What can be given to children up to a year. What can and cannot be fed to children under three years old - parental mistakes that cost children health

At all times, honey was considered an excellent cure for many ailments. It is not only very tasty, but also healthy, thanks to the content of many vitamins, macro- and microelements. Since this product contains many substances necessary for the body, it improves immunity, and many parents wonder at what age honey can be given to a child.

Most often, honey is used to treat colds and coughs by adding it to hot milk or tea. They also make compresses by rubbing a small amount of the product with radishes or onions. This product helps you recover much faster and stay healthy longer.

Useful properties of honey

Honey is a very valuable product in the modern world. After all, it contains more than 60 useful substances. Most of all, honey contains grape sugar and fructose. If you eat only 100 g of this wonderful product, the body will receive 335 calories, 77.2% carbohydrates, and 3.3% protein.

With the daily use of a small amount of honey (1 tsp), metabolism improves, blood circulation is stimulated, and cardiac activity is normalized. The body gets a lot of useful macro- and microelements. Including vitamins: B2, B6, PP, C, E, K, H, folic and pantothenic acids.

Mandatory allergy test

If you decide to give honey for the first time to a child under one year old, it would be useful to make sure in advance that there is no allergic reaction to bee honey.

To do this, you need to perform a few simple manipulations. On the skin of the hand between the index and thumb, apply a little honey and rub it lightly. Record at least 5 minutes. If during this time the skin has not changed, has not turned red, has not begun to itch or hurt, you do not observe an increase in body temperature, then your child does not have an allergic reaction to honey. You can safely regale your baby with a useful product.

If at least one of the listed symptoms appears, it is better to refuse the use of honey. According to statistics, such a reaction occurs only in 1 out of 120 children, that is, the probability is not very high that it is your baby who will be allergic to this product. An allergic reaction is the only answer to the question: why honey is not allowed for a child.

Can small children have honey

Despite the beneficial properties of a wonderful product, there is no consensus on whether to give it to children or not. Despite this, many parents are still wondering at what age honey can be given to a child, considering it to be very useful.

According to experts, it is undesirable to give honey to children under one year old just because it is a strong allergen (the same as citrus fruits, eggs or chocolate). Therefore, if there is an urgent need to use this product as a therapeutic drug, then this is allowed, but after testing for an allergic reaction. Nutritionists say that a child under two years old should not eat more than half a teaspoon of honey per day. It is preferable to give it, previously dissolved in hot milk or tea. It is better to refuse daily use, because a certain bacterium may be present in honey, the spores of which can cause botulism in young children.

So, at what age can you give honey to a child? Mandatory in small quantities only after two years. It can be added to a variety of pastries, drinks, combined with cottage cheese. It will be not only tasty, but also useful. Honey can be absorbed by the body fairly quickly (much faster than other carbohydrate-rich foods). The amount of sugar contained in a healthy product is exactly what the body needs to maintain its required level in the blood.

Is it worth giving honey to a baby

Often this great product is necessary for children who are still very small. This applies only to those babies who are not breastfed. After all, they receive all the necessary substances with mother's milk. But artificial people have to be fed with special mixtures, and when there is no opportunity to buy them - with cow's milk. In order for babies to eat better, honey is used as a natural sweetener, a sugar substitute.

Most often, children eat such a “mixture” with pleasure and their body does not show any negative reactions. When cow's milk and honey are introduced into the diet of an infant, his body is enriched with all the necessary nutrients for normal development. It is also worth considering the antiseptic properties of a useful product and its ability to increase immunity and make the body less susceptible to various diseases. Babies, having honey in their diet, will almost never suffer from colic. In small quantities, there is no harm from it to a small organism, only benefit.

Therefore, the question of at what age it is possible to give honey to a child does not have an unambiguous and specific answer.

Can honey be given to one year olds?

As the kids get older, it's time for potty training and diapering. First during the day and then at night. If at the same time the child is given half a teaspoon of honey with warm milk daily at night, then potty training will be much easier. This product has a special effect on the nervous system of the baby and allows you to sleep through the night in dry panties. Thanks to honey, excess fluid is adsorbed in the body. The child will sleep soundly and calmly at night.

