov- the central character of the work. The young man has an attractive appearance. “By the way, he was remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark-haired, taller than average, thin and slender.” An outstanding mind, a proud character, sick pride and a beggarly existence are the reasons for the criminal behavior of the hero. Rodion highly appreciates his abilities, considers himself an exceptional person, dreams of a great future, but his financial situation depresses him. He has nothing to pay for his studies at the university, he does not have enough money to pay off his landlady. The young man's clothes attract the attention of passers-by with their shabby and old look. Trying to cope with the circumstances, Rodion Raskolnikov goes to kill the old pawnbroker. Thus, he tries to prove to himself that he belongs to the highest category of people and can step over blood. “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have a right,” he thinks. But one crime leads to another. An innocent poor woman dies. The hero theory of the right of a strong personality leads to a dead end. Only Sonya's love awakens in him faith in God, revives him to life. Raskolnikov's personality consists of opposite qualities. An indifferent cruel killer gives his last pennies for the funeral of an unfamiliar person, intervenes in the fate of a young girl, trying to save her from dishonor.

Minor characters

The images of the characters who play the main role in the narrative become fuller and brighter as a result of the description of their relationships with other people. Family members, friends, acquaintances, episodic persons that appear in the plot help to better understand the idea of ​​the work, to understand the motives of actions.

To make the appearance of the characters in the novel clearer to the reader, the writer uses various techniques. We get acquainted with a detailed description of the characters, delve into the details of the dreary interior of the apartments, consider the dull gray streets of St. Petersburg.

Sofia Marmeladova

Sofia Semyonovna Marmeladova- a young unfortunate creature. "Sonya was short, about eighteen years old, thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes."

She is young, naive and very kind. Drunk father, sick stepmother, hungry stepsisters and brother - this is the environment in which the heroine lives. She is a shy and timid person, unable to stand up for herself. But this fragile creature is ready to sacrifice itself for the sake of loved ones. She sells the body, engaging in prostitution to help the family, goes after the convicted Raskolnikov. Sonya is a kind, selfless and deeply religious person. This gives her strength to cope with all the trials and find well-deserved happiness.

Semyon Marmeladov

Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- no less significant character of the work. He is a former official, father of a family with many children. A weak and weak-willed person solves all his problems with the help of alcohol. A man dismissed from service dooms his wife and children to starvation. They live in a walk-through room in which there is almost no furnishings. Kids do not go to school, do not have a change of clothes. Marmeladov is able to drink away the last money, take the pennies earned from his eldest daughter in order to get drunk and get away from problems. Despite this, the image of the hero evokes pity and compassion, since the circumstances turned out to be stronger than him. He himself suffers from his vice, but cannot cope with it.

Avdotya Raskolnikova

Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova is the sister of the protagonist. A girl from a poor, but honest and decent family. Dunya is smart, well-educated, well-mannered. She is "remarkably pretty", which, unfortunately, attracts the attention of men. Character traits "she looked like a brother." Avdotya Raskolnikova, a proud and independent nature, resolute and purposeful, was ready to marry an unloved person for the sake of her brother's well-being. Self-esteem and hard work will help her to arrange her fate and avoid irreparable mistakes.

Dmitry Vrazumikhin

Dmitry Prokofievich Vrazumikhin- the only friend of Rodion Raskolnikov The poor student, unlike his friend, does not drop out of school. He earns a living by all available means and never ceases to hope for good luck. Poverty does not prevent him from making plans. Razumikhin is a noble man. He disinterestedly tries to help a friend, takes care of his family. Love for Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova inspires a young man, makes him stronger and more determined.

Pyotr Luzhin

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin- a respectable, respectable middle-aged man of pleasant appearance. He is a successful businessman, the happy fiance of Dunya Raskolnikova, a rich and self-confident gentleman. In fact, under the mask of integrity hides a low and vile nature. Taking advantage of the girl's plight, he proposes to her. In his actions, Pyotr Petrovich is guided not by disinterested motives, but by his own benefit. He dreams of a wife who would be slavishly submissive and grateful until the end of her days. For the sake of his own interests, he pretends to be in love, tries to slander Raskolnikov, accuse Sonya Marmeladova of stealing.

