Hero of the War of 1812. The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin! To love your Motherland means to know it! Heroes of the past

Anisimova Vera

Abstract Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812

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on the theme of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812

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9th grade student

Anisimova Vera.

Introduction

Heroes of the War of 1812

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Family and clan Kutuzov

Russian-Turkish wars

War with Napoleon in 1805

At war with Turkey in 1811

Service start

Awards

Biryukov

Bagration

Pedigree

Military service

Patriotic War

Personal life of Bagration

Davydov

Gerasim Kurin

Nadezhda Durova

Biography

Literary activity

Conclusion

Related apps

Bibliography

Introduction

I chose this topic for research because the Patriotic War of 1812, the just national liberation war of Russia against Napoleonic France that attacked it. It was the result of deep political and economic contradictions between bourgeois France and feudal-feudal Russia.

In this war, the peoples of Russia and its army showed great heroism and courage and dispelled the myth of Napoleon's invincibility, freeing their Fatherland from foreign invaders.

The Patriotic War left a deep mark on the social life of Russia. Under her influence, the ideology of the Decembrists began to take shape. The bright events of the Patriotic War inspired the work of many Russian writers, artists, and composers. The events of the war are captured in numerous monuments and works of art, among which the most famous monuments on the Borodino field (1) Borodino Museum, monuments in Maloyaroslavets and Tarutino, Triumphal Arches in Moscow (3) Leningrad, Kazan Cathedral in Leningrad, "Military Gallery" of the Winter Palace , panorama "Battle of Borodino" in Moscow(2).

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Family and clan Kutuzov

The noble family of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs traces its origins to a certain Gabriel, who settled in the Novgorod lands during the time of Alexander Nevsky (mid-13th century). Among his descendants in the 15th century was Fedor, nicknamed Kutuz, whose nephew was called Vasily, nicknamed Shaft. The sons of the latter began to be called the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs and were in the royal service. The grandfather of M.I. Kutuzov rose only to the rank of captain, his father already to the lieutenant general, and Mikhail Illarionovich deserved the hereditary princely dignity.

Illarion Matveyevich was buried in the village of Terebeni, Opochetsky District, in a special crypt. At present, a church stands on the burial site, in the basement of which in the 20th century. crypt discovered. The expedition of the TV project "Searchers" found out that the body of Illarion Matveyevich was mummified and, thanks to this, was well preserved.

Kutuzov got married in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluk Volost, Loknyansky District, Pskov Region. Today, only ruins remain of this church.

The wife of Mikhail Illarionovich, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754-1824), was the daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov, the son of Catherine's nobleman Bibikov. She married a thirty-year-old colonel Kutuzov in 1778 and gave birth to five daughters in a happy marriage (the only son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy).

Daughters:

Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);

Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1826);

Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in the first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);

Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - I. S. Saraginsky;

Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Two of them (Liza and Katya) had their first husbands killed fighting under the command of Kutuzov. Since the field marshal left no offspring in the male line, the name of Golenishchev-Kutuzov in 1859 was transferred to his grandson, Major General P. M. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.

Kutuzov also related to the Imperial House: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeny Maximilianovich Leuchtenberg.

Service start

The only son of lieutenant general and senator Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife, nee Beklemisheva.

The generally accepted year of birth of Mikhail Kutuzov, which was established in the literature until recent years, was considered to be 1745, indicated on his grave. However, the data contained in a number of formulary lists of 1769, 1785, 1791. and private letters, indicate the possibility of referring this date to 1747. 1747 is indicated as the year of birth of M.I. Kutuzov in his later biographies.

From the age of seven, Mikhail studied at home, in July 1759 he was sent to the Noble Artillery and Engineering School, where his father taught artillery sciences. Already in December of the same year, Kutuzov was given the rank of conductor of the 1st class with swearing in and the appointment of a salary. A capable young man is recruited to train officers.

In February 1761, Mikhail graduated from school and, with the rank of ensign engineer, was left with her to teach mathematics to pupils. Five months later, he became the adjutant wing of the Reval Governor-General of Holstein-Beksky. Quickly managing the office of Holstein-Beksky, he quickly managed to earn the rank of captain in 1762. In the same year he was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, which at that time was commanded by Colonel A.V. Suvorov.

Since 1764, he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant General I. I. Veymarn, commanded small detachments operating against the Polish confederates.

In 1767, he was recruited to work on the "Commission for the drafting of a new Code", an important legal and philosophical document of the 18th century, which consolidated the foundations of an "enlightened monarchy". Apparently, Mikhail Kutuzov was involved as a secretary-translator, since in his certificate it is written "in French and German he speaks and translates quite well, he understands the author in Latin."

In 1770 he was transferred to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev, located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.

Russian-Turkish wars

Of great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader was the combat experience accumulated by him during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 2nd half of the 18th century under the leadership of commanders P. A. Rumyantsev and A. V. Suvorov. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74. Kutuzov, as a combatant and staff officer, took part in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. For distinction in battles he was promoted to Prime Major. In the position of chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps, he was an active assistant to the commander, and for success in the battle of Popesty in December 1771 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1772, an incident occurred that, according to contemporaries, had a great influence on the character of Kutuzov. In a close comradely circle, the 25-year-old Kutuzov, who knows how to imitate everyone in gait, pronunciation and gimmicks, allowed himself to mimic the commander-in-chief Rumyantsev. The field marshal found out about this, and Kutuzov received a transfer to the 2nd Crimean Army under the command of Prince Dolgoruky. As they said, since that time he developed restraint, isolation and caution, he learned to hide his thoughts and feelings, that is, he acquired those qualities that became characteristic of his future military activity.

According to another version, the reason for the transfer of Kutuzov to the 2nd Crimean Army was the words of Catherine II repeated by him about the Most Serene Prince Potemkin, that the prince was brave not with his mind, but with his heart. In a conversation with his father, Kutuzov was perplexed about the reasons for the anger of the Most Serene Prince, to which he received an answer from his father that it was not in vain that a person was given two ears and one mouth so that he listened more and spoke less.

In July 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka) north of Alushta, Kutuzov, who commanded a battalion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which forever stopped seeing. The Empress awarded him the military order of St. George 4th class and sent him abroad for treatment, taking on all the expenses of the trip. Kutuzov used two years of treatment to replenish his military education.

Upon returning to Russia in 1776 again in military service. At first he formed parts of the light cavalry, in 1777 he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Lugansk pike regiment, with whom he was in Azov. He was transferred to the Crimea in 1783 with the rank of brigadier and was appointed commander of the Mariupol Light Horse Regiment. In November 1784 he received the rank of major general after the successful suppression of the uprising in the Crimea. Since 1785 he was the commander of the Bug Chasseur Corps formed by him. Commanding the corps and teaching rangers, he developed new tactical methods of struggle for them and outlined them in a special instruction. He covered the border along the Bug with his corps when the second war with Turkey broke out in 1787.

In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where in August 1788 he was again seriously wounded in the head. This time the bullet pierced the cheek and exited at the base of the skull. Mikhail Illarionovich survived and in 1789 accepted a separate corps, with which Akkerman occupied, fought near Kaushany and during the assault on Bendery.

In December 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault and capture of Ishmael, where he commanded the 6th column, which was marching on the attack. Suvorov described the actions of General Kutuzov in a report:

“Showing a personal example of courage and fearlessness, he overcame all the difficulties he encountered under heavy enemy fire; I jumped over the palisade, forestalled the striving of the Turks, quickly flew up to the ramparts of the fortress, took possession of the bastion and many batteries ... General Kutuzov walked on my left wing; but was my right hand."

According to legend, when Kutuzov sent a messenger to Suvorov with a report about the impossibility of staying on the ramparts, he received a response from Suvorov that a messenger had already been sent to Petersburg with the news to Empress Catherine II about the capture of Ishmael. After the capture of Izmail Kutuzov, he was promoted to lieutenant general, awarded George of the 3rd degree and appointed commandant of the fortress. Having repelled the attempts of the Turks to take possession of Izmail, on June 4 (16), 1791, he defeated the 23,000-strong Turkish army at Babadag with a sudden blow. In the Battle of Machinsky in June 1791, under the command of Prince Repnin, Kutuzov dealt a crushing blow to the right flank of the Turkish troops. For the victory at Machin, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of George 2nd degree.

In 1792, Kutuzov, commanding a corps, took part in the Russian-Polish war, and the following year he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to Turkey, where he resolved a number of important issues in favor of Russia and significantly improved relations with her. While in Constantinople, he visited the Sultan's garden, a visit to which for men was punishable by death. Sultan Selim III chose not to notice the audacity of the ambassador of the powerful Catherine II.

In 1795 he was appointed commander-in-chief of all land forces, flotilla and fortresses in Finland, and at the same time director of the Land Cadet Corps. He did a lot to improve the training of officers: he taught tactics, military history and other disciplines. Catherine II daily invited him to her society, he spent the last evening with her before her death.

Unlike many other favorites of the Empress, Kutuzov managed to hold on under the new Tsar Paul I. In 1798 he was promoted to general of infantry. He successfully completed a diplomatic mission in Prussia: for 2 months in Berlin he managed to attract her to the side of Russia in the fight against France. He was Lithuanian (1799-1801) and upon the accession of Alexander I was appointed military governor of St. Petersburg (1801-02).

In 1802, having fallen into disgrace with Tsar Alexander I, Kutuzov was removed from his post and lived on his estate, continuing to be on active duty as the chief of the Pskov Musketeer Regiment.

War with Napoleon in 1805

In 1804 Russia entered into a coalition to fight against Napoleon, and in 1805 the Russian government sent two armies to Austria; Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of one of them. In August 1805, the 50,000-strong Russian army under his command moved to Austria. The Austrian army, which did not have time to connect with the Russian troops, was defeated by Napoleon in October 1805 near Ulm. Kutuzov's army found itself face to face with the enemy, who had a significant superiority in strength.

Saving the troops, Kutuzov in October 1805 made a retreat march 425 km long from Braunau to Olmutz and, having defeated I. Murat near Amstetten and E. Mortier near Dürenstein, withdrew his troops from the impending threat of encirclement. This march went down in the history of military art as a remarkable example of a strategic maneuver. From Olmutz (now Olomouc), Kutuzov proposed to withdraw the army to the Russian border, so that, after the approach of Russian reinforcements and the Austrian army from Northern Italy, to go on the counteroffensive.

Contrary to the opinion of Kutuzov and at the insistence of the emperors Alexander I and the Austrian Franz I, inspired by a small numerical superiority over the French, the allied armies went on the offensive. On November 20 (December 2), 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place. The battle ended with the complete defeat of the Russians and Austrians. Kutuzov himself was slightly wounded by a bullet in the face, and also lost his son-in-law, Count Tizenhausen. Alexander, realizing his guilt, publicly did not blame Kutuzov and awarded him the Order of St. Vladimir 1st degree in February 1806, but he never forgave him for the defeat, believing that Kutuzov deliberately framed the king. In a letter to his sister dated September 18, 1812, Alexander I expressed his true attitude towards the commander: "according to the recollection of what happened at Austerlitz because of the deceitful nature of Kutuzov."

In September 1806 Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv. In March 1808, Kutuzov was sent as a corps commander to the Moldavian army, however, due to disagreements regarding the further conduct of the war with the commander-in-chief, Field Marshal A. A. Prozorovsky, in June 1809 Kutuzov was appointed Lithuanian military governor.

At war with Turkey in 1811

In 1811, when the war with Turkey came to a standstill, and the foreign policy situation required effective action, Alexander I appointed Kutuzov commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army instead of the deceased Kamensky. In early April 1811, Kutuzov arrived in Bucharest and took command of the army, weakened by the recall of divisions to defend the western border. He found in the entire space of the conquered lands less than thirty thousand troops, with whom he was supposed to defeat one hundred thousand Turks located in the Balkan mountains.

In the Ruschuk battle on June 22, 1811 (15-20 thousand Russian troops against 60 thousand Turks), he inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy, which marked the beginning of the defeat of the Turkish army. Then Kutuzov deliberately withdrew his army to the left bank of the Danube, forcing the enemy to break away from the bases in pursuit. He blocked the part of the Turkish army that had crossed the Danube near Slobodzeya, and in early October he himself sent the corps of General Markov across the Danube in order to attack the Turks who remained on the southern bank. Markov attacked the enemy base, captured it and took the main camp of Grand Vizier Ahmed Agha across the river under fire from the captured Turkish guns. Soon famine and disease began in the encircled camp, Ahmed-aga secretly left the army, leaving Pasha Chaban-oglu in his place. On November 23, 1811, Chaban-oglu handed over to Kutuzov a 35,000-strong army with 56 guns. Even before the surrender, the tsar granted Kutuzov the dignity of a count of the Russian Empire. Turkey was forced to enter into negotiations.

Concentrating his corps to the Russian borders, Napoleon hoped that the alliance with the Sultan, which he concluded in the spring of 1812, would bind the Russian forces in the south. But on May 4 (16), 1812, in Bucharest, Kutuzov made peace, according to which Bessarabia with part of Moldavia passed to Russia (Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812). It was a major military and diplomatic victory that shifted the strategic situation for Russia for the better by the beginning of World War II. Upon the conclusion of peace, Admiral Chichagov headed the Danube army, and Kutuzov, recalled to St. Petersburg, remained out of work for some time.