It is up to parents to decide at what age honey can be given to a child. If for babies who are not yet 1-3 years old, there are some restrictions on the use of this product, then for 10-year-old children there are none. The only thing to always remember is the dosage, which should not be exceeded, even though the product is well tolerated by children. The dosage for babies under three years old is one teaspoon per day, divided into two doses. With any first manifestations of diathesis or allergies, it would be better to stop using honey for a while.

In the summer heat, these questions become especially relevant for parents.

Everyone knows that water is necessary for the life of all organs and systems of the human body. Its lack primarily affects the processes of digestion and assimilation of food, hematopoiesis - the formation of new blood cells. In addition, without water, heat transfer processes in the body cannot occur. A child's need for fluid depends on age, type of nutrition (breastfeeding, artificial milk formulas, complementary foods), ambient temperature, physical activity and individual metabolic characteristics.

The total amount of fluid that a child of the first year of life should receive is 100-150 ml / kg of body weight per day. Up to 6 months it is 80-130 ml / kg per day, after 6 months - 130-150 ml / kg,
from 1-3 years - 100 ml / kg, after 3 years - 80 ml / kg per day.

When to start?

The fact is that breast milk is both food and drink for the baby. The "front" milk that is released at the beginning of feeding is more liquid and consists of 87% water. It fully satisfies the baby's need for liquid. Supplementing a breastfed baby before 6 months of age may result in reduced breast milk intake. This is due to the fact that if the baby receives water instead of milk, he has a false sense of fullness, he sucks out less milk, which leads to malnutrition and weight loss crumbs.

If the baby sucks little and reluctantly after drinking water, this, in turn, can lead to a decrease in the mother's milk production. Therefore, a breastfed baby should be supplemented with water only with the start of the introduction of complementary foods.

For children who are formula-fed or mixed-fed, the need for additional water intake arises from the moment formula is introduced into the diet. Formula milk is a difficult product to digest, and without supplementation, the baby may develop problems with the gastrointestinal tract, such as constipation.

How to drink a child?

However, there are times when a baby needs extra fluid, regardless of whether he is receiving formula milk or breast milk. These are conditions in which there is a pathological loss of fluid: fever (increase in body temperature above 38 ° C), vomiting, frequent loose stools, hot and dry weather (above 25 ° C). To avoid dehydration, children need to drink more often than usual in the heat; Breastfed babies can breastfeed more often.

Drinking can be given to the child in between feedings. It is not necessary to offer the baby some water before feeding, so as not to cause a false feeling of satiety. It is better to drink the crumbs from a spoon, and when he grows up a little, you can teach him to drink from a drinking bowl or a non-spill cup. Such a cup has a special valve on the back of the lid that does not allow the liquid to spill, even if it is overturned or tilted to the side.

When the baby drinks from a spoon, the liquid goes directly into his mouth, and you just need to swallow it. Drinking from a cup uses the same principle. Babies who are used to drinking from a bottle (drinking requires several sucking movements) often find it difficult to transition to drinking from a cup.

Choosing drinks

Water

At first, the best drink for a child is water. It must be clean and of good quality. This is necessary because the children's body is more susceptible to harmful substances and microorganisms, because in young children the immune system is not yet fully formed.

It is best to give your baby special baby bottled water. Firstly, during its production, all hygienic requirements are observed, and it is safe for the child. Secondly, it has a low level of mineralization, which is important for the normal functioning of the kidneys. On a bottle of water, it must be written that it is “for children”. Water must meet the basic quality characteristics: be transparent, odorless, have a neutral taste.

To drink a child, you can also use ordinary boiled water, cooled to room temperature. Only in this case it is necessary that the tap water be pre-filtered. Filters purify tap water from harmful impurities - chlorine, iron, salts of heavy metals, as well as from some bacteria and viruses.