Arkady Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov Arkady Ivanovich- one of the most mysterious faces in the novel. The owner of the house where Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova worked. He is cunning and dangerous to others. Svidrigailov is a vicious person. Being married, he tries to seduce Dunya. He is accused of killing his wife, seducing young children. The terrible nature of Svidrigailov is capable, oddly enough, of noble deeds. He helps Sonya Marmeladova justify herself, arranges the fate of orphaned children. Rodion Raskolnikov, having committed a crime, becomes like this hero, as he transgresses the moral law. It is no coincidence that in a conversation with Rodion, he says: "We are one field of berries."

Pulcheria Raskolnikova

Raskolnikova Pulcheria Alexandrovna- mother of Rodion and Dunya. The woman is poor, but honest. The person is kind and sympathetic. A loving mother, ready for any sacrifice and deprivation for the sake of her children.

F. M. Dostoevsky pays very little attention to some of his heroes. But they are necessary in the course of the story. Thus, the investigation process cannot be imagined without the smart, cunning, but noble investigator Porfiry Petrovich. The young doctor Zosimov treats and understands the psychological state of Rodion during his illness. An important witness to the weakness of the protagonist in the police station is the assistant to the quarter warden Ilya Petrovich. Luzhin's friend Andrei Semenovich Lebezyatnikov returns the good name to Sonya and exposes the false groom. The seemingly insignificant events associated with the names of these heroes play an important role in the development of the plot.

The meaning of episodic persons in the work

On the pages of the great work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, we also meet other characters. The list of heroes of the novel is supplemented by episodic characters. Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov's wife, unfortunate orphans, a girl on the boulevard, Alena Ivanovna, the greedy old pawnbroker, ill Lizovet. Their appearance is not accidental. Each, even the most insignificant image, carries its own semantic load and serves to embody the author's intention. Important and necessary are all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment", the list of which can be continued further.

Artwork test

Analysis of the images of the main characters in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

The world of the main characters of the novel "Crime and Punishment" by F. M. Dostoevsky is the world of little people lost in a big city who are trying to find their place in the sun and warm themselves with love. Unusual and such vital, ambiguous and sometimes incomprehensible acts, the main characters of the novel reveal the essence of the work: the meaning of human life is in love and forgiveness.

Rodion Raskolnikov

even physically he cannot cope with the test: for several days after the murder he lies delirious;

upon the fact of the murder, the investigator begins to call him and interrogate him: suspicions torment the student, he loses peace, sleep, appetite;

but the most important ordeal is the conscience, which demands retribution for the bloody crime committed by Raskolnikov.

Sonechka Marmeladova

Various female images are found in Russian literature, but Sonya Marmeladova is the most tragic and at the same time the most sublime heroine:

instead of the contempt that a prostitute should inspire, Sonya is pretty and delightful in her self-sacrifice: after all, she goes to earn with her body for the sake of her family;

instead of a vulgar and rude street selling woman, the reader sees a modest, meek, quiet girl who is ashamed of her own occupation, but cannot change anything;

At first, Raskolnikov hates her, because he feels that he is irresistibly attracted to her: he is attracted so strongly that he is forced to tell her first about his atrocity, but then he realizes that it is Sonechka who is the salvation that the Lord sent him as a consolation.

Arkady Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov is the ideological counterpart of Raskolnikov, on the example of which Dostoevsky shows what Rodion's theory did to a person when everything is allowed to him:

blackmailer.

And at the same time, he is lonely and cannot bear the weight of his own sins: he commits suicide. This is what Sonechka saves her Rodion from.

Life and work of Dostoevsky. Analysis of works. Characteristics of heroes

List of heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": a brief description of the characters (table)

The novel "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky gave world literature a lot of vivid images.

Among the most famous heroes of "Crime and Punishment" is the poor student Raskolnikov, the girl of the "obscene profession" Sonya Marmeladova, the drunken official Marmeladov, the scoundrel Luzhin, and others.

Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov is a former law student. A handsome, intelligent, educated, proud, but poor young man of 23 years old. He came to St. Petersburg to study 3 years ago from the provinces. A few months ago, he dropped out of school due to poverty. Raskolnikov commits the murder of an old pawnbroker in order to test his theory about ordinary and great people.

Alena Ivanovna, 60-year-old old money-lender, widow of a collegiate secretary. An evil, greedy, heartless woman. At home, she keeps something like a "pawnshop". People pawn their things with her in exchange for money. The old woman pays little and takes high interest, taking advantage of the needs of her clients. Raskolnikov is also a client of the old woman.

Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, 50-year-old former official, drunkard. Kind, noble man. He started drinking a few years ago when he first lost his job. Because of his drunkenness, the Marmeladov family fell into poverty.

Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova, or Sonya, daughter of an official Marmeladov. The girl is about 18 years old. A meek, timid, selfless girl. Due to poverty, she is forced to do "obscene work" in order to feed the children of her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna. Sonya becomes a friend of Raskolnikov and his lover.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova, Raskolnikov's mother, is a beautiful, intelligent and kind woman of 43 years old. Lives in poverty with his daughter Dunya. He helps his son Rodion Raskolnikov with all his might. She was left a widow many years ago, madly in love with her son and daughter. After 3 years of separation from his son, he comes to St. Petersburg to marry his daughter Dunya to Luzhin and get rid of poverty.

Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova is the wife of the official Marmeladov and stepmother of Sonya Marmeladova. A woman of about 30 years old, smart, educated, from a good family. Apparently, a noblewoman by birth. She has three children from her first marriage. She married Marmeladov about 4 years ago, not for love, but because of poverty. She suffers heavily from her husband's drunkenness and eternal poverty. Lately she has been ill with consumption.

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin is a man about 45 years old. Wears the rank of court adviser. Luzhin is a business man with money. He is going to open his law office in St. Petersburg. Luzhin wants to marry poor Duna Raskolnikova in order to feel like her master and savior. Luzhin is a greedy, prudent, vile and petty person. In the end, the wedding of Luzhin and Dunya is cancelled.

Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin (real name Vrazumikhin) is a young man, a student, a friend of Raskolnikov, a kind, open and noble person, a businesslike, hardworking man. Razumikhin falls in love with Dunya Raskolnikov and becomes her husband.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov is a landowner corrupted by money and idleness at the age of about 50. Former sharpie. A widower, he was married to the landowner Marfa Petrovna. Svidrigailov is in love with Dunya, but she does not reciprocate. Svidrigailov is a madcap, a tyrant, whose intentions are not always noble and pure. In the last days of his life, he commits "atypical", noble deeds, and then commits suicide.

Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova — well wife of Mr. Svidrigailov. She is 5 years older than her husband. Dies at the age of about 55 under strange circumstances. In her death, many suspect her husband, Svidrigailov. Marfa Petrovna is an emotional, eccentric woman. In her will, she leaves Dunya 3,000 rubles as an inheritance. This money saves poor Dunya from poverty.

Andrei Semenovich Lebezyatnikov is a young man, an official, a friend of Luzhin. Luzhin is his former guardian. Lebezyatnikov serves in the ministry. He allegedly adheres to "progressive views", promotes communism, gender equality, etc., but does so inconsistently and ridiculously.

Lizaveta, or Lizaveta Ivanovna — half-sister of the old pawnbroker on her father's side (they had different mothers). Lizaveta was 35 years old, she lived with her sister. She was clumsy, ugly and, apparently, mentally retarded, but kind, meek, unrequited. She was loved by those around her. Her old sister beat her and used her as a servant. Lizaveta was constantly pregnant - probably because of her dementia, she was "easy prey" for men.

Zosimov is a friend of Razumikhin, a young doctor who is engaged in the "treatment" of Raskolnikov. Zosimov is a stout tall young man of 27, slow, important and languid. He is a surgeon by profession, but at the same time he is interested in "mental illness". People around him consider him a difficult person, but they recognize him as a good doctor.

Alexander Grigoryevich Zametov - Razumikhin's friend, clerk (secretary) in the local office. He is 22 years old. He dresses in fashion, wears rings. According to Zosimov, Zametov takes bribes at work. Zametov and Raskolnikov meet in the office, where the latter comes at the request of the owner of the apartment. Between Raskolnikov and Zametov there is a serious conversation with Zametov about the murder of an old woman in a tavern.

Raskolnikov meets Nikodim Fomich when he comes to the office at the request of the landlady.

Porfiry Petrovich - investigator in the case of the murder of an old pawnbroker and her sister. Porfiry Petrovich is 35 years old. This is a smart, somewhat cunning, but at the same time a noble person. He has his own, "psychological" approach to investigating cases. You can call him a talented investigator. Porfiry puts pressure on Raskolnikov psychologically, having no official evidence against him. On the advice of Porfiry, Raskolnikov turns himself in.