Patriotic War of 1812

At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected in July the head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. At the initial stage of the Patriotic War, the 1st and 2nd Western Russian armies rolled back under the onslaught of Napoleon's superior forces. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the confidence of Russian society. Even before the Russian troops left Smolensk, Alexander I was forced to appoint General of Infantry Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of all Russian armies and militias. 10 days before the appointment, the tsar granted (July 29) Kutuzov the title of His Grace Prince (bypassing the princely title). The appointment of Kutuzov caused a patriotic upsurge in the army and the people. Kutuzov himself, as in 1805, was not in the mood for a decisive battle against Napoleon. According to one of the testimonies, he put it this way about the methods by which he would act against the French: “We will not defeat Napoleon. We will deceive him." On August 17 (29), Kutuzov received the army from Barclay de Tolly in the village of Tsarevo-Zaimishche, Smolensk province.

The great superiority of the enemy in forces and the lack of reserves forced Kutuzov to retreat inland, following the strategy of his predecessor Barclay de Tolly. Further withdrawal meant the surrender of Moscow without a fight, which was unacceptable both politically and morally. Having received insignificant reinforcements, Kutuzov decided to give Napoleon a pitched battle, the first and only one in the Patriotic War of 1812. The Battle of Borodino, one of the largest battles of the era of the Napoleonic Wars, took place on August 26 (September 7). During the day of the battle, the Russian army inflicted heavy losses on the French troops, but according to preliminary estimates, by the night of the same day, it lost almost half of the personnel of the regular troops. The balance of power obviously did not shift in favor of Kutuzov. Kutuzov decided to withdraw from the Borodino position, and then, after a meeting in Fili (now a Moscow region), he left Moscow. Nevertheless, the Russian army proved to be worthy at Borodino, for which Kutuzov was promoted to field marshal on August 30.

After leaving Moscow, Kutuzov secretly carried out the famous Tarutino flank maneuver, leading the army to the village of Tarutino by the beginning of October. Once to the south and west of Napoleon, Kutuzov blocked his path of movement to the southern regions of the country.

Having failed in his attempts to make peace with Russia, on October 7 (19) Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow. He tried to lead the army to Smolensk by the southern route through Kaluga, where there were food and fodder supplies, but on October 12 (24) in the battle for Maloyaroslavets he was stopped by Kutuzov and retreated along the devastated Smolensk road. The Russian troops launched a counteroffensive, which Kutuzov organized so that Napoleon's army was under flank attacks by regular and partisan detachments, and Kutuzov avoided a frontal battle with large masses of troops.

Thanks to Kutuzov's strategy, the huge Napoleonic army was almost completely destroyed. It should be especially noted that the victory was achieved at the cost of moderate losses in the Russian army. Kutuzov in the pre-Soviet and post-Soviet times was criticized for his unwillingness to act more decisively and offensively, for his preference to have a sure victory at the expense of resounding glory. Prince Kutuzov, according to contemporaries and historians, did not share his plans with anyone, his words to the public often diverged from his orders in the army, so that the true motives for the actions of the illustrious commander allow for various interpretations. But the end result of his activities is undeniable - the defeat of Napoleon in Russia, for which Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class, becoming the first full Knight of St. George in the history of the order.

Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the generals opposing him, while not embarrassed in expressions. It is characteristic that he avoided giving public assessments of Kutuzov's command in the Patriotic War, preferring to lay the blame for the complete destruction of his army on the "harsh Russian winter." Napoleon's attitude towards Kutuzov can be seen in a personal letter written by Napoleon from Moscow on October 3, 1812 with the aim of starting peace negotiations:

“I am sending one of My Adjutant Generals to you to negotiate on many important matters. I want Your Grace to believe what he tells you, especially when he expresses to you the feelings of respect and special attention that I have long had for you. Having nothing else to say with this letter, I pray the Almighty to keep you, Prince Kutuzov, under his sacred and good cover.

In January 1813, Russian troops crossed the border and reached the Oder by the end of February. By April 1813 the troops reached the Elbe. On April 5, the commander-in-chief caught a cold and fell ill in the small Silesian town of Bunzlau (Prussia, now the territory of Poland). Alexander I arrived to say goodbye to a very weakened field marshal. Behind the screens, near the bed on which Kutuzov lay, was the official Krupennikov, who was with him. The last dialogue of Kutuzov, overheard by Krupennikov and transmitted by the chamberlain Tolstoy: “Forgive me, Mikhail Illarionovich!” - "I forgive, sir, but Russia will never forgive you for this." The next day, April 16 (28), 1813, Prince Kutuzov passed away. His body was embalmed and sent to St. Petersburg, where he was buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

They say that the people were dragging a wagon with the remains of a national hero. The tsar retained the full maintenance of her husband for Kutuzov's wife, and in 1814 ordered the Minister of Finance Guryev to issue more than 300 thousand rubles to pay off the debts of the commander's family.

Awards

The last lifetime portrait of M. I. Kutuzov, depicted with the St. George ribbon of the Order of St. George 1st class. Artist R. M. Volkov.

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (1800) with diamonds (12/12/1812);

M. I. Kutuzov became the first of 4 full Knights of St. George in the entire history of the order.

Order of St. George 1st class bol.cr. (12/12/1812, No. 10) - "For the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812",

Order of St. George 2nd class (03/18/1792, No. 28) - “In respect for diligent service, brave and courageous deeds, with which he distinguished himself in the battle of Machin and the defeat by Russian troops under the command of General Prince N.V. Repnin, a large Turkish army”;

Order of St. George 3rd class (03/25/1791, No. 77) - “In respect for the diligent service and excellent courage shown during the capture of the city and fortress of Izmail with the extermination of the Turkish army that was there”;

Order of St. George 4th class. (11/26/1775, No. 222) - “For courage and courage shown during the attack of the Turkish troops, who made a landing on the Crimean coast near Alushta. Being detached to take possession of the enemy retrangement, to which he led his battalion with such fearlessness that the numerous enemy fled, where he received a very dangerous wound ”;

He received:

Golden sword with diamonds and laurels (10/16/1812) - for the battle of Tarutino;

Order of St. Vladimir 1st class (1806) - for battles with the French in 1805, 2nd Art. (1787) - for the successful formation of the corps;

Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1790) - for battles with the Turks;

Holstein Order of St. Anna (1789) - for the battle with the Turks near Ochakovo;

Knight Grand Cross of John of Jerusalem (1799)

Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa 1st class (1805);

Prussian Order of the Red Eagle 1st class;

Prussian Order of the Black Eagle (1813);

Here is what A.S. Pushkin wrote about him

In front of the tomb of the saint

I stand with my head down...

Everything is sleeping around; only lamps

In the darkness of the temple they gild

Pillars of granite masses

And their banners hanging row.

Under them this lord sleeps,

This idol of the northern squads,

The venerable guardian of the sovereign country,

Subduer of all her enemies,

This rest of the glorious flock

Catherine's Eagles.

In your coffin delight lives!

He gives us a Russian voice;

He tells us about that year,

When the voice of the people's faith

I called out to your holy gray hair:

"Go save!" You got up - and saved ...

Listen well and today our faithful voice,

Rise up and save the king and us

O formidable old man! For a moment

Appear at the door of the grave,

Appear, inhale delight and zeal

The shelves you left behind!

Appear and your hand

Show us the leaders in the crowd,

Who is your heir, your chosen one!

But the temple is immersed in silence,

And quiet is your warlike grave

Unperturbed, eternal sleep...

1831

Biryukov

Major-General Sergei Ivanovich Biryukov 1st was born on April 2, 1785. He came from an ancient Russian noble family in the Smolensk region, whose ancestor was Grigory Porfiryevich Biryukov, who was made up by the estate in 1683. The genealogical tree of the Biryukovs dates back to the 15th century. The Biryukov family is recorded in the VI part of the Noble family book of the Smolensk and Kostroma provinces.

Sergei Ivanovich Biryukov was a hereditary military man. His father, Ivan Ivanovich, married to Tatyana Semyonovna Shevskaya, was a captain; grandfather - Ivan Mikhailovich, married to Fedosya Grigorievna Glinskaya, served as a second lieutenant. Sergei Ivanovich entered the service in the Uglitsky Musketeer Regiment at the age of 15 in 1800 as a non-commissioned officer.

With this regiment he was in campaigns and battles in Prussia and Austria in 1805-1807 against the French. Participated in the battles of Preussish-Eylau, Gutshtat, near Helsburg, Friedland with the rank of lieutenant. For his courage and distinction in 1807 he was awarded the Officer's Gold Cross for participating in the battle of Preussish-Eylau, the Order of St. Vladimir IV degree with a bow and the Order of St. Anna 3rd degree.

From the Uglitsky Musketeer Regiment he was transferred to the Odessa Infantry Regiment with the rank of captain, on May 13, 1812 he was promoted to major. The Odessa Infantry Regiment was part of the 27th Infantry Division of Lieutenant General D.P. Neverovsky as part of the 2nd Western Army P.I. Bagration. In 1812 S.I. Biryukov participated in the battles near Krasnoye, Smolensk, on the eve of the Battle of Borodino he defended the Kolotsky Monastery and the advanced fortification of the Russian troops - the Shevardinsky Redoubt. The last Shevardinsky redoubt left the battalion of the Odessa Infantry Regiment. On August 26, 1812, Major Biryukov S.I. participated in the general battle against the French troops at the village of Borodino, fought for the Semenov (Bagrationov) flushes, on which Napoleon's point of attack was directed. The battle lasted from 6 am to 3 pm. The Odessa Infantry Regiment lost 2/3 of its personnel killed and wounded. Here Sergei Ivanovich once again showed heroism, was wounded twice.

Here is the entry in his official list: “In retribution for zealous service and distinction in the battle against the French troops at the village of Borodino on August 26, 1812, where he courageously attacked the enemy, who was strongly striving for the left flank, and overturned him, setting an example of courage to his subordinates, at which he was wounded with bullets: the first in the right side right through and into the right shoulder blade and the second right through into the right hand below the shoulder and sow the last dry veins were killed, which is why he cannot freely use his arm in the elbow and hand.

For this battle, S.I. Biryukov received the high order of St. Anna, 2nd degree. He was also awarded a silver medal and a bronze medal "In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812".

The wounds received by Sergei Ivanovich in the Battle of Borodino forced him to be treated for two years, and on January 2, 1814, at the age of 29, he was dismissed from service "with a uniform and a full salary pension with the rank of lieutenant colonel." Then for many years he works in various departments, but the dream of returning to the army does not leave him. Past life, natural will and determination take over, and he seeks the return of the epaulette of a combat lieutenant colonel to him.

In 1834, by the Highest Order, he received the post of superintendent of the buildings of the Governing Senate in St. Petersburg. On August 7, 1835, Sergei Ivanovich, who received the Order of St. Anna of the 2nd degree for military merit in 1812, but without decorations, this time, in recognition of his diligent service, received the same badge with the imperial crown.

In 1838, he was promoted to colonel, and in 1842, on December 3, he was awarded the Knight of the Order of St. George, 4th class for 25 years of impeccable service in officer ranks. To this day, in the St. George Hall of the Moscow Kremlin, there is a marble plaque on the wall with the name of S.I. Biryukov - Knight of St. George. In 1844, he was granted a diamond ring by His Imperial Majesty, which spoke of the personal respect of Nicholas I.

Time passed, years and wounds made themselves felt. Sergei Ivanovich writes a letter of resignation from the service, to which the Supreme Commander ordered: “Colonel Biryukov be dismissed from service due to illness, with the rank of major general, uniform and full pension of 571 rubles. 80 k. silver per year, February 11, 1845. Sergei Ivanovich served in the army for more than 35 years.

In the Odessa Infantry Regiment, together with Sergei Ivanovich, his brother, Lieutenant Biryukov 4th, served. In the newly recreated Cathedral of Christ the Savior - a monument to the wars of 1812, there is a marble plaque on the 20th wall "The Battle of Maloyaroslavets, the Luzha River and Nemtsov on October 12, 1812", where the name of the lieutenant of the Odessa regiment Biryukov, who was wounded in this battle.

Sergei Ivanovich was a deeply religious person - Sergius of Radonezh was his patron saint. The field icon of Sergius of Radonezh was always with him in all campaigns and battles. Having acquired in 1835 from the princes Vyazemsky with. Ivanovskoye, Kostroma province, he added winter warm aisles to the stone Vvedenskaya church, one of which was dedicated to Sergius of Radonezh.

Died S.I. Biryukov 1st at the age of 69.

Sergei Ivanovich was married to Alexandra Alekseevna (née Rozhnova). Had 10 children. Three of them graduated from the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, served in the army, participated in wars. All rose to the ranks of generals: Ivan Sergeyevich (born 1822) - Major General, Pavel Sergeyevich (born 1825) - Lieutenant General, Nikolai Sergeyevich (born 1826) - General of Infantry (my direct great-grandfather).