Teas

In addition to water, various children's teas are used to drink children. It is important to remember that children's tea is not at all the tea that adults drink. Ordinary black tea should not be given to children under 1.5–2 years old. This is due to the fact that it contains tannin, a substance that has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system. As a result, the child develops sleep disturbances, tearfulness, increased excitability. In addition, tannin affects the functioning of the heart, causing an increase in the number of heartbeats.

Children's tea has many useful properties. For example, it strengthens the walls and enhances vascular tone; contains fluoride, which helps to avoid the development of caries and strengthens bones and teeth; contains many vitamins of group B, necessary for the full development of the crumbs. Lightly brewed black tea can be given to children from 1.5–2 years old, after diluting it with milk.

For babies, there are special children's teas that may contain extracts of medicinal herbs (chamomile, dill, fennel, lemon balm, mint, anise) or fruit and berry supplements - lemon, wild berries, raspberries, etc. Herbal teas have a certain preventive and therapeutic effect. So, for example, tea with mint or lemon balm has a calming effect, and it can be offered to a child with increased neuro-reflex excitability, a violation of the process of falling asleep and sleeping. To stimulate the immune system, rosehip extract, anise and vitamin C are added to children's tea. Before buying and drinking children's herbal tea, it is recommended to consult a pediatrician.

Most baby teas can be started on a formula-fed baby as early as 4-5 months of age; up to this age, babies are supplemented only with water. Children receiving breast milk, teas are not recommended to enter earlier than 6 months. The age at which tea can be used should be indicated on the package. The exception is chamomile and fennel tea, which can be given from the first month of life. It is used in children with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, as it eliminates flatulence (excessive gas formation), relieves intestinal spasms and stimulates digestion.

The amount of tea drunk for a baby should not exceed 100 ml per day. Almost all children's teas of industrial production contain a significant amount of carbohydrates: sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose. Excessive consumption of tea as a drink can cause the development of caries, flatulence.

When preparing teas, you must follow the instructions on the package, do not give the tea hot (it should be at room temperature) and do not add sugar.

Juices

Children are very fond of these drinks, but you should not rush to give your baby juice. The fact is that juices are an allergenic product and can cause diathesis in infants, as well as irritate the immature mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, which can cause bloating, rumbling, abdominal pain, and unstable stools. Pediatricians and the World Health Organization recommend introducing juices into a baby's diet no earlier than 8 months.

First, clarified juices (without pulp) are introduced into the child's diet, and at 10-11 months you can try to give the baby juices with pulp. The later introduction of juices with pulp is due to the fact that they contain plant fibers (fiber), which stimulate intestinal activity, and the child may develop stool disorders.

At first, it is better for a baby to give one-component juices made from one type of fruit. This is necessary so that if an allergic reaction occurs, it can be determined which component the child's body reacted negatively to and eliminate the allergen.

The first thing you can offer your baby is green apple juice. It is the least allergenic and contains a large amount of iron needed by the baby. Then pear, peach, apricot and plum juices are introduced. You can not offer your child juices of exotic fruits (mango, papaya, grapefruit), orange and strawberries: they often cause allergies, so they are recommended to be given after the age of 1–1.5 years. With the introduction of grape juice, you should also not rush: grapes contain an increased amount of sugar and can cause fermentation processes in the intestines of the crumbs, which will cause him anxiety.

You need to start giving juice to a child with 5 drops, gradually increasing the volume per week to 20-30 ml per day (2nd day - ½ teaspoon, 3rd day - 1 teaspoon, by the 7th day - 6 teaspoons (30 ml ) By the end of the first year of life, the volume of juice that the baby drinks should be 100-120 ml per day.

The child can be given fresh juices prepared with a juicer, or commercially produced juices recommended for baby food. The package usually indicates the age at which children can use this product.

