Heroes of the Red Army in the Civil War presentation. The Civil War and its heroes There was a time of Crazy actions, a time of wild elemental forces

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Biography Vasily Chapaev was born on January 28, 1887 in the village of Budaika, Cheboksary district, Kazan province, into a Russian peasant family. Vasily was the sixth child in the family of Ivan Stepanovich Chapaev (1854-1921). Some time later, in search of a better life, the Chapaev family moved to the village of Balakovo, Nikolaevsky district, Samara province. Ivan Stepanovich assigned his son to the local parochial school, whose patron was his wealthy cousin. There were already priests in the Chapaev family, and the parents wanted Vasily to become a clergyman, but life decreed otherwise.

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In the autumn of 1908, Vasily was drafted into the army and sent to Kyiv. But already in the spring of next year, for unknown reasons, Chapaev was dismissed from the army to the reserve and transferred to the guards of the militia of the first category. According to the official version, due to illness. The version about his political unreliability, because of which he was transferred to the warriors, is not confirmed by anything. Before the World War, he did not serve in the regular army. He worked as a carpenter. From 1912 to 1914, Chapaev and his family lived in the city of Melekess (now Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk Region) on Chuvashskaya Street. Here his son Arkady was born. With the outbreak of war, on September 20, 1914, Chapaev was called up for military service and sent to the 159th reserve infantry regiment in the city of Atkarsk. Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev died on September 5, 1919 as a result of a deep raid by the Cossack detachment of Colonel N.N.

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The role of Chapaev in the history of the Civil War Some authors express the opinion that the role of Chapaev in the history of the Civil War is very small, and it would not be worth mentioning him among other famous figures of that time, such as N. A. Shchors, S. G. Lazo, G I. Kotovsky, if not for the myth created from him. According to other sources, the 25th division played a big role in the zone of the South-Eastern Red Front in taking such provincial centers in the defense of Admiral Kolchak's troops as Samara, Ufa, Uralsk, Orenburg, Aktyubinsk. Subsequently, after the death of Chapaev, the operations of the 25th Infantry Division were carried out under the command of I. S. Kutyakov in the Soviet-Polish war.

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Memory The Chapaevka River and the city of Chapaevsk in the Samara Region were named in his honor. In 1974, the Chapaev Museum was opened in Cheboksary near the place of his birth. In the city of Pugachev, Saratov Region, there is a house-museum where Vasily Ivanovich lived and worked in 1919. In this city, the Chapaevskaya 25th Rifle Division was formed. In the village of Krasny Yar, Ufimsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, there is a house-museum named after the 25th rifle division in the building that housed the division headquarters and a field hospital during the liberation of Ufa. There is a museum of V. I. Chapaev located in the village of Lbischenskaya (now the village of Chapaev, West Kazakhstan region) at the site of the last battle of the commander, has existed since the 1920s. It is located in the house where the headquarters of the 25th Infantry Division was located. There is a house-museum of V. I. Chapaev located in the city of Uralsk (West Kazakhstan region) There is also a house-museum of V. I. Chapaev in the city of Balakovo, Saratov region (Directorate address: 413865, Saratov region, Balakovo, Chapaev street, 110). Founded in 1948 as a branch of the Pugachev memorial house-museum of V. I. Chapaev. In 1986 it became a branch of the Saratov Regional Museum of Local Lore. The initiators of the creation of the museum in the parental home of the Chapaevs were the Chapaevs and the red partisans of the city of Balakovo and the region. Since it is this city that is the second homeland of the commander of the Red Army V. I. Chapaev, famous during the Civil War. It was in the Sirotskaya Sloboda (the former outskirts of the city of Balakovo), where the house-museum of V.I. Chapaev is now located, that his childhood and youth passed, the formation of his personality. This memorial museum shows the peaceful period of the life of the famous commander. In St. Petersburg, at school No. 146 of the Kalininsky district, the museum named after V.I. Chapaev was created by teachers and students in the 1970s. The tour guides were groups of students. Meetings were held with veterans of the legendary 25th division. Performances were held, the actors of which were also students of the school. In honor of Vasily Ivanovich, a river cruise double-deck motor ship of project 305 was named. Large anti-submarine ship (BPK) of project 1134A of the Kronstadt type

CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA “O field, field, who strewn you with dead bones?” (A.S. Pushkin “Ruslan and Lyudmila”)

Objectives: To generalize and systematize knowledge about the civil war in Russia. Develop the ability to express their point of view, draw conclusions based on the analysis of the document. Education of tolerance, tolerance, readiness for compromise.