Bagration

Pedigree

The clan of Bagration originates from Adarnase Bagration, in 742-780 the eristav (ruler) of the oldest province of Georgia - Tao Klarjeti, now part of Turkey, whose son Ashot Kuropalat (d. 826) became the king of Georgia. Later, the Georgian royal house was divided into three branches, and one of the lines of the senior branch (princes Bagration) was included in the number of Russian-princely families, with the approval of the seventh part of the General Armorial on October 4, 1803 by Emperor Alexander I.

Tsarevich Alexander (Isaac-beg) Iessevich, the illegitimate son of the Kartalian king Jesse, left for Russia in 1759 due to disagreements with the ruling Georgian family and served as a lieutenant colonel in the Caucasian division. He was followed by his son Ivan Bagration (1730-1795). He entered the service in the commandant's team at the Kizlyar fortress. Despite the assertions of many authors, he was never a colonel in the Russian army, did not know the Russian language, and retired with the rank of second major.

Although most authors claim that Pyotr Bagration was born in Kizlyar in 1765, something else follows from archival materials. According to the petitions of Ivan Alexandrovich, the parents of the future General Bagration moved from the Principality of Iveria (Georgia) to Kizlyar only in December 1766 (long before the annexation of Georgia to the Russian Empire). Therefore, Peter was born in July 1765 in Georgia, most likely in the capital, the city of Tiflis. Pyotr Bagration spent his childhood in his parents' house in Kizlyar.

Military service

Pyotr Bagration began his military service on February 21 (March 4), 1782 as a private in the Astrakhan infantry regiment stationed in the vicinity of Kizlyar. He gained his first combat experience in 1783 on a military expedition to the territory of Chechnya. In an unsuccessful sortie by a Russian detachment under the command of Pieri against the rebellious highlanders of Sheikh Mansur in 1785, Colonel Pieri's adjutant, non-commissioned officer Bagration, was captured near the village of Alda, but then ransomed by the tsarist government.

In June 1787 he was awarded the rank of ensign of the Astrakhan regiment, which was transformed into the Caucasian Musketeers.

Bagration served in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment until June 1792, successively going through all the stages of military service from sergeant to captain, to which he was promoted in May 1790. From 1792 he served in the Kiev horse-jaeger and Sofia carabinieri regiments. Peter Ivanovich was not rich, had no patronage, and by the age of 30, when other princes became generals, he had barely risen to the rank of major. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-92 and the Polish campaign of 1793-94. He distinguished himself on December 17, 1788 during the assault on Ochakov.

In 1797 he was commander of the 6th Jaeger Regiment, and the following year he was promoted to colonel.

In February 1799 he received the rank of major general.

In the Italian and Swiss campaigns of A. V. Suvorov in 1799, General Bagration commanded the vanguard of the allied army, he especially distinguished himself in the battles on the rivers Adda and Trebbia, at Novi and Saint Gotthard. This campaign glorified Bagration as an excellent general, a feature of which was complete composure in the most difficult situations.

Active participant in the war against Napoleon in 1805-1807. In the campaign of 1805, when Kutuzov's army made a strategic maneuver from Braunau to Olmutz, Bagration led its rearguard. His troops conducted a series of successful battles, ensuring a systematic retreat of the main forces. They became especially famous in the battle of Shengraben. In the battle of Austerlitz, Bagration commanded the troops of the right wing of the allied army, which steadfastly repelled the onslaught of the French, and then formed the rearguard and covered the retreat of the main forces.

In November 1805 he received the rank of lieutenant general.

In the campaigns of 1806-07, Bagration, commanding the rearguard of the Russian army, distinguished himself in battles near Preussisch-Eylau and near Friedland in Prussia. Napoleon formed an opinion about Bagration as the best general in the Russian army.

In the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-09 he commanded a division, then a corps. He led the Åland expedition of 1809, during which his troops, having overcome the Gulf of Bothnia on the ice, occupied the Åland Islands and reached the coast of Sweden.

In the spring of 1809 he was promoted to general-of-infantry.

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-12 he was the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army (July 1809 - March 1810), led the fighting on the left bank of the Danube. Bagration's troops captured the fortresses of Machin, Girsovo, Kyustendzha, defeated the 12,000-strong corps of selected Turkish troops near Rassavet, and inflicted a major defeat on the enemy near Tataritsa.

From August 1811, Bagration was the commander-in-chief of the Podolsk army, renamed in March 1812 into the 2nd Western army. Anticipating the possibility of Napoleon's invasion of Russia, he put forward a plan that provided for advance preparation to repel aggression.

Patriotic War of 1812

At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, the 2nd Western Army was located near Grodno and was cut off from the main 1st Army by the advancing French corps. Bagration had to retreat with rearguard battles to Bobruisk and Mogilev, where, after the battle near Saltanovka, he crossed the Dnieper and on August 3 connected with the 1st Western Army of Barclay de Tolly near Smolensk. Bagration was a supporter of involving broad sections of the people in the fight against the French, and was one of the initiators of the partisan movement.

Under Borodino, the army of Bagration, constituting the left wing of the battle formation of the Russian troops, repelled all the attacks of Napoleon's army. According to the tradition of that time, decisive battles were always prepared as for a show - people dressed in clean linen, carefully shaved, put on full dress uniforms, orders, white gloves, sultans on shakos, etc. Exactly as depicted in the portrait - with blue St. Andrew's ribbon, with three stars of the orders of Andrei, George and Vladimir and many order crosses - they saw the regiments of Bagration in the battle of Borodino, the last in his glorious military life. A fragment of the core crushed the general's tibia of the left leg. The prince refused the amputation proposed by the doctors. The next day, Bagration mentioned in his report to Tsar Alexander I about the injury:

“I was wounded rather lightly in the left leg by a bullet with crushing of the bone; but I don’t regret it in the least, being always ready to sacrifice the last drop of my blood to defend the fatherland and the august throne ... "

The commander was transferred to the estate of his friend, Prince B. A. Golitsyn (his wife was the fourth cousin of Bagration), in the village of Simy, Vladimir province.

On September 24, 1812, Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration died of gangrene, 17 days after being wounded. According to the preserved inscription on the grave in the village of Sima, he died on September 23. In 1839, on the initiative of the partisan poet D.V. Davydov, the ashes of Prince Bagration were transferred to the Borodino field.

Personal life of Bagration

After the Swiss campaign with Suvorov, Prince Bagration gained popularity in high society. In 1800, Emperor Paul I arranged the wedding of Bagration with an 18-year-old maid of honor, Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. The wedding took place on September 2, 1800 in the church of the Gatchina Palace. Here is what General Lanzheron wrote about this alliance:

“Bagration married the great-niece of Prince. Potemkin ... This rich and brilliant couple did not approach him. Bagration was only a soldier, had the same tone, manners and was terribly ugly. His wife was as white as he was black; she was beautiful as an angel, shone with her mind, the liveliest of the beauties of St. Petersburg, she was not satisfied for long with such a husband ... "

In 1805, the frivolous beauty left for Europe and did not live with her husband. Bagration called the princess to return, but she remained abroad under the pretext of treatment. In Europe, Princess Bagration enjoyed great success, gained fame in court circles in different countries, gave birth to a daughter (it is believed that from the Austrian Chancellor Prince Metternich). After the death of Pyotr Ivanovich, the princess remarried briefly to an Englishman, and after that she regained her surname Bagration. She never returned to Russia. Prince Bagration, nevertheless, loved his wife; shortly before his death, he ordered the artist Volkov two portraits - his own and his wife's.

Bagration had no children.

Davydov

Davydov, Denis Vasilievich - famous partisan, poet, military historian and theorist. Born into an old noble family, in Moscow, July 16, 1784; having received home education, he entered the cavalry guard regiment, but was soon transferred to the army for satirical poems, to the Belarusian hussar regiment (1804), from there he moved to the hussar Life Guards (1806) and participated in campaigns against Napoleon (1807), Swedish (1808 ), Turkish (1809). He achieved wide popularity in 1812 as the head of a partisan detachment organized on his own initiative. At first, the higher authorities reacted to Davydov's idea not without skepticism, but partisan actions turned out to be very useful and brought much harm to the French. Davydov had imitators - Figner, Seslavin and others. On the big Smolensk road, Davydov more than once managed to recapture military supplies and food from the enemy, intercept correspondence, thereby instilling fear in the French and raising the spirit of Russian troops and society. Davydov used his experience for the remarkable book "Experience in the theory of partisan action." In 1814 Davydov was promoted to general; was chief of staff of the 7th and 8th army corps (1818 - 1819); in 1823 he retired, in 1826 he returned to the service, participated in the Persian campaign (1826 - 1827) and in the suppression of the Polish uprising (1831). In 1832 he finally left the service with the rank of lieutenant general and settled in his Simbirsk estate, where he died on April 22, 1839 - The most lasting mark left by Davydov in literature is his lyrics. Pushkin highly appreciated his originality, his peculiar manner in "twisting the verse." A.V. Druzhinin saw in him a writer "truly original, precious for understanding the era that gave birth to him." Davydov himself says about himself in his autobiography: “He never belonged to any literary guild; he was a poet not by rhymes and footsteps, but by feeling; as for his exercise in poems, this exercise, or, rather, the impulses of it consoled him like a bottle of champagne"... "I'm not a poet, but a partisan, a Cossack, I sometimes went to Pinda, but in a swoop, and carefree, somehow, I scattered my independent bivouac in front of the Kastalsky current." This self-assessment agrees with the assessment given to Davydov by Belinsky "He was a poet in his soul, for him life was poetry, and poetry was life, and he poeticized everything he touched ... A violent revelry turns into a daring, but noble prank ; rudeness - into the frankness of a warrior; desperate boldness of a different expression, which is no less than the reader and is surprised to see himself in print, although sometimes hidden under dots, becomes an energetic outburst of powerful feeling. .. Passionate by nature, he sometimes rose to the purest ideality in his poetic visions ... Of particular value should be those poems by Davydov, in which the subject is love, and in which his personality is so chivalrous ... As a poet, Davydov decisively belongs to the most bright luminaries of the second magnitude in the sky of Russian poetry ... As a prose writer, Davydov has every right to stand along with the best prose writers of Russian literature "... Pushkin valued his prose style even higher than his poetic style. Davydov did not shy away from oppositional motives; they are imbued with his satirical fables, epigrams and the famous "Modern Song", with proverbial caustic remarks about the Russian Mirabeau and Lafayettes.

Gerasim Kurin

Gerasim Matveyevich Kurin (1777 - June 2, 1850) - the leader of a peasant partisan detachment that operated during the Patriotic War of 1812 in the Vokhonskaya volost (the area of \u200b\u200bthe current city of Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Region).

Thanks to the historian Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, wide public attention was attracted to Kurin's detachment. He was awarded the George Cross First Class.

In 1962, a street in Moscow was named after Gerasim Kurin.

Monument to the famous partisan of the times of 1812 Gerasim Kurin. It is located behind Vohna, opposite the bell tower of the Resurrection Cathedral. Here, under his leadership, the largest partisan formation in Russia was created. Untrained, almost unarmed peasants were able not only to resist the elite dragoons of Marshal Ney, but also to become winners in this confrontation ... Near the village of Bolshoy Dvor, one of the French detachments collided with local residents. In a short skirmish, which ended in the flight of the confused enemy, the peasants acquired not only captured weapons, but also self-confidence. For seven days peasant partisans waged uninterrupted battles. But there were losses, there were victories. Kurin's detachment, which initially consisted of two hundred people, after 5-6 days totaled almost 5-6 thousand, of which there were almost 500 cavalry and all local. Short - just a week - guerrilla war brought significant damage. The partisans managed to block the way to grain Vladimir and it is not yet known where the military career of Marshal Ney would have ended if he had not missed the Kura partisans who entered Bogorodsk immediately after the departure of the French in just a few hours. This event took place on October 1 (14), on the Intercession of the Virgin.

Gerasim Kurin was a man of personal charm and a quick mind, an outstanding commander of a peasant uprising. And - most importantly - for some reason everyone obeyed him, although he was almost a serf. (Although this is strange, because in the village of Pavlovsky, it seems, there were no serfs).

Nadezhda Durova

Biography

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova (also known as Alexander Andreevich Aleksandrov; September 17, 1783 - March 21 (April 2), 1866) - the first female officer in the Russian army (known as a cavalry girl) and a writer. Nadezhda Durova served as the prototype for Shurochka Azarova, the heroine of Alexander Gladkov's play "A Long Time Ago" and Eldar Ryazanov's film "The Hussar Ballad".

She was born on September 17, 1783 (and not in 1789 or 1790, which her biographers usually indicate, based on her own “Notes”) from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the will of her parents. The Durovs from the first days had to lead a wandering regimental life. The mother, who passionately desired to have a son, hated her daughter, and the upbringing of the latter was almost entirely entrusted to the hussar Astakhov. “The saddle,” says Durova, “was my first cradle; horse, weapons and regimental music - the first children's toys and amusements. In such an environment, the child grew up to the age of 5 and acquired the habits and inclinations of a frisky boy. In 1789, his father entered the city of Sarapul in the Vyatka province as a mayor. Her mother began to accustom her to needlework, housework, but her daughter did not like either one or the other, and she secretly continued to do “military things”. When she grew up, her father gave her a Circassian horse Alkid, riding which soon became her favorite pastime.