Despite his explosive nature, Ilya Petrovich is a man of principles and considers himself first of all a citizen, and only then an official. Arriving at the office with a confession, Raskolnikov finds Ilya Petrovich there, to whom he confesses to the murder.

9 comments:

Thank you very much, it helped a lot! 🙂

Thanks. 111. 111!11111!!1

girl of the "obscene profession" (at the very beginning of the article) - you have a typo here

Thanks! Everything is clearly written. And then you read it and mess in your head.

When describing Mikolka, the site says "(He is Nikolai").
In chapter 4 of the text of the work, he is called Mikolaj

“And Mitrei said that Mikolaj went on a spree, came home at dawn, drunk, stayed at home for about ten minutes and left again, and Mitrei did not see him later and finished the work alone. And they work on the same stairs with the dead, on the second floor. Hearing all this, we then revealed nothing to anyone. "

Dear friend, these are variants of the name of the same hero: Nikolai. He is called Nikolay, Mikola, Mikolka and Nikolashka in the text. These are all variants of the same name.

www.alldostoevsky.ru

Heroes crime and punishment table

The novel "Crime and Punishment" is a work in which many bright, memorable characters are involved.

The heroes of the novel are a variety of people from different strata of society: nobles, bourgeois, peasants, etc.

This article provides a list of all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": the main and secondary characters of the work.

See:
All materials on "Crime and Punishment"
Brief description of the heroes of "Crime and Punishment" in the table

All the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": a list of characters

• Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov - the main character of the novel, a poor student
• Dunya Raskolnikova - Raskolnikov's sister, a poor but educated girl
• Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova - Raskolnikov's mother, a kind, honest, but poor widow
• Sonya Marmeladova - the main character of the novel, a close friend of Rodion Raskolnikov, a poor girl who earns a living by "obscene craft"
• Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov - the father of Sonya Marmeladova, a retired drunk official
• Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova - stepmother of Sonya Marmeladova, a young woman from a good family
• Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov - a wealthy landowner in love with Dunya Raskolnikov, a depraved man
• Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova - Svidrigailov's wife, a kind but eccentric woman
• The old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna is an old woman who becomes a victim of Raskolnikov
• Lizaveta (Lizaveta Ivanovna) - the younger sister of an old pawnbroker, a weak-minded young woman who also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov
• Luzhin Petr Petrovich - the fiance of Dunya Raskolnikova, a mean and cunning man
• Lebezyatnikov Andrei Semenovich - a friend and ward of Luzhin, a stupid man of new, "progressive" views
• Razumikhin Dmitry Prokofievich (Vrazumikhin) - a friend of Raskolnikov, a kind, open and active young man
• Porfiry Petrovich - investigator investigating the murder of an old woman and her sister
• Zametov - clerk in the local office
• Nikodim Fomich - quarter warden
• Ilya Petrovich - assistant quarter warden
• Zosimov - a novice doctor, a friend of Razumikhin, Raskolnikov's attending physician
• Mikolka (Nikolai) - a dyer who takes the blame for the murder of an old woman
• Amalia Ivanovna Lippevehzel - the owner of the apartment where the Marmeladov family rents a room
• Nastasya is a maid in the house where Raskolnikov rents
• Daria Frantsevna - the mistress of the "obscene institution" where poor girls work
• Zarnitsyna is the mistress of the house where Raskolnikov rents
• Mitka - dyer, Mikolka's partner
• Afanasy Ivanovich Vakhrushin - a friend of the late father of Raskolnikov
• Dushkin - usurer, owner of a tavern

This was a list of all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": the main and secondary characters of the work.

"Crime and Punishment" characterization of heroes

"Crime and Punishment" a brief description of the heroes of Dostoevsky's novel is presented in this article.

"Crime and Punishment" characterization of heroes

Rodion Raskolnikov

A poor but capable St. Petersburg student, Rodion Raskolnikov, is obsessed with an idea that takes its roots in humanism and the universal sense of being: will violations of the law be justified if they are done in the name of humanity? External circumstances (poverty and the sister’s forced decision to marry of convenience) push Rodion to test his own theory in practice: he kills an old pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta, who was pregnant at that time. It is from this moment that the ordeals of poor Raskolnikov begin:

Rodion finds support in family and love - it is these two values ​​that Dostoevsky puts at the forefront: only thanks to his mother, sister Avdotya and Sonechka, with whom Rodion falls in love, he nevertheless comes to the conclusion that for every crime a person must suffer punishment. He himself comes to the investigator and confesses to the murder. After the trial, Sonechka follows him to the Siberian penal servitude. Neither relatives nor friends refuse him - this is the sacrifice and the forgiveness that elevates a person. Sonechka Marmeladova helps Rodion to come to the realization of his own guilt and decide on a voluntary confession.