Synthesis Plan: What were the causes of the Civil War? What social forces participated in the civil war? Personalities. Red and white terror. The reasons for the victory of the Reds and the reasons for the defeat of the Whites?

Introductory control What definition of civil war does the author of the textbook give us? How is it different from other wars?

1. What causes brought her to life? Choose the statements you agree with. Justify your answer. The civil war is a fight between the new and the old, obsolete; The civil war is a product of anger and irritation accumulated in society for centuries; The civil war was caused by foreign imperialists; The civil war could have been avoided if not for the policy of the Bolsheviks in 1917 - early 1918; The civil war is a natural continuation of the revolution; The civil war is the just revenge of the people on the exploiters; The civil war is a tragic mistake born of mutual misunderstanding; The civil war was unleashed by the overthrown classes - the landowners and the bourgeoisie, who sought to regain power and property.

Red Whites Boldly we will go into battle For the power of the Soviets And as one we will die In the struggle for it. Boldly we will go into battle For Holy Russia And as one we will shed young Blood. SONGS: POSTERS: ORDERS:

2. Which of the listed social forces supported the whites, reds, greens? senior officers; Cossacks; middle officers; liberal intelligentsia; low-skilled workers; the poorest peasantry; middle peasantry; soldiers; prosperous peasantry.

3.Personnel.

Portrait No. 1 The son of an officer (former serf, recruited, rose to the military rank and retired with the rank of major), he graduated from the Kiev infantry cadet school; submitting a report on his transfer to the Far East during the Russo-Japanese War, in the documents to the question: “Do you know the Japanese language?”, He wrote: “I don’t know, but I will fight no worse than those who know.” His request was fulfilled; his name is inextricably linked with the history of the White movement. One of the creators of the Volunteer Army, commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the South of Russia during the famous campaign against Moscow; ardent opponent of the Soviet regime. He remained a Russian patriot, and during the Second World War he appealed to Russian emigrants not to support Nazi Germany.

Anton Ivanovich Denikin

Portrait No. 2 In 1894 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps as a second student and was awarded a prize for academic success; volunteered for the Russo-Japanese War. Admired by his courage, the Japanese left him a nominal weapon; polar explorer, personally acquainted with Admiral Makarov, Norwegian Nansen. For the processing of materials and participation in the polar expedition, Baron E. V. Toll was awarded the Big Konstantinovskaya Gold Medal; the best mining expert in the world, the youngest fleet commander in the world, threw his nominal weapon overboard with the words: “the sea gave, let the sea take it”; considered the creation of a united anti-Bolshevik front in the East of Russia as his main task; it was about him that they sang a song: “French shoulder strap, English uniform, Japanese tobacco, Omsk ruler ...”

Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak

Portrait No. 3 Even during his lifetime, the most incredible rumors circulated about him. As if, when they baptized him, the priest's robe caught fire, which anticipated the child's fate as a robber; at the age of 16, he became a member of an anarchist group, participated in “expropriations”, for which he was sentenced to 20 years in hard labor, replaced due to the minority of the defendant, by imprisonment in Butyrka; elected chairman of the local council. On September 25, 1917, he signs a decree on the nationalization of all land in the county and its division among the peasants, which is a month ahead of Lenin; his army numbered up to 50 thousand fighters. In December 1918, she captured the largest city in the south, Ekaterinoslav, and from that moment on, the name of the “father” gained all-Russian fame; for victories over Denikin's troops he was awarded the highest award - the Order of the Red Banner; Denikin promised half a million rubles for his head; on his tombstone there is an inscription: “Soviet Communard ...” (As he asked).

Makhno Nestor Ivanovich Makhno

Portrait No. 4 Frunze and Kuibyshev doted on him, but Trotsky saw a bandit in him and visited him only under the protection of a personal escort and the cover of the guns of an armored train; holder of three, and according to the sources of the Institute of Military History, four St. George's crosses and the St. George medal; a native of the Chuvash hinterland, Mordvin, favored horses, but as a commander of a group of troops and a division chief, he preferred the hardy Ford-T, which could squeeze up to 50 km per hour; he equipped the troops entrusted to him with the best weapons: combat airplanes with well-trained red military aircraft, motorcycle communications, telegraph, telephone, up to chemical weapons; On November 6, 1932, a monument to the legendary hero of the Civil War was unveiled in Samara, and in 1933 the famous film masterpiece of the Vasiliev brothers was filmed.

Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev

Portrait No. 5 He famously served from a soldier to a sergeant-major in the tsarist army and was awarded the St. George Cross four times for genuine exploits; in 1917 he, who is about to be promoted to officer, resolutely chooses the revolution, and in it the Bolsheviks; in June 1919, the 1st cavalry corps is formed, the command of which he takes; in November 1919, the corps was reorganized into the 1st Cavalry Army, of which he was the permanent leader; his marshalship, predicted by Lenin, was realized only in 1935. Two years earlier, the same prophecy was recorded in the commander's home album by the writer V. Kataev.

Mikhail Ivanovich Budyonny

Portrait No. 6 After graduating from a real school, he left for Nikolaev to continue his education. Here he becomes a member of the "South Russian Workers' Union", and in 1889 he ends up in prison; he learns about the February events of 1917 in the USA and immediately decides to go home. A month later, Lenina arrives in Petrograd; in the October days of 1917, he actually headed the Military Revolutionary Committee, which gave some scientists reason to believe that he timed the armed uprising to coincide with his birthday - November 7; from March 1918 - People's Commissar for Military Affairs, from September 1918 - Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; indomitable energy, a brilliant manner of speaking, along with authoritarianism, arrogance, turned him from one of the "architects of the revolution" into a "demon of the revolution"; in the fight against Stalin (after the death of Lenin) he was defeated and was expelled from the USSR.

Trotsky Lev Davydovich

Portrait No. 7 A descendant of an ancient family of Danes who ended up in Russian service in the 18th century, whose grandmother was the granddaughter of A.P. Hannibal and second cousin of A. Pushkin; unlike his younger brother Nikolai, who chose the service of art as his destiny, he chose “serving the motherland” as his destiny; in July 1919, during Denikin's offensive against Moscow, his Caucasian army moved on the right flank; April 4, 1920 A.I. Denikin, in his words, "morally broken", gives him command of the armed forces of the South of Russia; the “black baron”, “dictator of Crimea” lost his last battle at Perekop, after which the remnants of the Russian army were evacuated from the peninsula; Until his death in 1928 in Belgium, he remained an implacable enemy of Soviet power.

Wrangel Pyotr Nikolaevich

Portrait No. 8 The son of a Trans-Baikal Cossack; the grandmother of the future ataman descended from Genghisids, the grandfather was a wealthy cattle breeder; studied the spoken Mongolian language, was interested in history, political economy, philosophy, enthusiastically studied the Buddhist doctrine; after graduating from the Orenburg Cossack School, p. The first Nerchinsk regiment under the command of Baron Wrangel participates in the world war. For 3 years he received 14 combat awards; Kerensky attracted him to the formation of the Volunteer Army. The number of the Special Manchurian Detachment (OMO) did not exceed 5 thousand people; in 1921, after the defeat of his troops in the Far East by the Red Army, he became one of the leaders of the White emigrants in Manchuria; in 1945 he was captured by Chekists in Harbin, and a year later he was executed by hanging in Moscow.

Semyonov Grigory Mikhailovich

Portrait No. 9 Even during his lifetime, there were legends about him. In 1918, the White Guard newspapers claimed that the partisan detachments on the Volga front were commanded by a German general, for whose head a bonus of 20 thousand rubles was appointed; the son of a peasant from the Yaroslavl province. His youth was spent at the factory, where he became close to the Bolsheviks; during the First World War he received two St. George's crosses, the St. George medal, was promoted to non-commissioned officer; for the withdrawal of units of the South Ural Army from the encirclement and an unprecedented 1500 km raid for 40 days on the rear of the Whites, he was the first to be awarded the Order of the Red Banner; ended the civil war in the Far East, where for 6 days in 40-degree frost, his division stormed the Volochaevka station and won; awarded five orders of the Red Banner; in 1935 he was among the first to be awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Blucher Vasily Konstantinovich

Problem task: How to evaluate the civil war: As a heroic page of history or a tragic page of history?

Documenting the Horrors of the Civil War

The results of the civil war Who were the Reds? Note the definition you have chosen: heroes, defenders of the underprivileged; people honest, but ignorant; patriots who dreamed of a better future for the people; avengers of the old society, fanatics who punished both the right and the guilty; a brutal crowd that sowed violence and injustice. Who were the whites? reactionaries and criminals; ideological supporters of the old system, the monarchy; people forced to defend their world, loved ones, themselves; patriots defending national dignity, honor, traditions; people who are sincerely wrong.