She was married at the age of eighteen, and a year later she had a son (this is not mentioned in Durova's Notes). Thus, by the time of her service in the army, she was not a "maid", but a wife and mother. The silence about this is probably due to the desire to stylize oneself under the mythologized image of a warrior maiden (such as Pallas Athena or Joan of Arc).

She became close to the captain of the Cossack detachment stationed in Sarapul; family troubles arose, and she decided to fulfill her long-cherished dream - to enter the military service.

Taking advantage of the departure of the detachment on a campaign in 1806, she changed into a Cossack dress and rode her Alkida after the detachment. Having caught up with him, she called herself Alexander Durov, the son of a landowner, received permission to follow the Cossacks, and in Grodno entered the Horse-Polish Lancers Regiment.

She participated in the battles of Gutshadt, Heilsberg, Friedland, everywhere she showed courage. For rescuing a wounded officer in the midst of a battle, she was awarded the soldier's St. George's Cross and promoted to officer with a transfer to the Mariupol Hussar Regiment.

At the request of her father, to whom Durova wrote about her fate, an investigation was carried out, in connection with which Alexander I wished to see Sokolov. name Alexandrov Alexander Andreevich derived from his own, as well as address him with requests.

Shortly thereafter, Durova went to Sarapul to her father, lived there for more than two years, and at the beginning of 1811 again appeared in the regiment (Lithuanian Lancers).

During World War II, she participated in the battles near Smolensk, the Kolotsky Monastery, at Borodino, where she was shell-shocked in the leg, and left for treatment in Sarapul. Later she was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, served as an orderly at Kutuzov.

In May 1813, she again appeared in the army and took part in the war for the liberation of Germany, distinguished herself during the blockade of the Modlin fortress and the cities of Hamburg and Harburg.

Only in 1816, yielding to the requests of her father, she retired with the rank of captain and pension and lived either in Sarapul or in Yelabuga. She constantly went about in a man's suit, got angry when they addressed her as a woman, and in general she was distinguished by great oddities, among other things - an unusual love for animals.

Literary activity

In Sovremennik, 1836, No. 2), her memoirs were published (later included in her Notes). Pushkin became deeply interested in Durova's personality, wrote laudatory, enthusiastic reviews about her on the pages of his journal and encouraged her to write. In the same year (1836) they appeared in 2 parts of the "Notes" under the title "Cavalry Maiden". An addition to them ("Notes") was published in 1839. They were a great success, prompting Durova to compose stories and novels. Since 1840, she began to publish her works in Sovremennik, Library for Reading, Fatherland Notes, and other journals; then they appeared separately (“Gudishki”, “Tales and Stories”, “Corner”, “Treasure”). In 1840, a collection of works was published in four volumes.

One of the main themes of her works is the emancipation of women, overcoming the difference between the social status of women and men. All of them were read at one time, even evoked laudatory reviews from critics, but they have no literary significance and stop attention only with their simple and expressive language.

Durova spent the rest of her life in a small house in the city of Yelabuga, surrounded only by her many dogs and cats that had been picked up once. Nadezhda Andreevna died on March 21 (April 2), 1866 in Yelabuga, Vyatka province, at the age of 83. At her burial, military honors were given to her.

Conclusion

The events of 1812 have a special place in our history. More than once the Russian people rose to defend their land from the invaders. But never before had the threat of enslavement generated such a rallying of forces, such a spiritual awakening of the nation, as happened during the days of Napoleon's invasion.

The Patriotic War of 1812 is one of the most heroic pages in the history of our Motherland. Therefore, the thunderstorm of 1812 again and again attracts attention.

Yes, there were people in our time,

Not like the current tribe:

Bogatyrs - not you!

They got a bad share:

Not many returned from the field...

Do not be the Lord's will,

They wouldn't give up Moscow!

M.Yu.Lermontov

The heroes of this war will remain in our memory for many centuries, if not for their courage, dedication, who knows what our Fatherland would be. Every person who lived at that time is a hero in his own way. Including women, old people: in general, everyone who fought for the freedom and independence of the Russian Empire.

Bibliography

Babkin V.I. People's militia in the Patriotic War of 1812. M., Sotsekgiz, 1962.
Beskrovny L. G. Partisans in the Patriotic War of 1812 - questions of history, 1972, No. 1,2.
Beskrovny L.G. Reader on Russian military history. M., 1947. S. 344-358.
Borodino. Documents, letters, memoirs. M., Soviet Russia, 1962.
Borodino, 1812. B. S. Abalikhin, L. P. Bogdanov, V. P. Buchneva and others. P. A. Zhilin (responsible editor) - M., Thought, 1987.
IN. Punsky, A.Ya. Yudovskaya "New History" Moscow "Enlightenment" 1994
Heroes of 1812 / comp. V. Levchenko. – M.: Mol. guard, 1987
Children's encyclopedia Moscow "Enlightenment" 1967
E. V. Tarle. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov - Commander and diplomat
Sat. "Journals of the Committee of Ministers (1810-1812)", v.2, St. Petersburg., 1891.
From the journal of military operations about the military council in Fili on September 1, 1812
Kharkevich V. "1812 in diaries, notes and memoirs of contemporaries."
Orlik O. V. "Thunderstorm of the twelfth year ...". - M. Enlightenment, 1987.
"Patriotic War of 1812" VUA materials, vol. 16,., 1911.
"Collection of materials" ed. Dubrovina, vol. 1, 1876.

I've done the work

9th grade student ""A""

Kanafeev Timurlan

City of Elektrogorsk

Introduction

Heroes of the War of 1812

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Family and clan Kutuzov

Russian-Turkish wars

War with Napoleon in 1805

At war with Turkey in 1811

Patriotic War of 1812

Service start

Bagration

Pedigree

Military service

Patriotic War

Personal life of Bagration

Gerasim Kurin

Nadezhda Durova

Biography

Literary activity

Conclusion

Related apps

Bibliography

Introduction

In this war, the peoples of Russia and its army showed great heroism and courage and dispelled the myth of Napoleon's invincibility, freeing their Fatherland from foreign invaders.

The Patriotic War left a deep mark on the public life of Russia. Under its influence, the ideology of the Decembrists began to take shape. The bright events of the Patriotic War inspired the work of many Russian writers, artists, and composers. The events of the war are captured in numerous monuments and works of art, among which the most famous monuments on the Borodino field (1) Borodino Museum, monuments in Maloyaroslavets and Tarutino, Triumphal Arches in Moscow (3) Leningrad, Kazan Cathedral in Leningrad, "Military Gallery" of the Winter Palace , panorama "Battle of Borodino" in Moscow(2).

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Family and clan Kutuzov

Kutuzov got married in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluk Volost, Loknyansky District, Pskov Region. Today, only ruins remain of this church.

Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);

Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1826);

Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in the first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);

Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - I. S. Saraginsky;

Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Kutuzov also related to the Imperial House: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeny Maximilianovich Leuchtenberg.

Service start

The only son of lieutenant general and senator Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife, nee Beklemisheva.

Since 1764, he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant General I. I. Veymarn, commanded small detachments operating against the Polish confederates.

In 1770 he was transferred to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev, located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.

Russian-Turkish wars

In 1802, having fallen into disgrace with Tsar Alexander I, Kutuzov was removed from his post and lived on his estate, continuing to be on active duty as the chief of the Pskov Musketeer Regiment.

War with Napoleon in 1805

At war with Turkey in 1811

Patriotic War of 1812

Awards

The last lifetime portrait of M. I. Kutuzov, depicted with the St. George ribbon of the Order of St. George 1st class. Artist R. M. Volkov.

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (1800) with diamonds (12/12/1812);

M. I. Kutuzov became the first of 4 full Knights of St. George in the entire history of the order.

Order of St. George 1st class bol.cr. (12/12/1812, No. 10) - "For the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812",

He received:

Golden sword with diamonds and laurels (10/16/1812) - for the battle of Tarutino;

Order of St. Vladimir 1st class (1806) - for battles with the French in 1805, 2nd Art. (1787) - for the successful formation of the corps;

Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1790) - for battles with the Turks;

Holstein Order of St. Anna (1789) - for the battle with the Turks near Ochakovo;

Knight Grand Cross of John of Jerusalem (1799)

Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa 1st class (1805);

Prussian Order of the Red Eagle 1st class;

Prussian Order of the Black Eagle (1813);

Here is what A.S. Pushkin wrote about him

In front of the tomb of the saint

I stand with my head down...

Everything is sleeping around; only lamps

In the darkness of the temple they gild

Pillars of granite masses

And their banners hanging row.

Under them this lord sleeps,

This idol of the northern squads,

The venerable guardian of the sovereign country,

Subduer of all her enemies,

This rest of the glorious flock

Catherine's Eagles.

In your coffin delight lives!

He gives us a Russian voice;

He tells us about that year,

When the voice of the people's faith

I called out to your holy gray hair:

"Go save!" You got up - and saved ...

Listen well and today our faithful voice,

Rise up and save the king and us

O formidable old man! For a moment

Appear at the door of the grave,

Appear, inhale delight and zeal

The shelves you left behind!

Appear and your hand

Show us the leaders in the crowd,

Who is your heir, your chosen one!

But the temple is immersed in silence,

And quiet is your warlike grave

Unperturbed, eternal sleep...

Biryukov

For this battle, S.I. Biryukov received the high order of St. Anna, 2nd degree. He was also awarded a silver medal and a bronze medal "In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812".

Died S.I. Biryukov 1st at the age of 69.

Bagration

Pedigree

Military service

In June 1787 he was awarded the rank of ensign of the Astrakhan regiment, which was transformed into the Caucasian Musketeers.

In 1797 he was commander of the 6th Jaeger Regiment, and the following year he was promoted to colonel.

In February 1799 he received the rank of major general.

In November 1805 he received the rank of lieutenant general.

In the spring of 1809 he was promoted to general-of-infantry.

Patriotic War of 1812

The commander was transferred to the estate of his friend, Prince B. A. Golitsyn (his wife was the fourth cousin of Bagration), in the village of Simy, Vladimir province.

Personal life of Bagration

Bagration had no children.

Davydov

Gerasim Kurin

Thanks to the historian Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, wide public attention was attracted to Kurin's detachment. He was awarded the George Cross First Class.

In 1962, a street in Moscow was named after Gerasim Kurin.

Nadezhda Durova

Biography

She became close to the captain of the Cossack detachment stationed in Sarapul; family troubles arose, and she decided to fulfill her long-cherished dream - to enter the military service.

Shortly thereafter, Durova went to Sarapul to her father, lived there for more than two years, and at the beginning of 1811 again appeared in the regiment (Lithuanian Lancers).

Literary activity

Conclusion

The Patriotic War of 1812 is one of the most heroic pages in the history of our Motherland. Therefore, the thunderstorm of 1812 again and again attracts attention.

Yes, there were people in our time,

Not like the current tribe:

Bogatyrs - not you!

They got a bad share:

Not many returned from the field...

Do not be the Lord's will,

They wouldn't give up Moscow!

M.Yu.Lermontov

Bibliography

1. Babkin V. I. People's militia in the Patriotic War of 1812, M., Sotsekgiz, 1962.

2. Beskrovny L. G. Partisans in the Patriotic War of 1812 - questions of history, 1972, No. 1,2.

3. Beskrovny L.G. Reader on Russian military history. M., 1947. S. 344-358.

4. Borodino. Documents, letters, memoirs. M., Soviet Russia, 1962.

5. Borodino, 1812. B. S. Abalikhin, L. P. Bogdanov, V. P. Buchneva and others. P. A. Zhilin (responsible editor) - M., Thought, 1987.

6. V.O. Punsky, A.Ya. Yudovskaya "New History" Moscow "Enlightenment" 1994

7. Heroes of 1812 / comp. V. Levchenko. – M.: Mol. guard, 1987

8. Children's Encyclopedia Moscow "Enlightenment" 1967

9. E. V. Tarle. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov - Commander and diplomat

10. Sat. "Journals of the Committee of Ministers (1810-1812)", v.2, St. Petersburg., 1891.

12. Kharkevich V. "1812 in the diaries, notes and memoirs of contemporaries."

13. Orlik O. V. "Thunderstorm of the twelfth year ...". - M. Enlightenment, 1987.

14. "Patriotic War of 1812" VUA materials, vol. 16,., 1911.

15. "Collection of materials" ed. Dubrovina, vol. 1, 1876.

"What an example of bravery, courage, piety, patience and firmness Russia showed! The army, the nobles, the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the people, in a word, all the state ranks and states, not sparing their property or life, made up a single soul, a soul both courageous and pious, as burning with love for the Fatherland as with love for God ".

For the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, the Rossiya TV channel presents a series of mini-films about the famous and nameless heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, about courageous, selfless people, about those who saved the country from the Napoleonic invasion.

Only the true words of participants in the events of 1812 are heard in the films: fragments of personal letters, diaries, memoirs and military reports. Sergey Shakurov, Konstantin Khabensky and Anton Shagin are involved in the project. On an empty theatrical stage, without scenery and makeup, they reincarnate as heroes of the Patriotic War. The era comes to life before the eyes of the audience: the monologues of the actors are illustrated with animated drawings, in which historical details, style and spirit of the time are carefully recreated.