Sonechka Marmeladova

Sonechka goes hand in hand with Rodion throughout the novel. Her faith, sacrifice, meekness and bright, pure love helps the protagonist understand the meaning of human existence. To understand the terrible mistake that Raskolnikov made, allows another central image of the novel - Svidrigailov.

Arkady Svidrigailov

• Svidrigailov - depraved and vulgar, albeit a nobleman;
• suspected of murder;

The system of main images in the novel is such that the characters complement each other and make their own adjustments to the ideological structure of the novel: if not for one of them, the system would collapse. It is impossible to categorically divide everyone into good and bad: the heart of every person is an arena where good and evil fight daily. Which of them will win is up to the individual to decide. It is this struggle that is shown in the novel with the help of the main characters, helping the reader to correctly understand the thought of the great Dostoevsky.

Alena Ivanovna- a collegiate registrar, a pawnbroker, “... a tiny, dry old woman, about sixty years old, with sharp and angry eyes, with a small pointed nose ... Her blond, slightly graying hair was greasyly oiled. On her thin and long neck, resembling a chicken leg, some kind of flannel rag was wrapped around, and on her shoulders, despite the heat, all the tattered and yellowed fur katsaveyka dangled. Her image should evoke disgust and thus, as it were, partly justify the idea of ​​​​Raskolnikov, who carries mortgages to her and then kills her. The character is a symbol of worthless and even harmful life. However, according to the author, she is also a person, and violence against her, as against any person, even in the name of noble goals, is a crime of the moral law.

Amalia Ivanovna (Amalia Ludwigovna, Amalia Fedorovna)- the landlady of the Marmeladovs, as well as Lebezyatnikov and Luzhin. She is in constant conflict with Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova, who in moments of anger calls her Amalia Ludwigovna, which causes her sharp irritation. Invited to Marmeladov's commemoration, she reconciles with Katerina Ivanovna, but after the scandal provoked by Luzhin, she tells her to move out of the apartment.

Zametov Alexander Grigorievich- clerk in the police office, comrade Razu-mikhina. “About twenty-two, with a swarthy and mobile physiognomy, who seemed older than her ice, dressed in fashion and a veil, with a parting on the back of her head, combed and unwashed, with many rings and rings on her white brushed fingers and gold chains on her waistcoat.” Together with Razumikhin, he comes to Raskolnikov during his illness immediately after the murder of the old woman. He suspects Raskolnikov, although he pretends that he is simply interested in him. Having accidentally met him in a tavern, Raskolnikov teases him by talking about the murder of an old woman, and then suddenly stuns him with the question: “What if I killed the old woman and Lizaveta?” Colliding these two characters, Dostoevsky compares two different modes of existence - the intense search for Raskolnikov and the well-fed philistine vegetative life like Zametov's.

Zosimov- doctor, Razumikhin's friend. He is twenty seven years old. "... A tall and fat man, with a puffy and colorless-pale, smooth-shaven face, with blond straight hair, wearing glasses and with a large gold ring on a finger swollen from fat." Self-confident, knows his own worth. "His manner was slow, as if languid and at the same time learned-but-cheeky." Brought by Razumikhin during Raskolnikov's illness, later he himself is interested in his condition. He suspects Raskolnikov of insanity and sees nothing further than this, absorbed in his idea.

Ilya Petrovich (Gunpowder)- "lieutenant, assistant quarter warden, with a reddish mustache protruding horizontally in both directions and with extremely small features, nothing, however, special, except for some impudence, did not express." Raskolnikov is rude and aggressive with the police, who was called to the police about non-payment of the bill, provoking a protest and provoking a scandal. During his confession, Raskolnikov finds him in a more benevolent mood and therefore does not dare to confess right away, he comes out and only the second time makes a confession, which plunges I.P. into a daze.