Who do you think won the civil war? Mark the arguments that you consider correct: the Reds won in the civil war, because. Soviet power, the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been preserved and even strengthened; whites won in the civil war, because. the authorities made concessions (economic and political) to the overthrown exploiting classes; in the civil war, the greens won, because. after the war, the Soviet government was forced, under the influence of their demands, to switch from surplus appropriation to tax in kind.

All lie side by side Do not open the boundary Look: soldier: where is yours? Where is the stranger? Was white - became red Blood stained Red was - became white Death won.

Remember! Remember! Do not forget! Kirnosov Denis Pavlovich 1974-1995 Purey Andrey Andreevich 1980-1999 Tsaplin Dmitry Vyacheslavovich 1976-1996

Some lift up on posters Their nonsense about bourgeois evil, About bright proletariats, Petty-bourgeois paradise on earth. In others, all the color, all the rot of empires, All the gold, all the decay of ideas. The brilliance of all great fetishes And all scientific superstitions. And there, and here between the rows One and the same voice sounds: “He who is not for us is against us. No one is indifferent: the truth is with us.” M. Voloshin

Civil War gg. (or February 1917 - mid-20s) - one of the most important events in Russian history. The Civil War was seen, reflected, studied from two opposite sides - from the side of the winners and from the side of the vanquished. It is no coincidence that "the civil war has not yet become history in the full sense of the word, reconciliation in Russian society has not yet come, and the time for balanced judgments has not yet come."

Whites in the north-west of Russia October 1918 - on a volunteer basis, a Separate Pskov Volunteer Corps of the Northern Army was formed under the command of Major General A.E. Vandam. After the defeat near Pskov at the end of November 1918, the remnants of the corps retreated to Estonian territory and came under the command of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed and Land Forces of Estonia, Major General J. Laidoner. At the same time, the corps was renamed the Separate Corps of the Northern Army under the command of Colonel von Nef, who was replaced at the end of December by Colonel K.K. Dzerozhinsky.

By the end of February 1919, the corps consisted of two rifle brigades and was subordinate in all respects to the Estonian command. In June, the brigades were deployed to the 1st and 2nd rifle divisions, and Major General A.P. Rodzianko took command of the corps. The corps itself, withdrawn from the subordination of the Estonian command, on June 19 was renamed the Northern Army. Some military assistance was provided to the army by the Entente countries. So, in August-October 1919, Great Britain provided her with 30 thousand rifles, 20 million cartridges, 32 guns, 59 thousand shells, 4 tanks, 6 aircraft and uniforms for 40 thousand people. Parts of Colonel P.R. Bermondt-Avalov began to form on a volunteer basis in early 1919 in Germany from former Russian prisoners of war. Their basis was the Salzwedel separate cavalry and machine gun team. In May, they were called the Separate Volunteer Partisan Detachment named after General Count Keller, in June the Partisan Detachment named after the General of Cavalry Count Keller, then simply a detachment of the same name, and in July they were renamed the Western Volunteer Corps named after Count Keller.

In July 1919, the companies were deployed into 3 rifle battalions (1.5 thousand bayonets), a rifle battalion, a squadron, a 4-gun field and howitzer battery, an armored platoon, an aviation detachment, a railway battalion frame and a railway operation brigade were formed - up to 3.5 thousand people. A detachment was also created under the command of Colonel Vyrgolich. All three detachments were merged into the Western Volunteer Corps of the Northern (North-Western) Army. In July, Colonels Bermondt-Avalov and Vyrgolich refused to comply with the order to be sent to the Narva front, and their detachments withdrew from the corps. Parts of Lieven became part of the Northwestern Army at the end of July and were reorganized into the 5th Rifle Division of the 1st Corps of Lieutenant General Count Palen, numbering about 2 thousand bayonets, 4 heavy and 6 light guns, 2 armored vehicles and 7 aircraft .

It should be noted that many of our contemporaries have formed ambiguous and often distorted ideas about this tragic page in the history of Russia. For some, Pavka Korchagin remains a hero, for others - Lieutenant Golitsyn. Some people know the war from the films "Wedding in Malinovka", "The Elusive Avengers" and songs like "Old Man Makhno looks out the window ...", the views of others are based on "The Quiet Don" by M.A. Sholokhov, memoirs of A.I. Denikin, on more accurate historical facts. It should be noted that many of our contemporaries have formed ambiguous and often distorted ideas about this tragic page in the history of Russia. For some, Pavka Korchagin remains a hero, for others - Lieutenant Golitsyn. Some people know the war from the films "Wedding in Malinovka", "The Elusive Avengers" and songs like "Old Man Makhno looks out the window ...", the views of others are based on "The Quiet Don" by M.A. Sholokhov, memoirs of A.I. Denikin, on more accurate historical facts. All the heroes of this war cannot be counted; we note only a few of them. All the heroes of this war cannot be counted; we note only a few of them.