Scientific consultants of the project - V.M. Bezotosny (historian, writer, employee of the State Historical Museum) and I.E. Ulyanov (writer, expert in historical reconstruction).

Liberation of Polotsk

- Rafail Zotov, ensign of the St. Petersburg militia, 16 years old
- Fedor Glinka, lieutenant, adjutant of General Miloradovich, 26 years old

The second battle near Polotsk. On October 18-20 (6-8), 1812, Russian troops under the command of General Peter Wittgenstein attacked the Bavarian corps of the French army. By the dawn of the third day, they retook Polotsk, which had been occupied by the French a few months earlier. Napoleonic Marshal Saint-Cyr was especially struck by the courage of the soldiers of the St. Petersburg and Novgorod militias, who were in action for the first time.

Battle of Saltanovka

- Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, lieutenant of the St. Petersburg militia, adjutant of Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzova, 22 years old
- Nikolai Raevsky, lieutenant general, commander of the 7th infantry corps, 41 years old

The main task of the Russians in July was to unite the two armies. The French pursued the 2nd Western Army of Bagration, trying with all their might to cut off her path. On July 23 (11), 1812, Bagration ordered the infantry corps of Lieutenant General Raevsky to attack the positions of Marshal Davout near the village of Saltanovka near Mogilev. The enemy was involved in a bloody battle. At this time, the main forces of the army managed to cross the Dnieper, and after 10 days the 1st and 2nd Western armies united.

Merchants in Velikiye Luki

- Rafail Zotov, ensign of the St. Petersburg militia, 16 years old

By the beginning of the autumn of 1812, the city of Velikiye Luki had become a major rear base for Russian troops, covering the approaches to St. Petersburg and Pskov. Through Velikie Luki, the squads of the St. Petersburg and Novgorod militias as part of the corps of General Wittgenstein went towards the enemy. The units of the people's militia formed here heroically proved themselves in the battle for the liberation of Polotsk.

The death of Kutaisov

- Nikolai Lyubenkov, lieutenant of the 33rd light artillery company
- Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, lieutenant of the St. Petersburg militia

Major General Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov (1784-1812), the second son of the famous nobleman Count Kutaisov, began his service at the age of 15 as a colonel of the Life Guards Artillery Regiment. Wanting to be worthy of this title, he deeply studied artillery and in the campaign of 1806-1807 he acted as an experienced military leader. At the age of 23, he received the St. George Cross of the 3rd degree for the battle of Preussisch-Eylau. During the Patriotic War, Kutaisov was appointed chief of artillery of the 1st Western Army. The excellent performance of the Russian artillery at Borodino was his merit. During the battle, the commander-in-chief sent Kutaisov to the left wing to get information about the course of the battle. On the way, Kutaisov and Yermolov ended up at the barrow battery just at the moment when the French captured it. Both generals decided to intervene in the battle, and, standing at the head of the infantry units they met, Kutaisov led them on the attack. In this attack, four days before his 28th birthday, Alexander Kutaisov was killed.

Pavlov's feat

- Sergei Glinka, First Warrior of the Moscow Militia, journalist, 36 years old

According to experts, in the battle of Borodino, the guards artillery operated flawlessly, suffering huge losses: out of 28 officers, 20 people were killed and wounded.

The mother of Lieutenant Vasily Pavlov, having read the news of his death in Russkiy Vestnik, wrote a letter to the publisher: “... I know what I have lost and what I have lost. fates of providence; but as a Russian mother, and in my excessive sorrow I find that consolation that our dear fatherland will not forget my young, invaluable son.

The death of generals

- Sergey Glinka, First Warrior of the Moscow Militia, 36 years old
- Abraham Norov, ensign of the 2nd light company of the Life Guards Artillery Brigade, 16 years old

Nikolai Alekseevich Tuchkov 1st(1765-1812), lieutenant general, commander of the 3rd infantry corps. In the Battle of Borodino, his troops blocked the Old Smolensk road near the village of Utitsy. Leading the counterattack of the Pavlovsky Grenadier Regiment, Tuchkov was wounded by a bullet in the chest. After three weeks of torment, he died in Yaroslavl and was buried in the Tolga Monastery. Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov 4th(1778-1812), major general, commanded the Revel regiment on the Borodino field. He was mortally wounded, they could not take him out of the battlefield. His widow, Margarita Tuchkova, built a church on the site of her husband's death in memory of all the soldiers who fell for Russia. The Tuchkov brothers belonged to an old noble family. Of the five brothers, each devoted his life to military service and rose to the rank of general. Four of them became participants in the War of 1812. Two, Alexander and Nikolai, gave their lives for the Fatherland.

Petr Ivanovich Bagration(1765-1812), infantry general, native of Georgia. A talented military leader, one of the most famous heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. He began his service at the age of 17, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov. In the wars with France in 1805-1807, Bagration successfully commanded the rearguard of the Russian army. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 he was the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army. At the beginning of World War II, Bagration managed to withdraw the 2nd Western Army, which he commanded, to Smolensk to join with the 1st Western Army of M.B. Barclay de Tolly. Despite the constant participation in hostilities, Bagration was never wounded before the Battle of Borodino. During the battle, a fragment of the core crushed the bone of the general's left leg. He refused the amputation proposed by the doctors and died of gangrene 18 days later.

Dmitriy Sergeevich Dokhturov(1759-1816), general of the Russian army. A native of the Tula nobles, he began his service as a lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Participated in the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790 and in the French campaign of 1805-1807. Several times he was wounded and shell-shocked. In World War II, Dokhturov commanded the 6th Infantry Corps of the 1st Army. In the Battle of Borodino, after Bagration was wounded, he took command of the 2nd Army and managed to repel numerous enemy attacks. General Dokhturov took part in all the most important battles of the war against Napoleon. For the battle near Maloyaroslavets, he was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree.

Zotov. First fight

- Rafail Zotov, ensign of the St. Petersburg militia, 16 years old.

On October 20 (8), the militias were the first to break into Polotsk, where the 30,000-strong French army of Marshal Saint-Cyr was strengthened. Under heavy rifle fire, the "bearded Cossacks", as the French called the militias, crossed the bridge over the Polot River and entered into hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. Despite fierce resistance, by morning the city was completely liberated from the French. The actions of the Wittgenstein corps, which included militia squads, contributed to the success of the main forces of the Russian army.

Kutuzov's answer

- Sergey Marin, Colonel of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, 36 years old
- General-Field Marshal Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Commander-in-Chief of all active Russian Armies, 67 years old
- Pavel Grabbe, staff captain of the Guards Artillery, adjutant of General Yermolov, 23 years old

After the capture of Moscow, Napoleon does not stop trying to make peace with Russia. He takes every opportunity to turn to Emperor Alexander, passing him letters with a chance occasion. There is no answer, and Napoleon finally decides to send an envoy to Kutuzov's headquarters in the village of Tarutino. The former Russian envoy to France, Armand de Caulaincourt, refused this mission, considering it useless. Here is an extract from the notes of General Caulaincourt, which shows the state of the French, faced with Russian patriotism, partisans and fires:

"Everyone was amazed, and the emperor as much as the army, although he pretended to laugh at this new type of war. He often joked with us about people who, in his expression, burned their houses in order to not let us spend the night there one night. We experienced so many needs, so many hardships, we were so exhausted, Russia seemed to us such an impregnable country ... "

Caulaincourt's refusal infuriated Napoleon, and he ordered Count Lauriston to go to Tarutino. For its part, meeting with Napoleon's envoy was a dangerous undertaking for Kutuzov: the emperor could be angry with him, the British allies objected violently, the staff officers feared that the negotiations would not be taken as readiness for peace. However, M.I. Kutuzov did not want to avoid the meeting. All the details were provided for: even the cooks in the yard handed out porridge to the soldiers - so that Loriston could see how well things were in the Russian army. Kutuzov himself at the last moment borrowed parade epaulettes from one of the officers, since he did not have time to acquire his own.

French complaints that the war was being waged in an uncivilized way caused Kutuzov to have a fit of irony. Later, explaining himself in a letter to the king, he quoted his words: "I am not able to change the education of my people." Thus, this attempt by Napoleon to reach a truce was in vain. The Russians were determined to drive out the invader and fight to the bitter end.

Inhabitants of Kamenka

- Sergey Marin, Colonel of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, 36 years old.
- Poet Pyotr Vyazemsky, lieutenant of the Cossack regiment of the Moscow militia, 20 years old.

Artillerymen on the Borodino field

- Lieutenant Fyodor Glinka, adjutant of General Miloradovich, 26 years old.
- Abraham Norov, ensign of the 2nd Light Company of the Life Guards Artillery Brigade, 16 years old.
- Ilya Radozhitsky, lieutenant of the 11th field artillery brigade, 24.

The Battle of Borodino on September 7 (August 26), 1812, one of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, was Napoleon's last and unsuccessful attempt to decide the outcome of the Russian-French war in his favor. All attempts by the French army to crush and destroy the enemy were shattered at Borodino by the courage and steadfastness of the Russian soldiers. During the battle, a turning point occurred in the minds of the participants in the war. It was after Borodin that the Russians finally believed in their victory.

* The age and rank of the heroes are indicated at the time of the events.
**All dates are in the new style, in brackets - in the old style. In Russia, a new chronology has been in force since January 1918, therefore, in the documents of the Patriotic War of 1812, the dates differ from the modern chronology by 13 days.

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Abstract on the topic:" Heroes of the War of 1812"

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Introduction

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

2. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

4. Denis Vasilyevich Davydov

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The Patriotic War of 1812 is a memorable, great event in the history of our country. Courage, valor, courage and love for the fatherland were clearly manifested in its course.

In 1811, Napoleon informed his ambassador in Warsaw, Abbé de Pradt, that: "In five years I will be the ruler of the whole world. Only Russia remains, I will crush it ..."

Napoleon's invasion was a great misfortune for Russia. Many cities were turned to dust and ashes.

Kutuzov M.I., who combined the remarkable features of the Russian spirit, did not accidentally find himself in the center of events. Nominated by the people, society, that year he became, in essence, a national leader.

But the expulsion of the French from Russia did not mean that the fight against Napoleon was over. He still kept almost all of Europe under his control and conceived the dominant plans. Russia, in order to ensure its security, continued hostilities and led the movement for the liberation of the European peoples from French rule. The victory in the Patriotic War was of no small importance, laying the foundation for the liberation of the peoples of Central and Western Europe.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian people, together with other peoples of Russia, defended their statehood and independence. It was one of the significant upsurges of patriotic feelings of all segments of the country's population - peasants, soldiers, and townspeople. The fight against Napoleonic aggression caused the growth of national consciousness, gave impetus to the development of Russian culture.

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

Family and clan

Mikhail Kutuzov was born on September 16 (September 5 according to the old style), 1745, in St. Petersburg. The noble family of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs traces its origins to the combatant of Alexander Nevsky, Gabriel Oleksich, who defeated the Swedish commander Birger Jarl in the Battle of the Neva in 1240. The great-great-grandson of Gabriel Fedor Alexandrovich retained the nickname of his father Alexander Proksha "Kutuz" (pillow) and became the ancestor of the Kutuzovs. The grandson of Alexander Proksha ("Kutuz") and the nephew of Fyodor Aleksandrovich Kutuzov, Vasily Ananievich, had the nickname "Top" for his height, and the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs went from him.

Mikhail's mother, Anna Larionovna Bedrinskaya, born in 1728, the daughter of a landowner from Opochetsk, Pskov and guides, a retired captain of the Narva garrison regiment, died when her son was still very young. He was raised by his grandmother and later by his father.

Kutuzov's father, Illarion Matveyevich (1717-1784), military engineer, lieutenant general and senator. Illarion Matveyevich Kutuzov began military service under Peter the Great and served for at least thirty years in the engineering troops. For his mind and abilities he was called "a reasonable book." Under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, he drew up a project for the construction of the Ekaterininsky Canal (Griboedov Canal) to eliminate the deadly consequences of the floods of the Neva River. The construction of this canal was carried out under the Empress Catherine the Great, and I.M. Kutuzov was presented with a golden snuffbox, strewn with diamonds. He was personally known to Catherine already at the beginning of her reign.

February 3, 1765 received the Order of St. Anna 1st degree. Then he participated in the Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the command of Count Rumyantsev, and was considered "very knowledgeable, not only in military affairs, but also in civil affairs." kutuzov war french

At the beginning of 1744, Larion Matveyevich was sent to Stockholm.

This time, the baron was to take the post of Russian resident minister at the Swedish royal court, that is, to become an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. The new ambassador and his adjutant went to Stockholm not by ship, but by a detour via Koenigsberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Copenhagen. The journey took almost a year, and during this time Larion Matveyevich learned and saw a lot. During his stay in Stockholm, Larion Matveevich received a letter in which his wife, Anna Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, announced that they had a son named Mikhail. Returning home, Larion Matveyevich was greeted by joyful household members and, seeing his first-born, Mishenka, for the first time, took in his arms

Personal lifeM.I.Kutuzov

Kutuzov got married in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluk Volost, Loknyansky District, Pskov Region.