Katerina Ivanovna- Marmeladov's wife. From among the "humiliated and offended." Thirty years. A thin, rather tall and slender woman, with beautiful dark blond hair, with consumptive spots on her cheeks. Her gaze is sharp and motionless, her eyes shine as if in a fever, her lips are parched, her breathing is uneven and intermittent. Daughter of a court counselor. She was brought up at the provincial noble institute, graduated from it with a gold medal and a certificate of merit. She married an infantry officer, fled with him from her parents' house. After his death, she was left with three young children in poverty. As Marmeladov characterizes her, "... the lady is hot, proud and adamant." Compensates for the feeling of humiliation with fantasies in which she herself believes. In fact, he forces his stepdaughter Sonechka to go to the panel, and after that, feeling guilty, they will bow before her self-sacrifice and suffering. After the death of Marmeladov, he arranges a commemoration with the last of his money, trying in every possible way to demonstrate that her husband and she herself are quite respectable people. Constantly in conflict with the landlady Amalia Ivanovna. Despair deprives her of reason, she takes the children and leaves the house to beg, forcing them to sing and dance, and soon dies.

Lebezyatnikov Andrey Semenovich- ministerial officer “... A thin and scrofulous little man, small in stature, who served somewhere and strangely blond, with sideburns in the form of cutlets, of which he was very proud. On top of that, his eyes hurt almost constantly. His heart was rather soft, but his speech was very self-confident, and sometimes even extremely arrogant, which, in comparison with his figure, almost always came out funny. The author says about him that he "... was one of that countless and diverse legion of vulgar, dead bastards and petty tyrants who have not studied everything, who instantly stick to the most fashionable walking idea, in order to immediately vulgarize it, in order to instantly caricature everything that they sometimes they serve most sincerely.” Luzhin, trying to join the latest ideological trends, actually chooses L. as his "mentor" and sets out his views. L. is stupid, but kind in character and honest in his own way: when Luzhin puts a hundred rubles in Sonya's pocket to accuse her of theft, L. exposes him. The image is somewhat caricatured.

Lizaveta- the younger, half-sister of the pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna. “... A tall, clumsy, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, thirty-five years old, who was in complete slavery to her sister, worked for her day and night, trembled before her and even suffered beatings from her.” A swarthy kind face. He does laundry and mends clothes. Before the murder, she knew Raskolnikov, washed his shirts. She was also on friendly terms with Sonechka Marmeladova, with whom she even exchanged crosses. Raskolnikov accidentally eavesdrops on her conversation with familiar philistines, from which he learns that the old pawnbroker will be left at home alone at seven o'clock the next day. A little earlier, he accidentally overheard in a tavern a frivolous conversation between a young officer and a student, where it was, in particular, about L. - that although she is ugly, many people like her - “so quiet, meek, unrequited, agreeable, agreeing to everything” and therefore always pregnant. During the murder of the pawnbroker, L. unexpectedly returns home and also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov. It is the Gospel donated by her that Sonya reads to Raskolnikov.

Luzhin Petr Petrovich- type of businessman and "capitalist". He is forty five years old. Prim, portly, with a cautious and obese physiognomy. Sullen and arrogant. Wants to open a law office in St. Petersburg. Having escaped from insignificance, he highly appreciates his mind and abilities, he is used to admiring himself. However, L. values ​​money most of all. He defends progress "in the name of science and economic truth". He preaches from other people's words, which he heard from his friend Lebezyatnikov, from young progressives: “Science says: love, first of all, only yourself, for everything in the world is based on personal interest ... private affairs ... the more solid grounds for him, and the more the common cause is arranged in him.

Struck by the beauty and education of Dunya Raskolnikova, L. proposes to her. His pride is flattered by the thought that a noble girl who has experienced many misfortunes will revere and obey him all her life. In addition, L. hopes that "the charm of a lovely, virtuous and educated woman" will help his career. In St. Petersburg, L. lives with Lebezyatnikov - with the aim of "just in case, running ahead" and "seeking out" from the youth, thereby securing himself against any unexpected demarches on her part. Driven out by Raskolnikov and hating him, he tries to quarrel with his mother and sister, to provoke a scandal: during the wake of Marmeladov, he gives Sonechka ten rubles, and then imperceptibly puts another hundred rubles into her pocket, in order to publicly accuse her of theft a little later. Exposed by Lebezyatnikov, he is forced to shamefully retreat.

Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- titular adviser, sonechka's father. “He was a man already in his fifties, of medium height and solid build, with gray hair and a large bald head, with a yellow, even greenish face swollen from constant drunkenness, and with swollen eyelids, because of which tiny slits shone, but animated reddish eyes. But there was something very strange about him; in his eyes, it was as if even enthusiasm shone - perhaps there was both sense and intelligence - but at the same time, it seemed like madness flickered. He lost his place "by changing states" and from that moment began to drink.