Keller Fedor Arturovich (Avgustovich) (), - count, lieutenant general, commander of the 2nd East Siberian Army Corps in Manchuria, during the First World War, commander of the 10th cavalry division and 3rd cavalry corps. He graduated from the Nikolaev Cavalry School, since 1904 he was the commander of the 15th Alexandria Dragoon Regiment, in 1905 he was wounded by a bomb thrown by a terrorist. Since 1906, the commander of the Life Guards of the Dragoon Regiment, since 1910, the 1st brigade of the Caucasian Cavalry Division; since 1912 the 10th Caucasian division. From April 1915 to March 1917, the commander of the 3rd Cavalry Corps refused to recognize the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and swear allegiance to the Provisional Government. In 1918 he lived in Kyiv, served as commander of the armed forces on the territory of Ukraine. Shot by the Petliurists.

Andrey Grigoryevich Shkuro - a hero of the 1st World War, a member of the White movement. After the October coup, having risen to the rank of colonel at that time and not wanting to serve the anti-people Bolshevik regime, he took part in the white movement. In the spring of 1918, he created a Cossack detachment in the Batalpashinsk region and in May June led a rebellion against Soviet power in the Kislovodsk region in the North Caucasus. Then, after being defeated by the Reds, Shkuro fled to the Kuban, where, after joining the Volunteer Army of A.I. Denikin, commanded the Kuban Cossack Brigade, then the 1st Cossack Division, and finally the 3rd Kuban Corps. In November 1918, by decision of the Kuban Rada, Colonel Shkuro was promoted to major general, and a year later he received the rank of lieutenant general. At the end of the civil war, Shkuro took command of the Kuban army, which, however, practically did not take part in the battles. At the beginning of 1920, he handed over command to General Ulagai, and in May of that year he emigrated abroad. Andrey Grigoryevich Shkuro - a hero of the 1st World War, a member of the White movement. After the October coup, having risen to the rank of colonel at that time and not wanting to serve the anti-people Bolshevik regime, he took part in the white movement. In the spring of 1918, he created a Cossack detachment in the Batalpashinsk region and in May June led a rebellion against Soviet power in the Kislovodsk region in the North Caucasus. Then, after being defeated by the Reds, Shkuro fled to the Kuban, where, after joining the Volunteer Army of A.I. Denikin, commanded the Kuban Cossack Brigade, then the 1st Cossack Division, and finally the 3rd Kuban Corps. In November 1918, by decision of the Kuban Rada, Colonel Shkuro was promoted to major general, and a year later he received the rank of lieutenant general. At the end of the civil war, Shkuro took command of the Kuban army, which, however, practically did not take part in the battles. At the beginning of 1920, he handed over command to General Ulagai, and in May of that year he emigrated abroad.

Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich - military leader. Genus. in the family of a naval artillery officer. A good home education, a classical gymnasium and the Naval Cadet Corps, which Kolchak graduated from among the first in 1894, gave him an excellent knowledge of three European languages, the history of the fleet, and instilled an interest in the exact sciences. In November 1918 he arrived in Omsk, where he was appointed military and naval minister of the government of the Socialist-Revolutionary Directory. In December, Kolchak made a coup, declaring himself the "Supreme Ruler of Russia", and set himself the goal of "victory over Bolshevism and the establishment of law and order."