The wife of Mikhail Illarionovich, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754-1824), daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov and sister of A.I. Bibikov, a major statesman and military figure (marshal of the Legislative Commission, commander in chief in the fight against the Polish confederates and in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, friend of A. Suvorov).

April 27, 1778 Kutuzov married Ekaterina Ilinichnaya Bibikova. They had six children in a happy marriage. The son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy, and was buried in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd) on the territory of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);

Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1827);

Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in the first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);

Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - Ilya Stepanovich Sarochinsky (1788/89-1854);

Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Elizabeth's first husband died fighting under the leadership of Kutuzov, Catherine's first husband also died in battle. Since the field marshal had no offspring in the male line, the name Golenishchev-Kutuzov in 1859 was transferred to his grandson, Major General P.M. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.

Kutuzov also related to the imperial house: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeny Maximilianovich Leuchtenberg.

Kutuzov's father showed a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son.

From childhood, Kutuzov was a capable boy, combining curiosity, resourcefulness and playfulness with thoughtfulness and a kind heart. Already at such a young age of twelve, he entered the artillery and engineering school. There he attended lectures by M.V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time. He graduated from school in 1759 among the best, was left at the school as a teacher.

Military service

Two years after graduation, on January 1, 1761, he received the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his personal request, was sent as a company commander to the Astrakhan infantry regiment A.V. Suvorov. A year later, under the patronage of Empress Catherine, who knew I.M. Kutuzov, Peter III appointed Mikhail an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Reval, Prince Holstein-Bergsky. In August 1762 M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to captain. In 1764, when visiting Reval, the Empress invited him to distinguish himself on the field of honor in Poland, where the future commander received a baptism of fire in battles against Prince Radziwill. Then he again served in Reval, participated in the drafting of a new legislative code, working in the justice subcommittee, and fought with the Polish confederates. Since 1770, Kutuzov has been fighting the Turks as part of the army of P.A. Rumyantsev. In 1772, the commander found out that Mikhail was mimicking him at officer feasts, got angry and transferred the merry fellow to the Crimean army of V.M. Dolgorukov. After this incident, the young officer became secretive and distrustful.

In July 1774, after the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kaiyardzhy peace, Devlet Giray landed with Turkish troops in Alushta, but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into the Crimea. On July 23, 1774, in the battle near the village of Shumas, north of Alushta, a three thousandth Russian detachment defeated the main forces of the Turkish landing force. On July 24, during the pursuit of the Turks, Kutuzov, who commanded the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which "squinted", but his vision was preserved. After being cured, he again serves in the Crimea under the command of L.V. Suvorov, at the request of which on June 28, 1777 he was promoted to colonel. For participation in the suppression of the uprisings of the Crimean Tatars in 1782, he was appointed brigadier, and in 1784 major general. Since 1787, the general has been participating in the second Russian-Turkish war as part of the Yekaterinoslav army of Prince G.A. Potemkin. In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where on August 18, 1788 he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet went almost through the old channel. In 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail, personally led by him the 6th column attacking the walls three times, finally broke into the fortress and defeated the garrison. Then he was appointed commandant of the captured fortress. In 1792, Kutuzov again fought with the Poles, and the following year, for his devoted service, he received an estate in the Volyn province with 2,667 souls of peasants and the post of governor-general of Kazan and Vyatka.

Catherine II highly appreciated the diplomatic abilities of the general, appointing him Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Constantinople. The newly minted diplomat successfully coped with his difficult duties, strengthening Russia's influence in Turkey and actively counteracting the intrigues of the emissaries of the French revolutionary government at the Sultan's court. Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1794, he became close to the favorite of the Empress, Count P.A. Zubov, and in early 1795 he was appointed commander of the troops and fleet on the Swedish border. Kutuzov became an experienced courtier, he was favored by both Catherine II and Paul I.

Kutuzov in 1797 was again sent to fight French diplomacy, but now as an extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) at the Prussian court. In December, he was appointed inspector of troops in Finland and chief of the Ryazan Musketeer Regiment, which from April 2, 1798 became known as the Musketeer General of Infantry Golenishchev-Kutuzov Regiment (this title was awarded to Kutuzov on January 4 of the same year). In 1799, he was appointed commander of the Russian troops in Holland, but due to the break in Russia's alliance with Austria and England, he returned to St. governor. On September 8, 1800, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, the highest award of the Russian Empire. At the end of the reign of Paul I, Kutuzov temporarily acted as governor of St. Petersburg, replacing the absent Count Palen.

Alexander I approved him in this position on June 17, 1801, but fired him a year later. Then Kutuzov lived in his estate Goroshki, Volyn province, doing housework. The commander began to be needed by the emperor, who was aggressive towards him, only in March 1805 during the war with France. Thanks to his command, it was still possible to save the Russian army, which found itself alone in the face of exceeding enemy forces after the defeat of the Austrians near Ulm, but after the union of the allied forces, he was actually removed from the leadership by Alexander I and therefore did not consider himself guilty for the defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops at Austerlitz.

In October 1806 Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kiev, and in 1807. went to war with Turkey as assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Danube army. Due to the intrigues of his boss, Field Marshal A.A. Prozorovsky, Kutuzov was obliged in 1809 to take up the post of Lithuanian military governor again. But it was difficult to do without a competent commander and diplomat, and in 1811 Kutuzov became commander-in-chief of the Danube army. In June, he finally defeated the Turks under the fortress of Ruschuk, repeating his success in early October and surrounding the Turkish army.

On October 29, he was granted the title of count. Kutuzov consolidated his military successes with the help of diplomacy, concluding on May 28, 1812, a much-needed peace treaty for Russia on the eve of the war with Napoleon.

Patriotic War of 1812

The Patriotic War of 1812 met Kutuzov in St. Petersburg idle. When, while the Russian armies in the west were led by Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and then Moscow militias. Only after the surrender of Smolensk to the French, Alexander I was forced to meet the demands of the public and the troops and appoint Mikhail Illarionovich commander-in-chief of the two armies, which by this time had united.

Enthusiastically greeted by the population along the way, Kutuzov arrived at the troops on August 17. Disagreeing with the proposal to immediately give the French a general battle, he led the army back for several more days and on the 22nd stopped at the village of Borodino, where preparations for the battle began. In the morning at dawn on August 26, the Russian army met with the army of Napoleon. Having lined up his troops in a deep battle formation, Kutuzov, with a sharp maneuver of forces and means, stopped all Napoleon's attempts to achieve a decisive advantage, he himself successfully counterattacked. At the cost of huge losses, the French managed to push the Russians on the left flank and in the center, but, recognizing the futility of further actions. By evening, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions. The Russian army lost 44 thousand people in this battle, the French lost about 40. Kutuzov not only destroyed Napoleon's dream of winning the war in one battle, but also retained an impeccable combat-ready, morally strong army.

Implementing a strategically advantageous plan of warfare, Kutuzov gave Moscow to the enemy on September 2, but already at that time the replenishment of the Russian army with reserves began, and partisan struggle unfolded behind enemy lines. Covertly maneuvering towards the village of Tarutino, Kutuzov blocked the French way to the south, where they could provide themselves with food and fodder. Realizing that a critical situation had befallen them, Napoleon sent an adjutant to Kutuzov with a proposal for peace negotiations, but he replied that the war was just beginning.

Leaving Moscow on October 7, Napoleon was on his way to Maloyaroslavets, where Kutuzov blocked his path and, after a bloody battle, ordered the French to retreat along the Smolensk road they had devastated. Having launched a counteroffensive, the Russian army launched strikes against the retreating French troops near Vyazma, Lyakhovo, and Krasnoye. Kutuzov's careful attitude towards his soldiers is characteristic: seeing the gradual depletion of the French army, he said: "Now I won't give even ten Frenchmen for one Russian." The famine and the ensuing Russian cold increased the morale of the French army, and after the Berezina, its retreat turned into a flight. Napoleon lost in Russia more than 500 thousand people killed, wounded prisoners, almost all artillery and cavalry.

On December 21, Kutuzov, in an order for the army, congratulated the troops on the expulsion of the enemy from Russia. For the skillful command of the Russian army in 1812, he was granted the rank of Field Marshal and the title of Prince of Smolensk. He was also awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class, becoming the first full cavalier of the Russian Military Order.

Kutuzov met the decision of Alexander 1 to move the army further west without much enthusiasm: he was haunted by future human losses and the possible strengthening of France's European rivals. With the arrival of the king to the troops, he slowly withdrew from the main affairs in command, his health was weakening, and on April 16 in the city of Bunzlau (Poland), he died at the age of 67 years.

2 . Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay -de- Tolly

Family and clan

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was born on December 13, 1761, on the estate of Pamushis, Livonia province.

Johann Stefan, moved to Livonia in 1664 and settled in Riga. It was he who became the founder of the Russian line Barilaev. Johann Stefan Barclay de Tolly married Anna Sophia von Derenthal, the daughter of a Riga lawyer, who bore him three sons. Johann Stefan turned out to be not only the founder of the Russian line of his surname, but also the first of his kind, Barilaev, a Russian subject, since, together with all members of the Riga magistrate, he took an oath of allegiance to his new homeland - Russia. Johann Stephan's two sons became officers in the Swedish army. The eldest, Wilhelm, followed his father and in 1730 was elected a member of the Riga city magistrate. One of Wilhelm's sons, Weingold-Gothard, was born in Riga in 1726. He served in the Russian imperial army and retired as a lieutenant. The poor officer, who received only the rank of the eleventh class for military service, had neither peasants nor land and was forced to become a small tenant. In 1760 he began to live in Lithuania, on a small deaf manor Pamušys. Here, on December 13, 1761, his third son was born, who was named Michael. Thus, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was a fourth-generation Russian citizen and the son of an officer in the Russian army.

Since the boy's father's name was Weingold Gotthard and his middle name in Russian meant "given by God", in the future Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was called Mikhail Bogdanovich.

Education and the beginning of military service

At a very early age, at the age of three, Barclay was sent to St. Petersburg to live with his uncle, Russian army brigadier von Vermeulen, who gave him his first primary general and military education. At the age of 14, Barclay was appointed to serve in the Pskov Carabinieri Regiment and after 2 years of hard study and excellent service became an officer. Since 1788, Barclay de Tolly fought in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, heroically showed himself in the army of G. Potemkin during the assault and capture of Ochakov. In 1790 he went to Finland, where he fought against the Swedes as part of the Russian army. When the Russo-Swedish war ended, he led a battalion of a grenadier regiment in St. Petersburg.

During the Russian-Prussian-French war of 1806-1807, acting as part of L. Bennigsen's corps, Barclay de Tolly distinguished himself in the battle of Pultusk, where he commanded an advanced detachment of five regiments. Barclay confirms his military talent during the ice campaign across the Gulf of Bothnia to the Swedish company in 1809, for which he was promoted to lieutenant general and was soon appointed commander in chief of the Finnish army and the Finnish governor general.

In January 1810 M.B. Barclay de Tolly assumed the post of Minister of War, energetically taking up the reform of the army and preparing for war with France.

Patriotic War of 1812

With the outbreak of the Patriotic War on March 19, 1812, Barclay led the 1st Western Army. He was an opponent of the operational plan of the Prussian General K. Fuhl, according to which the forces that were considered the main ones were divided into two parts, and the battle was expected to be held in a military camp near the city of Drissa. After the retreat and connection with the 2nd Western Army, P.I. Bagration Barclay skillfully led the actions of the Russian troops in the bloody battle near Smolensk. Despite the objections of Bagration and other generals, he gave the order to retreat, thereby setting the military and the broad masses of the civilian population against him. What they forgave Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly was not forgiven. With the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, the commander of the 1st Western Army also fell under his command. Mikhail Illarionovich ordered to leave the position at Tsarev-Zaimishche. Before getting permission to leave the active army, citing a serious state of health, at a meeting in Fili, he spoke in favor of leaving Moscow without a fight.

After treatment in Kaluga, on February 4, 1813, he took command of the 3rd Army. The general took the fortress of Thorn, and then distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen. On May 19, he was appointed commander in chief of the combined Russian-Prussian army.

On August 18, 1813, the troops under his command defeated the enemy at Kulm, and in the Battle of Leipzig, commanding the center of the allied forces, he again managed to achieve victory with his skillful skill, for which he was elevated to the dignity of a count. For the capture of Paris in 1814 M.B. Barclay de Tolly was promoted to field marshal general. The vicissitudes of fate undermined the health of the field marshal. In the spring of 1818, Barclay went to Germany for treatment on the waters. His path lay through East Prussia. Here Barclay fell seriously ill and died on May 13, 1818. It happened not far from the city of Insterburg, on the poor Shtilitzen manor.

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

Family and clan

Bagration Petr Ivanovich was born in 1765 in the city of Kizlyar (Tver region) in the family of a retired colonel from an old family of Georgian princes.

Personal life

One of the main events of Bagration was connected with Gatchina.

Here in early September 1800 he married.

Bagration, during balls and masquerades, in a whirlwind of secular entertainment, was noticed by a young St. Petersburg beauty, Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. At eighteen, she shone with beauty at balls and was surrounded by a large mass of admirers. The beauty's attention to the famous General Bagration, shown in the summer of 1800, was not caused by serious feelings. Bagration was at that time thirty-five years old, he was not handsome, but he could attract attention. The military glory he won in tough battles created a romantic halo for him. Peter Ivanovich successfully distinguished himself from the courtiers: he was straightforward, honest, easy to handle and shy in women's society.