Raskolnikov meets M. in a tavern, where he tells him his life and confesses his sins - that he drinks and drank his wife's things, that his own daughter Sonechka went to the bar because of poverty and his drunkenness. Realizing all his insignificance and deeply repenting, but not having the strength to overcome himself, the hero nevertheless tries to elevate his own weakness to the world drama, ornate and even making theatrical gestures, which are intended to show his not completely lost nobility. “Sorry! why pity me! Marmeladov suddenly yelled, getting up with his hand outstretched forward, in resolute inspiration, as if he had only been waiting for these words ... "Raskolnikov accompanies him home twice: the first time drunk, the second time - crushed by horses. The image is associated with one of the main themes of Dostoevsky's work - poverty and humiliation, in which a person who is gradually losing his dignity dies and clings to him with the last of his strength.

Lesson in 10th grade. The history of the idea of ​​the novel "Crime and Punishment", genre composition

Sections: Literature

Genre. Composition. Image system.

Goals: to understand why the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky still causes controversy, ambiguous assessments; to determine the genre and compositional features of the novel, the main conflict and the system of images.

1. The word of the teacher about the time of writing the novel “Crime and Punishment”.

- By the time the novel was created, F.M. Dostoevsky was already a well-known writer, the author of the novels “Poor People”, “Humiliated and Insulted”, “Notes from the House of the Dead”, the stories “Double”, “White Nights”, “Netochka Nezvanova”, “Uncle's Dream”, “The Village of Stepanchikovo” .
The reader is already familiar with his views on poor people, contemporaries argue about the vitality of his works. But in February 1866, the first part of the novel “Crime and Punishment” appeared in the “Russian Messenger”, and in December the last, sixth part and an epilogue were printed. The novel spoke of real time, reflected this time, the characters of the novel seemed to live with the reader in the same city, perhaps even on the same street, read the same trendy books, talked about the same social problems.

2. Game with the title.

Let's take a look at the title of the novel. How many parts does it have? ( Six)

On the board is the statement of contemporary Russian writers about the composition of the novel, now living in the USA, P. Weill and A. Genis:

“The novel, built on a skillful orchestration of tensions, passes through two climaxes, after which catharsis sets in. The first such point is a crime. The second is punishment. (P. Weil, A. Genis “The Last Judgment”)

- Let's clarify how many parts are allocated for a crime and for punishment? ( The first part is devoted to the description of the crime, and all the rest to the punishment.).

– The novel is built on the antithesis of crime and punishment. Choose synonyms for the word "punishment".

Punishment
Retribution
Pay
Payment

• The question arises: is one punishment enough to return a person to his former way of life? ( Not).
• What is missing? ( Atonement for one's guilt, cleansing, and this takes time, perhaps a lifetime).
• How can you redeem yourself? ( good deeds, deeds, love for people).
• Is it told how Raskolnikov atoned for his guilt on the pages of the novel? ( Not). All this was left behind the scenes. So the novel has an open ending!

3. The main conflict of the novel, the social situation.

What social problem gave rise to the novel? To answer this question, let's turn to the words of the author of your textbook, Yu. Lebedev.

“Dostoevsky saw how the post-reform break, destroying the age-old foundations of society, freed human individuality from spiritual traditions, traditions and authorities, from their historical memory. The personality fell out of the "ecological" system of culture, lost its self-orientation and fell into blind dependence on the "most modern" science, on the "last words of the ideological life of society." This was especially dangerous for young people from the middle and small strata of society. A man of a “random tribe”, a lonely young raznochintsy, thrown into the cycle of social passions, drawn into an ideological struggle, entered into extremely painful relations with the world. Not rooted in the life of the people, deprived of a solid spiritual ground, he turned out to be defenseless against the power of “unfinished” ideas, dubious social theories that were circulating in the “gaseous” society of post-reform Russia.”

- Before what "unfinished" ideas were defenseless young people of that time, in particular Raskolnikov? ( Nihilism. Reasonable selfishness. Napoleonism).

- All these philosophical ideas can be fit in just one phrase: "God is dead - everything is allowed." It belongs to the German philosopher and poet F. Nietzsche, whose ideas inspired many intellectuals in Europe and Russia and with whom Dostoevsky argues in almost all of his novels, including Crime and Punishment.