Kolchak took part in the design of special icebreaking ships. In 1909, Kolchak's largest work, The Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas, was published. In Kolchak participated in an expedition to the Bering Strait, in 1910 he was recalled to St. Petersburg to continue work on the shipbuilding program. Kolchak argued the need to reorganize the Naval General Staff and demanded the elimination of parallel institutions that were not subordinate to each other, which strengthened the commander's autocracy. In 1912 he transferred to the Baltic Fleet. With the outbreak of the First World War, Kolchak practically led the naval operations in the Baltic, successfully blocking the actions of the German fleet: he carried out the tactics of amphibious assault developed by him, attacked the caravans of German merchant ships. In 1916 he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet and promoted to vice admiral. Kolchak took part in the design of special icebreaking ships. In 1909, Kolchak's largest work, The Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas, was published. In Kolchak participated in an expedition to the Bering Strait, in 1910 he was recalled to St. Petersburg to continue work on the shipbuilding program. Kolchak argued the need to reorganize the Naval General Staff and demanded the elimination of parallel institutions that were not subordinate to each other, which strengthened the commander's autocracy. In 1912 he transferred to the Baltic Fleet. With the outbreak of the First World War, Kolchak practically led the naval operations in the Baltic, successfully blocking the actions of the German fleet: he carried out the tactics of amphibious assault developed by him, attacked the caravans of German merchant ships. In 1916 he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet and promoted to vice admiral.

Possessing half of the gold reserves of Russia, having received the military support of England, France, Japan, the United States, he led a successful struggle in Siberia, the Urals and the Far East. By the spring of 1919, up to 400 thousand people were in Kolchak's army. His authority was recognized by A. I. Denikin, N. N. Yudenich, E. K. Miller. Restoring private ownership of enterprises and land, Kolchak granted the right to the commanders of military districts to close the press, to issue death sentences, which caused resistance in Kolchak's rear. Finnish General K. Mannerheim suggested that Kolchak send 100,000 troops to Petrograd. army in exchange for the independence of Finland, but Kolchak, who advocated a "united and indivisible" Russia, refused. By the summer of 1919, Kolchak's main grouping of troops was defeated. Kolchak's course towards the restoration of the pre-revolutionary order led to a mass partisan movement. In 1920 Kolchak was arrested by the Czechoslovaks, who handed him over to the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik "Political Center". After the transfer of power to the Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee, at the secret proposal of V.I. Lenin, the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee decided to shoot Kolchak. Kolchak's body was lowered into the hole.

Shchors Nikolai Aleksandrovich - a hero of the Civil War Member of the Communist Party driver. He graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv (1914) and an accelerated course at the Vilna military school in Poltava (1916). Member of the 1st World War, first a military paramedic, then a junior officer on the Southwestern Front, in 1917 a second lieutenant. After the October Revolution of 1917, he returned to his homeland and in February 1918 created a partisan detachment in Snovsk, in March - April he commanded a united detachment of the Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st revolutionary army, participated in battles with German invaders.

In September 1918, in the Unecha region, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after P.I. Bohun. In October-November he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German invaders and the hetmans. On February 5, 1919, he was appointed commandant of Kyiv and was awarded an honorary weapon by the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine. From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shch. commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, in the course of a swift offensive, liberated Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa, Zhmerinka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the Petliurists in the Sarny - Rovno - Brody - Proskurov region, and then in the summer of 1919 staunchly defended in the area of Sarny - Novograd - Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of bourgeois Poland and the Petliurites, but was forced to withdraw to the East under pressure from superior forces. node, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv and the exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army. Being in the advanced chains of the Bogunsky regiment, Shchors was killed.

The civil war was generated by a complex set of social, contradictions, economic, political, psychological and other causes and became the greatest disaster for Russia. The deep crisis of the Russian Empire ended with its collapse and the victory of the Bolsheviks, who were given the opportunity to put into practice their ideas about socialism and communism. Their victory was determined by a number of factors: political cohesion, headed by a super-centralized party, and in whose hands was a huge state apparatus, while in the White movement there were internal antagonisms, inconsistency of actions, contradictions with national regions and troops of the Entente; political cohesion, headed by a super-centralized party, and in whose hands was a huge state apparatus, while in the White movement there were internal antagonisms, inconsistency of actions, contradictions with national regions and troops of the Entente; the ability of the Bolsheviks to mobilize the masses. In contrast to them, the White movement, which was in many respects heterogeneous, failed to rally the bulk of the population under its slogans; the ability of the Bolsheviks to mobilize the masses. In contrast to them, the White movement, which was in many respects heterogeneous, failed to rally the bulk of the population under its slogans;