Education and the beginning of military service

Bagration P.I. received knowledge in the Kizlyar school of chief and non-commissioned officers' children.

He served in the military from 1782 to 1792. in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment, and then in the Kiev Horse Chasseurs and Sofia Carabinier Regiments in the ranks from sergeant to lieutenant colonel. From 1783-1786 took part in hostilities against the mountaineers in the North Caucasus, and in 1788 on December 6 (17) he distinguished himself in the capture of Ochakov. In 1798 - colonel, commander of the 6th Jaeger regiment, in 1799 - major general. In the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov in 1799, Bagration commanded the vanguard.

Under the leadership of Bagration, the troops played no small role in the battles on the rivers Adda on April 16 (27), Trebbia on June 6-8 (17-19) and at Novi on August 4 (15), successfully and bravely fought at Saint Gotthard on 13-14 ( September 24-25, Chortova, Mosta.

During the war of the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805 he served in the army of M.I. Kutuzov, sent to help the Austrians. On November 4 (16), 1805, having at his disposal a small number of soldiers of only seven thousand, he covered the retreat of the Russian army to Moravia at Shengraben, repelled the attacks of Murat's fifty thousandth corps. In the battle of Austerlitz on November 20 (December 2), 1805, he led the right wing, which steadfastly repulsed the onslaught of the French; tried to capture the Pracen height, but was repulsed by Murat and Lann. After the battle, M.I. successfully covered the retreat of the main forces. Kutuzov.

He played an important role in the war of the Fourth Coalition with Napoleon. On January 26 (February 7), 1807, during the withdrawal of the Russian army, L.L. Bennigsen to Preussisch-Eylau thwarted the French task of cutting off the lines of communication with Russia. In the battles of Preussisch-Eylau on January 27 (February 8), Heilsberg on May 29 (June 10) and Friedland on June 2 (14), 1807, he proved himself brilliantly.

Bagration - a participant in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. He led the Aland expedition in 1809. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. from July 1809 to March 1810 he commanded the Moldavian army, from August 1811 he led the Podolsk army.

Patriotic War of 1812

During the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, in the conditions of the general retreat of the Russian troops, he made every effort to unite with the First Army M.B. Barclay de Tolly. From March 1812 he commanded the 2nd Western Army. In the first period of the war, with a skillful maneuver from Volkovysk to Smolensk, he led his army out of the blow of the prevailing enemy forces to join with the 1st Western Army, inflicting heavy losses on the French troops in the rearguard battles at Mir, Romanov and Saltanovka. In the Battle of Borodino in 1812, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army, which fell on the main blow of the French, and courageously defended the Semyonov flushes. September 12 (24) Bagration P.I. was badly wounded. He died in the village of Simy, Vladimir province, on the estate of his friend Prince B.A. Golitsyn, where he was buried.

4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov

Family and clan

Davydov Denis Vasilievich was born on July 16 (27), 1784 in the family of brigadier Vasily Denisovich Davydov (1747-1808), who served under the command of A.V. Suvorov, in Moscow. A descendant from an ancient noble family, leading its history from the first Kazan king Ulu-Magomed and Tsarevich Minchak Kasaevich, who swore allegiance to Ivan III, inherited from his ancestors a passion for horses, a love for dashing cavalry battles, sudden attacks and lengthy raids on horseback. your own risk. Denis's mother was the daughter of General-General Shcherbinin Evdokim Alekseevich.

Study and military activities

Little Denis was introduced to military affairs from an early age. Despite his small stature, on September 28, 1801, D.V. Davydov still managed to enter the Estandart Junker in the Guards Cavalier Guard Regiment. On September 9, 1802, he was promoted to cornet, and on November 2, 1803, to lieutenant. As part of the Guards Hussar Regiment, he participated in the campaign of 1807, where he received a baptism of fire and was almost captured by the French. Davydov was appointed adjutant to the commander of the vanguard P.I. Bagration. During the Swedish war of 1808-1809. he was with the detachment of his friend Ya.P. Kulnev, and then participated in the ice campaign to the Aland Islands. In the Turkish campaigns of 1809-1810. Denis Vasilyevich again accompanies Kulnev, participating in the siege of the fortresses of Silistria, Shumla and Ruschuk. On April 8, 1812, Davydov was promoted to lieutenant colonel and sent to the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment. Soon begins the most striking episode of his military biography, the campaign of 1812.

Patriotic War of 1812

On August 21, 1812, in view of the village of Borodino, where he grew up, they were already hastily dismantling the parental house. Five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of his own partisan detachment. Bagration's order to create a partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino. On the first night, Davydov's detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants.

Because the peasants were poorly versed in military uniforms, which were similar among the Russians and the French. In one of the sorties, Davydov with hussars and Cossacks captured 370 Frenchmen, while repulsing 200 Russian prisoners. His squad grew rapidly. The rapid successes of D.V. Davydov convinced Kutuzov of the expediency of guerrilla warfare, and he was not slow to give it a wider development and constantly sent reinforcements. Member of foreign campaigns 1813-14, commanded a cavalry regiment and brigade. He was close to the future Decembrists M.F. Orlov, F.N. Glinka, A.A. Bestuzhev and others. After the war, the restless nature makes him often change jobs, and on November 14, 1823, he resigns.

Denis Vasilyevich Davydov died on April 22, 1839 in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province. He was 55 years old. The cause of such an early death is a stroke.

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

She was born on September 17, 1783 in Kyiv from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the wishes of her parents.

The Durovs were supposed to lead a nomadic regimental life. The mother, who wanted to have a son, disliked her daughter, and all her upbringing was entrusted to the hussar Astakhov. In such an atmosphere, the child grew up to 5 years old and adopted the habits of a nimble boy.

In 1789 A.V. Durov leaves military service and receives a post of chief in the city of Sarapul. October 25, 1801 he marries his daughter to the head of the Sarapulsky lower Omsk court, V.S. Chernov. In 1803, Nadezhda gave birth to a son, Ivan, but soon left the family.

On September 17, 1806, having changed into a man's dress, Nadezhda joined the Cossack regiment. On March 9, 1807, in Grodno, under the name of the nobleman Alexander Vasilievich Sokolov, Nadezhda Durova enlisted as a private in the Horse-Polish Lancers Regiment, reducing her age by 6 years and without mentioning marriage and the birth of a child. She bravely fought on the battlefields of Gugstadt, Heilsberg, Friedland.

Soon the parents managed to find the missing daughter. With a special courier, she was sent to St. Petersburg, where on December 31, 1807 she received the highest meeting with Alexander I. The emperor personally presented the order, gave the go-ahead to remain in the army and ordered, under the name of Alexander Andreevich Alexandrov, to transfer her to the aristocratic Mariupol hussar regiment. Only in the capital, having received a letter from Grodno, Durova learned about the death of her mother. Three years later, she transferred to the Lithuanian Lancers, either because of a romantic story about a colonel's daughter who fell in love with her, or for an everyday reason: the dear life of hussar officers. In the Battle of Borodino, Lieutenant Alexandrov received a concussion in the leg. After leaving Moscow, Nadezhda Andreevna is already serving as an adjutant to M.I. Kutuzov. The consequences of the shell shock soon showed, and until May 1813 she was on vacation in Sarapul. In the battles for the liberation of Germany, Durova distinguished herself during the sieges of Hamburg and the fortress of Modlin. At her father's request, in 1816 she retired with the rank of staff captain and settled in Sarapul. On March 21, 1866, she died, having bequeathed to call herself Alexandrov at the funeral, which, of course, was not.

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

The legendary hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Ya.P. Kulnev was born on the night of July 24 to 25 (August 5), 1763, in the small Belarusian village of Sivoshino, located on the road to Polotsk Lyutsin (now the Latvian city of Ludza), where the family of officer Pyotr Vasilyevich Kulnev went on official business.

Poor nobleman P.V. Kulnev began his service as a corporal in 1746, took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, during the Polish campaign of 1769 he was seriously wounded and retired, and after 1775 until his death in 1795 he served as a mayor in Lucin . He married a German, during the Seven Years' War, a Catholic, Louise Grebippitz. They had seven children.

In 1770, Yakov and his younger brother Ivan entered the land gentry corps. In 1785 they were released with the rank of lieutenants and were accepted into the Chernigov Infantry Regiment, from where Ya.P. Kulnev in the same year transferred to the Petersburg Dragoon Regiment. In his first military campaign (in 1789 against the Turks), he distinguished himself at the siege of Bendery and was noticed by Prince G.A. Potemkin. But, however, the praises of the great commander A.V. were of much no small importance for the young officer. Suvorov during the Polish campaign of 1794, when during the storming of Prague on the outskirts of the Polish capital of Warsaw, Kulnev was one of the first to penetrate enemy fortifications, for which he was promoted to the rank of major.

Ya.P. Kulnev fought valiantly during the French campaigns of 1805 and 1807. On May 24, 1807, Lieutenant Colonel of the Grodno Hussar Regiment took part in the battle of Gutstadts, the next day his regiment made a successful attack on two enemy columns, on May 29 fought at Heilsberg, on June 2 - near Frindland. In the last battle, his regiment was surrounded, but thanks to the courage and courage, resourcefulness of the officer, the hussars broke through the encirclement.

The war with Sweden began in 1808. In the spring, Kulnev's detachment acted very unsuccessfully and was forced to retreat in front of the prevailing enemy forces, suffering significant losses. In August, Kulnev led the vanguard of the army of General P.V. Kamensky. On the night of August 21, after the Battle of Kuorgan, Kulnev noticed a secret retreat of the Swedish troops and immediately moved to pursue the enemy. Thanks to his determination and courage, the enemy was completely defeated. On December 12, Yakov Petrovich was promoted to major general. During an ice campaign in the spring of 1809, his detachment reached the Swedish coast near Cape Grisselgam, just 100 miles from Stockholm. For courage and determination, Kulnev was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.

In February 1810, he became the head of the vanguard of the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army P.V. Kamensky in the war against the Turks. On August 26, the enemy was defeated in the battle of Batin.

However, after a skirmish with the commander-in-chief, he left the active army and in January 1811 was appointed chief of the Grodno hussar regiment, located in the Vitebsk province.

Kulnev wanted to marry and received consent, but the bride, whose last name is unknown, demanded that he resign. However, the courageous general did not want to leave the service at such a difficult time for the Fatherland.

The first victories of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812 are associated with the name of Kulnev. Leading the vanguard of the corps of P. X. Wittgenstein, who covered St. Petersburg, he inflicted several defeats on the French, captured up to 1 thousand prisoners, including General Saint-Genis (Genier) , the first general captured by the Russian troops in 1812. Covering the withdrawal of the main forces, Kulnev held back the corps of Marshal Udiyo, which was many times superior in number to his detachment.

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich, famous Russian general and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812

Mikhail was born on October 1 (12), 1771 in a family of emigrants from Herzegovina Andrei Stepanovich and the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner Maria Andreevna Miloradovich. At a young age of nine, on November 16, 1780, he was enlisted in the army and was soon transferred to the Izmailovsky Guards Regiment with the rank of ensign.

Education M.A. Miloradovich received abroad, where in 1778 he was sent along with the tutor I. JI. Danilevsky, the father of the famous military writer A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky.

For 4 years he studied at the University of Königsberg under the guidance of the philosopher I. Kant, then for 2 years in Göttingen. Later Miloradovich lived in France for 3 years.

The outbreak of the Russian-Swedish war in 1788 found a young second lieutenant in the Izmailovsky battalion, where he participates in hostilities in the territory of modern Finland. On January 1, 1790, he was appointed lieutenant, and on January 1, 1796, captain.

Emperor Pavel I, who was the chief and colonel of the Izmailovsky regiment, favored Miloradovich, who already in 1798 was appointed major general and appointed chief of the musketeer regiment. The military unit in 1799 was sent to Italy, where he was met by A.V. Suvorov with joy, as the son of his colleague. Miloradovich did not let down the commander, for courage and courage shown in the battle near the village of Lekko (April 14), he was awarded the Order of St. Anna I and degree.

On April 29, two horses were wounded under him at the battle of Basagnano. With a banner in hand, he led the attack.

Distinguished M.A. Miloradovich in the battle of Novi and during the assault on Saint Gotthard.

A.V. Suvorov appointed him an army general on duty. M D. Miloradovich, during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, became friends with the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

In 1805, a separate brigade of Mikhail Andreevich covered the retreat of the army of M.I. Kutuzov. The 4th column of Miloradovich, in the battle of Austerlitz, advanced in the center of the Russian troops, was in the rearguard for three days, repulsing the endless attacks of the French.

Since 1806, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, and in 1809 he was appointed general of infantry. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Miloradovich was engaged in the formation of army reserves, with which he arrived on August 18 at the disposal of M.I. Kutuzov. At the Battle of Borodino, he commands two corps on the right flank, and then moves to the center, where he repels countless French attacks. Soon he had to replace the wounded P.I. Bagration as commander of the 2nd Army.