Memoirs of A. Suslova, September 17, 1863:

When we were having dinner, he, looking at the girl who was taking lessons, said: “Well, imagine such a girl with an old man, and suddenly some Napoleon says: “Exterminate the whole city. It has always been that way.”

From the novel Crime and Punishment.

The “prophet” is right, when he puts a good battery somewhere across the street and blows on the right and guilty, without even deigning to explain himself ...

Porfiry Petrovich's words:

Who in Russia does not consider himself Napoleon?

The era was obsessed with Napoleonomania. Dostoevsky had to face this phenomenon personally. Listen to an excerpt from the book Y.Karyakina “Dostoevsky and modernity”

Dostoevsky's lover in those years, A. Suslova, was carried away by one student, and when he deceived her, she decided to kill him.
– How can you decide human relations by shedding blood?
It turns out that she decided to “turn her revenge into a feat”.
– Does it matter which man pays for the abuse of me? But if we take revenge, so that the whole world becomes aware of the only, unheard of, unprecedented, unique revenge.
She plots to kill ... the king.
– It's very captivating. Huge step. After all, how simple. Just think - one gesture, one movement, and you are in a host of celebrities, geniuses, great people, saviors of mankind ...
– Glory is earned by hard work.
– Or unparalleled courage.
– Have you thought about flour?
– That's what stopped me. Suddenly I thought: they will be executed, but to live up to 80 years somewhere in silence, in the sun, by the southern sea, is very good.

- And yet, why is the novel called “Crime and Punishment”, and not “Raskolnikov”, for example? ( Dostoevsky, apparently, was more interested not in the hero himself, but in what he feels, experiences during the crime and after it.). Therefore, now it is most appropriate to talk about the genre of the novel.

On the board is a list of all kinds of genres. Choose and write down the appropriate ones.

• Philosophical
• Moral-psychological
• Historical
• Polemical
• Fantastic
• Social detective
• Political
• Adventure
• Tragedy novel
• Roman confession
• Satirical
• Biographical
• Family
• Autobiographical
• Ideological

  The novel can be described as philosophical, ideological, moral and psychological, as a tragedy novel, a confession novel.

  - All your definitions are correct, in modern literary criticism there is no single point of view in defining the genre of a novel.

  5. Working with the card.

  - Let's get acquainted with different points of view on the novel of famous people of the past. How did they understand it?

  Get acquainted with the different points of view on the novel of contemporaries. How did Russian society react to the writer and his novel? Write down in your notebook the opinion with which you agree and which you think is correct. Justify your choice.

  You re-read “Crime and Punishment” and you wonder how earlier, reading one thing, you understand something completely different, how you could see in the novel the worn-out “idea” that a crime awakens a conscience in a person and, in the throes of conscience, brings the criminal the highest punishment.(V.Veresaev “Living Life”, 1910)

  Dostoevsky is the most intimate, most inner writer, so when you read him, it’s as if you are not reading someone else, but you are listening to your own soul, only deeper than usual, than always.. (V. Rozanov “Why Dostoevsky is dear to us”, 1911)

  It is impossible to imagine a greater science fiction writer than Dostoevsky, and no one was able to portray the real situation so vividly.(D. Galsworthy, 1911)

  I feel a certain sense of embarrassment when talking about Dostoevsky. In my lectures, I usually look at literature from the only point of view that interests me, that is, as a phenomenon of world art and a manifestation of personal talent. From this point of view, Dostoevsky is not a great writer, but rather mediocre, with flashes of unsurpassed humor, which, alas, alternate with long voids of literary platitudes.(V. Nabokov “Lectures on Russian Literature”)

  - The writer in Russia has always enjoyed great confidence. So A.S. Pushkin elevated him to the role of the Prophet. A century later, E. Yevtushenko will say: “A poet in Russia is more than a poet,” speaking about the place of a writer in society. We do not set ourselves the task of discussing the right to existence of one-day novels. Our goal is to understand the era that gives birth to great writers and great works of literature, to listen to the opinion of contemporaries who live a spiritual, intellectual life, who feel their right to strictly judge or praise great writers.

  6. The system of images of the novel.

  - Based on the information received in the lesson, we will be able to build a system of images of the novel. Choose a scheme on the board, justify your choice. Is it possible to explain the position of the author through a system of images?

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