Support for Soviet power by the masses, because the Soviets gave land, they are fighting against the bourgeoisie, the old order; support for Soviet power by the masses, because the Soviets gave land, they are fighting against the bourgeoisie, the old order; the Bolsheviks, who ruled the central regions of the country, had a powerful economic potential (human resources, heavy industry, etc.); the Bolsheviks, who ruled the central regions of the country, had a powerful economic potential (human resources, heavy industry, etc.); the superiority of the Red Army over the White in terms of numbers (1.5-2.5 times at different stages of the war). the superiority of the Red Army over the White in terms of numbers (1.5-2.5 times at different stages of the war). the defeat of the parties advocating the second path of development was due to the weakness of the social forces behind them, the weak support of the workers and peasants. The failure of the supporters of the third possible path, despite the unification of military forces, their connection with the interventionists, was historically predetermined, since this path was rejected by the overwhelming mass of working people. the defeat of the parties advocating the second path of development was due to the weakness of the social forces behind them, the weak support of the workers and peasants. The failure of the supporters of the third possible path, despite the unification of military forces, their connection with the interventionists, was historically predetermined, since this path was rejected by the overwhelming mass of working people.

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Having suppressed the resistance of forces loyal to the Provisional Government in Petrograd and Moscow, the Bolsheviks were able to quickly establish dominance in the main industrial cities of Russia. The power of the Bolsheviks was established for a long time on the ground, conquering more and more cities and villages throughout the country.

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The events that took place in October 1917 shook the whole country. Some people took the side of the new government, others wanted to preserve the old order. Many could not understand what was happening in Russia.

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Civil War. Soon a bloody civil war began in the country. It is called civil because it took place between citizens of one country. Supporters of the Bolsheviks were called Reds, and their opponents were called Whites. Both Reds and Whites believed that they were fighting for a just cause. The war was fought brutally on both sides. Red. The White Guards.

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Civil War. The civil war in Russia and (1917-1923) is an armed struggle between various groups on the territory of the former Russian Empire, which was based on deep economic, political, national contradictions, which became its causes.

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Causes of the Civil War. After Russia's withdrawal from World War I, German and Austro-Hungarian troops in February 1918 occupied part of the Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, and southern Russia, which led to the conclusion of the Brest Peace in March 1918. In March 1918 Anglo-French-American troops landed in Murmansk; in April - Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May, the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps began. All this created serious problems for the new government.

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The Soviet government began to create the Red Army and switched to the policy of "war communism".

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In the second half of 1918, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front, liberated the territories of the Volga region and part of the Urals.

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Mammoths. However, the policy of "war communism", as well as "decossackization", aimed actually at the destruction of the Cossacks, caused peasant and Cossack uprisings and made it possible to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic. Don Cossack.

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In the territories occupied by the White Guards and the interventionists, the partisan movement was expanding. In March - May, the Red Army successfully repulsed the offensive of the White Guard forces from the east (Admiral A.V. Kolchak), the south (General A.I. Denikin), and the west (General N.N. Yudenich). In the autumn of 1919 Yudenich's army was finally defeated near Petrograd.

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After the end of the Soviet-Polish war, the Red Army delivered a series of blows to the troops of General P.N. Wrangel and drove them out of the Crimea. In 1921-22, anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, in the Tambov region, in a number of regions of Ukraine, and the remaining centers of interventionists and White Guards in Central Asia and the Far East were eliminated. Wrangell.

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The civil war brought great disasters. From hunger, disease, terror and in battles (according to various sources) from 8 to 13 million people died, including approx. 1 million soldiers of the Red Army. Up to 2 million people emigrated by the end of the Civil War.

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Heroes of the Civil War. Since January 1919, V. I. Chapaev was the brigade commander of the Special Brigade, which fought against Kolchak's army. Under the leadership of Chapaev, this division occupied Ufa, and then Uralsk. Chapaev died on September 5, 1919 during an unexpected attack by the Cossacks on the well-guarded and located in the rear of the city of Lbischensk (now the village of Chapaev). The circumstances of the commander's death are not entirely clear. According to eyewitnesses, the wounded Chapaev drowned while trying to swim across the Ural River.

Red and White Terror during the Civil War. Man at war.

"The Russian land loves, loves blood" A.Akhmatova

And I stand alone between them

In roaring flames and smoke

And with all your might

I pray for both.

M. Voloshin

“ All of us, all of us are people, all are baptized, all Russians. And why are we fighting, God knows. They invented some kind of red and white and fight.

V. Zazubrin,

novel "Two Worlds"

Civil War – organized armed struggle within one state of large masses of people belonging to different social groups for state power and property.

Let's fulfill our sacred duty,

Understanding your calling

We go to the feat of war,

Raising the sun over the world.

"Let their life serve

an example for young comrades"

M.I. Kalinin

CM. Kirov

M.V. Frunze

G.K. Ordzhonikidze

Revolver and saber on the wall -

Comrades in battle

And nearby dozing in a half-asleep

My Budenovka.