During the retreat to Moscow, he commanded the rearguard, constantly engaging in skirmishes with the enemy, because of which he was unable to participate in the famous council at Fili. Marshal Murat promised Miloradovich to stop the movement of his troops so that the Russians could freely leave the capital without fighting on its streets. With fighting, the troops retreated to Tarutin.

M.A. Miloradovich, having led the vanguard, during the counteroffensive of the Russian army, which consisted of two cavalry and three infantry corps, with a forced march, the troops approached Maloyaroslavets and saved the corps of D.S. Dokhturova.

On October 22, the troops defeated the French near Vyazma. In early November, with a skillful flank maneuver, they bypassed Napoleon's army near the village of Krasnoye, which ensured the victory of the main forces.

On August 18, in the battle of Kulm, he led the troops, replacing the wounded A.I. Osterman, and on October 6 near Leipzig led the Russian and Prussian guards.

Miloradovich was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

August 19, 1818 St. Petersburg military governor-general. After the death of Alexander 1, M.A. Miloradovich began to actively support the candidacy of Konstantin Pavlovich as a candidate for the Russian throne. His actions, especially the oath to Konstantin, objectively played into the hands of the conspirators, and an attempt on December 14, 1825, during a speech on

Senate Square to persuade the soldiers to return to the barracks ended with a pistol shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. The mortally wounded general died at 3 am on December 15 (27) and was buried in St. Petersburg on December 24.

Conclusion

The Patriotic War of 1812 was a difficult period for Russia. But neither the retreat nor the bloody battles broke the spirit of the Russian army. Many similar fates were given by the heroic Patriotic War of 1812. To those who went over to the side of the enemy, in a difficult time for the country, of course, there was contempt for the Russian people, but no manifestos could prevent this. Those who surrendered to the enemy were not punished in any way, which once again speaks of the strength and greatness of the soul of the Russian people. They defeated the enemy who encroached on our Motherland.

The people who rose to fight for the freedom of their homeland were the main hero of the war of the twelfth year.

Bibliography

1. Efremova L.V., I.Ya. Kraivanova, O.P. Andreeva, T.D. Shuvalova, O.N. Papkov: Borodino Panorama, Moskovsky Rabochiy Publishing House, 1985.

2. Zhukov E.M. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. (Volumes used: 10, 4, 2), State Scientific Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1962.

3. Levchenko Vladimir: Heroes of 1812. Collection. Young Guard, 1987.

4. Opalinskap M.A., S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov: History of the Russian state. Biographies. 19th century first half. Moscow, Book Chamber Publishing House, 1997.

5. URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/BAGRATION_PETR_IVANOVICH.html

6. URL: http://smol1812.a-mv.ru/index.php/geroi-vojny-1812-goda

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Denis Vasilievich Davydov

1784 – 1839

The son of the commander of the Poltava Light Horse Regiment, Brigadier Davydov, who served under the command of Suvorov, Denis Davydov was born on July 17, 1784 in Moscow. His clan, according to family tradition, goes back to Murza Minchak Kasaevich (baptized Simeon), who entered Moscow at the beginning of the 15th century.

From the age of 17, he began military service as an Estandart Junker in the Cavalier Guard Regiment, a year later he was promoted to the first officer rank, and two years later he was expelled from the guard to the army for writing "outrageous poems".Belarusian hussar regiment. Davydov quickly settled into a new environment for him and continued to write poems in which he sang the delights of the reckless hussar life. These poems diverged in numerous lists and brought the young Davydov the first - poetic - glory.

In 1806 he was returned to the guards, who had just returned to St. Petersburg after a campaign in Austria. D.V. Davydov writes in his autobiography: "I smelled of milk, she (of the guard. - A.P.) smelled of gunpowder." Dreaming of the laurels of a hero, caressed in childhood by Suvorov, who promised him a brilliant military future, Davydov decided on a daring act: at four o'clock in the morning, "in order to preempt a new column of relatives" who were busy with their loved ones, he entered the hotel where Field Marshal M. F. Kamensky, appointed commander-in-chief in the upcoming new campaign against Napoleon, and asked to be sent to the army in the field. Davydov's perseverance was crowned with success in the end, and he became Bagration's adjutant. Together with him, the young officer went through the campaign of 1807, participated in all the battles and received five military awards, including a golden saber with the inscription "For Bravery".

In 1808 - 1809, during the war with Sweden, Davydov, being in the avant-garde detachmentKulneva committed with him hiking in northern Finland to Uleaborg and famous crossing the ice of the Gulf of Bothniato the coast of Sweden. In the same year, 1809, as Bagration's adjutant, in 1810, he transferred to Kulnev, who, in his own words, "finishes the course of outpost service begun in Finland."

Loud military glory Denis Davydov earned in World War II. At the beginning of the campaign, he commanded a battalion with the rank of lieutenant colonel.Akhtyrsky hussar regimentin the army of Bagration, to whom he turned shortly before the battle of Borodino with a project of guerrilla warfare. Kutuzov approved the submission of Bagration, and on August 25, on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Davydov, having received 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks at his disposal, moved behind enemy lines. On his first "search", on September 1, when the French were preparing to enter Moscow, Davydov defeated on the Smolensk road, near Tsarev Zaimishch, two gangs of marauders who covered the carts with "the belongings robbed from the inhabitants", and transport with bread and cartridges, taking more than 200 people captured. The weapons repulsed at the same time, he immediately distributed to the peasants who were rising to the people's war. Davydov's success was complete. Almost every day, his detachment captured prisoners, carts with food and ammunition. Following the example of the Davydov detachment (its number increased to 300 people), other partisan detachments were created from regular and Cossack troops.

Davydov's success was largely due to his close ties with the population - the peasants served him as scouts, guides, they themselves took part in the extermination of gangs of foragers. Since the uniforms of the Russian and French hussars were very similar and the peasants often mistook Davydov for a Frenchman, he dressed in a Cossack caftan, grew a beard and is depicted in this form on several engravings of that time.

Particularly wide scope of action of military partisan detachments was adopted during the retreat of the French from Russia. Day and night, the partisans did not give the enemy a moment's rest, destroying or capturing small groups and uniting to strike at large columns. So, on September 28, the partisan detachments of Davydov,Seslavina, Figner and Orlov-Denisov were surrounded in the village of Lyakhovo, attacked and captured a 2,000-strong French column led by General Augereau. About the case near Lyakhov, Kutuzov said: "This victory is all the more famous because for the first time in the continuation of the current campaign, the enemy corps laid down weapons in front of us."

Denis Davydov with his detachment "escorted" the French to the very border. For distinction in the 1812 campaign, he was awarded the George Cross and promoted to colonel. In 1813 Davydov fought near Kalisz, Bautzen andLeipzig. At the beginning of the 1814 campaign, he commanded the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment, for his distinction in the battle on January 20 at Larotiere he was promoted to major general and entered Paris at the head of the hussar brigade.

In 1823, Davydov retired, but in 1826 he returned to the service. Participated in the Russian-Persian war of 1826-1828. On September 21, 1826, he defeated a 4,000th Persian detachment. He commanded a detachment during the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1830-1831, and only then finally "unbelted and hung his hat on the wall."

The name of Davydov as a "poet-partisan" fanned with loud romantic glory. He had a close friendship withPushkin, linguistic, Vyazemsky, Baratynskyand other poets who sang of him in their poems; his ownlyric and satirical poetry. As early as 1821, he published "An Experience in the Theory of Partisan Action", and after retiring, he "indulged in military notes", creating a number of essays on the events in which he was a witness and participant. Written, according to Pushkin, in "an inimitable style," these vivid and lively essays are of exceptional historical and literary interest.

In 1839, when in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov suggested the idea of transferring the ashes of Bagration there. Davydov's proposal was accepted and he was supposed to accompany the coffin of Bagration, whose memory he revered, but on April 23, a few months before the Borodino celebrations, he suddenly died in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

1745 - 1813

Born into a noble family that had ancestral roots in Novgorod land. His father, a military engineer, lieutenant general and senator, had a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son. From childhood, Kutuzov was gifted with a strong build, combining inquisitiveness, enterprise and agility with thoughtfulness and a kind heart. He received a military education at the artillery and engineering school, which he graduated in 1759 among the best, was left at the school as a teacher. In 1761 he was promoted to the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his own request, was sent as a company commander to the Astrakhan infantry regiment. Due to his excellent knowledge of languages (German, French, and later Polish, Swedish and Turkish), in 1762 he was appointed adjutant to the Revel governor-general. In 1764 - 1765. served in Poland in the troops of N. Repnin. In 1767, he was recruited to work in the "Commission for the preparation of the Code", in 1769 he again served in Poland

Since 1770, during the decisive events of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774, Kutuzov was sent to the 1st. Danube army P. Rumyantsev. In the positions of a combatant and staff officer, he took part in the battles that were the pride of Russian weapons - at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul; at Larga, a grenadier commanded a battalion, at Cahul he acted in the vanguard of the right wing. For the battles of 1770 he was promoted to major. In the post of chief of staff of the corps, he distinguished himself in the battle of Popesti (1771), granted the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1772, due to manifestations of a cheerful disposition (sometimes he imitated the gait and speech of superiors, including the commander), Kutuzov was sent by Rumyantsev to the 2nd, Crimean army of V. Dolgorukov. Since that time, Mikhail Illarionovich has changed dramatically, having learned to completely control his behavior and expression of thoughts. In 1774, in a battle with the Krymchaks near Alushta, he led a soldier into battle with a banner in his hand, while pursuing the enemy he was seriously wounded: a bullet entered below the left temple and exited at the right eye. Mikhail Illarionovich was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th degree and sent by Catherine II for treatment abroad. While recovering, at the same time he got acquainted with the experience of military affairs in Austria and Prussia, had a conversation with Frederick II the Great.

In 1776, upon returning to Russia, Kutuzov was sent by the Empress to the Crimea to help Suvorov, who ensured order there. Won his trust by performing responsible tasks; on the proposal of Suvorov, he received the rank of colonel (1777), and then the brigadier (1782). In 1784, on behalf of G. Potemkin, he negotiated with Krym-Giray, the last Crimean khan, convinced him of the need to abdicate and recognize Russia's rights to the lands from the Bug to the Kuban; for this he was awarded the rank of major general. From the following year, Mikhail Illarionovich commanded the Bug Jaeger Corps that he had formed; supervising his training, he developed new tactics for rangers and outlined them in a special instruction. In 1787 he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree.

At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Kutuzov with his corps guarded the southwestern borders of Russia along the Bug River. As part of Potemkin's Yekaterinoslav army, he took part in the siege of Ochakov (1788). Here, during the reflection of the sortie of the Turks, he was seriously wounded for the second time (a bullet hit the cheek and exited the back of the head). When he recovered, the doctor who treated him remarked: "Providence seems to be saving this man for something extraordinary, because he was healed of two wounds, of which each was fatal." The very next year, commanding a separate corps, Kutuzov successfully fought near Akkerman and Kaushany, participated in the capture of Bender by Potemkin, and received new awards.

Karl Osipovich Lambert

1773 - 1843

Count, adjutant general (1811), cavalry general (1823). A French nobleman whose family has been known in France since the end of the 13th century. John de Lambert was elevated by Queen Anne in 1644 to marquess and count. His descendant Heinrich Joseph emigrated to Russia during the French Revolution. His sons Karl and Yakov Osipovichi were in 1836 counted among the counts of the Russian Empire.

Karl Lambert entered the Russian service in 1793 with the rank of second major. He distinguished himself in the campaign of 1794 against the Poles (participant in the assault on Prague). In 1799 he participated in the Swiss campaign, fought at Zurich as part of Rimsky-Korsakov's corps.

Around 1803, with the rank of colonel, he was commanderElisavetgrad Hussar Regiment. In the campaign of 1806-1807 against the French, he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd class for his heroism in battle.

In 1812, with the rank of Major General, he commanded a cavalry corps at the forefront of Tormasov's 3rd Army. He distinguished himself in the battles at Gorodechno, Minsk, Borisov (where he was seriously wounded). In 1814 he took part in the capture of Paris. chiefAlexandria Hussars(commander - colonelEfimovich).

In 1823 he was promoted to general of the cavalry. He was considered one of the best and bravest cavalry commanders of the Russian army in the Napoleonic era. A. P. Yermolov, stingy with praises, calls Lambert in his "Notes" one of the most excellent and most efficient generals.

Hero of the War of 1812. The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin! To love your Motherland means to know it! Heroes of the past

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Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Family and clan Kutuzov

Service start

Russian-Turkish wars

War with Napoleon in 1805

At war with Turkey in 1811

Patriotic War of 1812

Awards

Biryukov

Military service

Patriotic War of 1812

Personal life of Bagration

Nadezhda Durova

Biography

Literary activity

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1784 – 1839

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Hero of the War of 1812. The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin! To love your Motherland means to know it! Heroes of the past

Download:

Preview:

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Family and clan Kutuzov

Service start

Russian-Turkish wars

War with Napoleon in 1805

At war with Turkey in 1811

Patriotic War of 1812

Awards

Biryukov

Military service

Patriotic War of 1812

Personal life of Bagration

Nadezhda Durova

Biography

Literary activity

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Denis Vasilievich Davydov

1784 – 1839

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