Freshly squeezed juices can irritate the baby's intestinal mucosa due to their high content of organic acids. This is manifested by increased gas formation, bloating, intestinal colic. Therefore, it is recommended to dilute such juices with chilled boiled or bottled water in a ratio of 1:1 (up to 2–3 years of age), and children over 3 years old can be offered juices that are not diluted with water. Juices of industrial production at the beginning of the introduction are also recommended to be diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 1 for better adaptation of the child's gastrointestinal tract to this product. You can stop diluting the juice when the child begins to receive the amount of this drink that corresponds to the age norm.

compotes

After 1 year, the child can be offered compotes from fresh berries and dried fruits. They are prepared without added sugar. The same rule applies here as with the introduction of juices: you need to start with a monocomponent drink and give it in small portions (starting with 10 ml per day). First, compote for a baby is better to cook from hypoallergenic fruits - apples, pears, plums. After a while, you can add berries - cherries, sweet cherries. Compote is given to the child chilled to room temperature.

Morse

This drink, made from the juice of berries or fruits, contains various vitamins (although some of them are destroyed during cooking), quenches thirst well, increases body tone, and appetite. Morse is prepared from different berries: cranberries, lingonberries, blackberries, blueberries, currants, raspberries. It can be offered to the baby in the third year of life. For the first acquaintance of young children with this drink, it is better to prepare fruit drink from one variety of berries. Fruit drinks of industrial production are mainly allowed for children over 3-4 years old. They are often a mixture of juices of several types of berries and water, so you can offer such a drink to a baby if he is not allergic to the components that make up its composition.

Morse can be cooked at home on your own. To do this, the berries must be sorted out, washed and squeezed out of them with the juice using a fine sieve or gauze. The remaining pomace should be poured with hot water, add a little sugar and boil for 10-12 minutes after boiling, then strain. Strained broth should be mixed with previously obtained juice. Morse is usually drunk chilled.

Kissel

Homemade jelly from fresh or frozen berries and fruits can be given to a baby after 1 year. Kissel of industrial production (in packs) contains a large amount of dyes and sweeteners, so it can be given to a child no earlier than 3 years. In order to cook jelly yourself, you will need fresh or frozen berries and potato starch. The berries must be sorted out, washed with hot water, mashed and squeezed out the juice through a fine sieve or gauze. The pomace should be poured with hot water and boiled for 5 minutes, then strained. It is necessary to pour potato starch previously diluted in chilled boiled water into the strained broth and, stirring, let it boil again, then add the previously squeezed juice. For 1 cup of berries take 2 tablespoons of potato starch.

Mineral water

It is divided into two categories - dining and medical. Healing mineral water contains many different salts and is intended for the treatment of certain diseases. Such water should not be drunk without a doctor's prescription. Table mineral water is poorly mineralized and has no therapeutic effect. The main important elements in mineral water are calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron. Table mineral water can be offered to children after 1 year. To remove gas bubbles from the mineral water, it is enough to pour the required volume of water into the cup and let it stand for 20-30 minutes; you can stir the water in a glass with a spoon - and everything will happen faster.

soda

Sweet carbonated drinks are not recommended for children under 3 years of age. There are a lot of preservatives, flavorings and dyes in "soda" that can cause allergies in a child. Such drinks also contain a lot of sugar or its substitutes, which contribute to the development of cavities. Finally, carbon dioxide, which is contained in sparkling water, causes belching and bloating.

Cocoa

From hot drinks, a child over 2-3 years old can be given cocoa no more than 3 times a week. It is best to offer your baby cocoa with milk for breakfast or an afternoon snack. Cocoa powder is rich in protein, fiber and vitamins. It contains many useful trace elements, such as zinc and iron, folic acid. Cocoa is a very healthy drink for underweight children, as it is a high-calorie product. The recommended amount of cocoa for young children is no more than 50 ml per day.

coffee drinks

Another hot drink is coffee. Instant coffee is strictly contraindicated for children under 13-14 years old. Coffee, as you know, contains caffeine, which has a stimulating effect on the nervous system. In a baby, this can lead to overexcitability, capriciousness, neuroses, and sleep disturbances. Children can be given a coffee drink that does not contain caffeine. It may include chicory, extracts of rye, barley, oats, rose hips. These products are completely safe for the baby and very rarely cause allergies. In addition, they have useful properties. Chicory increases appetite and regulates metabolism. In addition, the composition of chicory includes various mineral elements and vitamins A, E, B1, B12. Rosehip helps to strengthen the immune system, and extracts of barley and oats improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. A coffee drink diluted with milk can be given to a baby over 2 years old.