She dreams of sonorous years

Battles and victories

The mustachioed dream of the commander,

Harmonica and moonlight.

And if the enemy comes at us

And whirl the dust in the fields,

Will serve me again in a terrible hour

My Budenovka!

Pavel Arsky

AND I. Parkhomenko

Shchors was a man in a leather jacket, whose courage and bravery were legendary.

ON THE. Shchors

I believe it will be

let the years go!

Peace and contentment...

But didn't know yet

Universe from everlasting

Such a great thirst for the ideal...

Evgeny Vinokurov

IN AND. Chapaev –

hero of the civil war

The revolution and civil war forced everyone to make a tough choice, inevitably raising questions: with whom am I? who am I for?
The Civil War was perceived in literature in different ways: both as a tragedy of the people, entailing irreversible consequences, and as a romantically colored great event that cemented the victory of the Bolsheviks in the revolution.

Roman - epic "Iron Stream" - the pinnacle of creativity of the writer.

Civil War – the need for purification of “human material”.

A.S. Serafimovich

Having become close to the Bolsheviks, he joined the revolutionary activities. Participated in the partisan movement against Kolchak and interventionist troops (1919-1920), after the defeat of Kolchak - in the ranks of the Red Army, in Transbaikalia - against Ataman Semyonov (in the winter of 1920-21). Was injured.

Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev

(1901 - 1956) - Russian Soviet writer .

The book was immediately highly acclaimed.

She was called "a work of great ideological and artistic scale."

The novel gives a justification for the civil war.

"There is a huge reshaping of people, which is led by the advanced representatives of the working class - the communists, who clearly see the goal of the movement and determine the motives of the struggle."

Levinson knew that they thought of him precisely as a person. "special breed"

But there were writers who accepted civil war as an inevitability, like a natural disaster; they lament the cruel consequences of the collapse of the old world, but state a fait accompli. Hoping for the best in the future...

A. Malyshkin

Isaak Emmanuilovich Babel

(original surname Bobel. (13) July 1894, Odessa - January 27, 1940, Moscow, repressed) - Russian Soviet writer, journalist and playwright, known for his "Odessa Stories" and the collection "Cavalry" about the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny.

I. Babel

The civil war was accompanied by repression and terror.

Terror - (from lat. terror - fear, horror) - the desire to keep in a state of fear through reprisals and murders.

The monarchy was overthrown. Its collapse raised such a terrible wave that swallowed Russia and almost flooded the neighboring States. The country was suffering, weary of war and longing for peace. But that was only the beginning…

Emperor Nicholas II

"We will win if the advanced vanguards of the working people, the Red Army, remember that they represent and defend the interests of all international socialism."

IN AND. Lenin

The massacres shocked the world with their inhumanity.

Revolutionary romance fades into the background. Many are horrified by the changes that the civil war has made in man.

Writers and poets did not accept such a bloody price for a possible future happiness.

Among them are I. Babel, M. Bulgakov, M. Sholokhov, B. Pasternak, M. Voloshin, S. Yesenin.

Sing a song, poet

Sing.

Such a chintz of the sky

Blue.

The sea also roars

Song.

26.

26 of them were

26.

Their graves to the sands

Do not bring.

Nobody will forget

Their execution

On the 207th

Verst.

S.A. Yesenin

The character of a person is not alien to the writer, therefore, the whole movement of the hero Grigory Melekhov in the novel “The Quiet Flows the Don” is the path of going through torment, with an open to everything, “disturbed” heart.

The whole war in the work is a space “permeated with the pure work of machine guns. The many-sided face of our infantry, going on the offensive in chains. And yet, the elements of war did not crush Grigory to the end, his heart did not harden ...

M.A. Sholokhov

“I suppose you know… People were shot. Today one, tomorrow, you see, another ...

Who should wait for their turn antires? The bull is led to be slaughtered, and even then he shakes his head ...

M. Sholokhov

Quiet Don.

“The more severe the demand will be from him! Understood?

The Soviet government cracks down only on enemies ... and those representatives of the Soviet government who offend the working population, we mercilessly punish!”

M. Sholokhov

Quiet Don.

"- So, - The ataman is no longer alive, the color of the Cossack nobility is buried in a ravine outside the city, - the blood on the steps cried out for revenge ..."

From the novel by A. Tolstoy

"The Road to Calvary"

A. Tolstoy