When choosing a coffee drink, you need to carefully examine the packaging. Sometimes it may include a small percentage of natural coffee. It is better not to offer such drinks to a child.

Drinking mode in the heat

Particular attention should be paid to the drinking regime in hot weather, when the baby sweats a lot and loses a lot of fluid. The supply of fluid in children is consumed faster, since water metabolism is more intense than in adults. Babies still have an imperfect thermoregulation system, so they easily overheat. On hot days, you need to carefully monitor the condition of the crumbs (due to possible dehydration of the body) and water the child more often, even if he does not ask.

The main symptoms of excessive fluid loss (dehydration) of the body are:
lethargy;
drowsiness;
weakness;
dry mucous membranes;
decrease in the number of urination (less than 6 times a day).

To prevent dehydration, breastfed babies should simply breastfeed more often. It is advisable for "artificial" children to offer cool drinks every 15-20 minutes. As a drink, ordinary drinking water at room temperature, non-carbonated mineral water, unsweetened children's tea are suitable.

Older children can be offered non-carbonated mineral water, diluted juice, unsweetened compote, children's kefir as a drink. Drinking should not be sweet, as sweet drinks do not quench thirst well and the baby will soon want to drink again. It is also important to remember that on hot days it is not recommended to drink cold drinks, because due to the sharp temperature difference, you can catch a cold.

Drinks should be at room temperature or slightly chilled.

It is very important to observe the drinking regimen for a child, since water and various drinks are an important part of his daily diet. Improper drinking regimen can lead to a violation of the water and electrolyte balance, constipation, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract in a baby.

The first year of a baby's life is a very important and responsible period. At this time, the “ripening” of his body takes place, the basis of his future health continues to form. A lot depends on the actions of parents, so moms and dads take the main issues very seriously: nutrition and child care. In both cases, there are a lot of rules and restrictions. Some of them are really justified, others are from the category of superstitions and delusions. Consider what is really impossible for a child under one year old.

Food prohibitions

Dietary restrictions become relevant after about 6 months, that is, when the child begins. Parents and grandmothers are always tempted to pamper their baby with sweets, surprise him, let him try new products and experience new tastes. It is better to limit this impulse, because not everything can be eaten by a child under a year old. To help moms - a list of products that should not be given to the baby.

1. Confectionery and "shop" sweets.

This category includes sweets, chocolate, cakes and cakes, sweet shop pastries. Sugar is really needed and acceptable in nutrition, but confectionery products are dangerous not so much because of the presence of sugar, but because they contain harmful confectionery fats, low-quality vegetable oils (palm, rapeseed), various artificial additives and dyes. In this sense, it is better for a child to just eat a piece of sugar than a candy.

Separately, it is worth dwelling on the use of chocolate. Cocoa is a very allergenic product, so it must be excluded from the baby's diet. In addition, chocolate invigorates and can provoke overexcitation.

2. Salt and pickles.

When a baby is just starting to try "adult" food, it is important that he feels the "clean" taste of food, without any improvers. In addition, salt causes fluid retention in the body and increases the load on the kidneys and blood vessels.

It is important not only not to add salt to what is on the plate, but also to exclude all salty foods from the diet, for example, salted crackers and straws, not to mention pickles or, especially, fish.

3. Sausages.

Sausages and sausage should not be on the baby's menu. Even high-quality sausages contain a lot of harmful additives: dyes, preservatives, flavor enhancers. In addition, such products contain so-called "hidden fats".

4. Fatty meats.

Fatty meat considers pork, lamb, as well as the meat of waterfowl (goose, duck). The fact is that fatty meat is very difficult to digest and creates a large load on the liver. Given the immaturity of the child's digestive system, eating fatty meats can lead to a breakdown in digestion.

5. Potentially allergenic berries, fruits and vegetables.

Traditionally allergenic include berries, fruits and vegetables with red pigment: strawberries, red apples, tomatoes, red peppers and others. In addition, citrus fruits and any exotic fruits that are alien to our climate are considered allergenic.

6. Products that enhance gas formation.

Some foods provoke increased gas formation. Their use is not welcome, because for the baby "" - this is a strong discomfort. These products include legumes, cabbage, grapes, melons.

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7. Seafood.

It is impossible to argue with the fact that seafood is very rich in nutrients and protein, however, even fish is in the last position in the complementary feeding scheme, and seafood should not be included in the baby’s diet at all. The reason is the high risk of developing an allergic reaction. In particular, we are talking about shrimp, squid, mussels.

8. Mushrooms.

Although mushrooms are called "second meat", they are absolutely not useful for a child. Mushrooms are quite heavy food even for an adult, they are difficult to digest and assimilate by the body. In addition, it is known that mushrooms "absorb" various poisons, heavy metals and radiation.

9. Shop seasonings, sauces, marinades and spices.

The composition of store-bought sauces for dishes, ketchup and mayonnaise is completely contrary to the rules of a healthy diet: these products are based on dyes, flavors, and flavor enhancers. Also, flavor enhancers and a lot of salt contain dry seasonings. You also need to be very careful with spices: some of them irritate the digestive tract (onions, garlic), and some can even cause allergies. If you want to improve the taste of the dish, you can limit yourself to fresh dill or parsley from your garden, without losing a sense of proportion.

10. Carbonated and sugary drinks.

"Soda" is harmful not only for kids, but also for adults, for many reasons. First, it contains carbonic acid, which provides magical bubbles. Once inside, these bubbles are very irritating to the gastric mucosa. Secondly, carbonated drinks contain dyes and flavors. Thirdly, there is usually a lot of sugar in "soda". By the way, for a high sugar content, it is better to exclude juices from the menu of a child up to a year old. In addition to sugar, they also contain fruit acids, which are too aggressive for a child's stomach.

11. Whole cow's milk.

The protein of cow's milk is foreign to our body, so it can cause allergies in a child. In addition, cow's milk is difficult to digest. It is not recommended to use whole cow's milk in the nutrition of children under one year old either as a drink or as a liquid component when cooking cereals or preparing mixtures.

On this topic:(possible or not)

12. Chicken egg.

Many consider a chicken egg to be a very nutritious and healthy product. This is true, but for a child under one year old, eggs are a dubious food. Chicken protein is a strong allergen, and the yolk contains a lot of fat, so it is useful only in very small doses.

13. Gluten-containing cereals.

Gluten is a plant protein found in almost all grains. It is considered very allergenic, so it is better for children under one year old not to give gluten-containing cereals. These include almost everything except corn, buckwheat and rice. Particularly undesirable in baby food is semolina. Our mothers and grandmothers like to talk about 5% porridge that the baby should suck from a bottle, but in fact semolina porridge, firstly, contains a lot of gluten, and secondly, it is very poor in composition and does not contain many necessary for growth and development of matter.

superstitious prohibitions

Why it is impossible to give a child this or that product is clear to any competent mother. However, in addition to explainable prohibitions on products, there are prohibitions that are firmly entrenched in the minds of people, but it is very difficult to explain them. These prohibitions are from the realm of superstition, they are familiar to many from childhood, and, having become parents, people continue to follow them.

You can not cut hair for up to a year. In many cultures, a child under a year old is not even given a name. This is due to the fact that in ancient times, infant mortality was very high and many simply did not live up to a year. Perhaps that is why the belief arose that it is not worth cutting such a baby - he is not yet a full member of the family;
You can not kiss the heels of the baby - he will start walking late. From the same series, the superstition that you can not kiss a child on the lips - he will speak late. Most likely, these prohibitions arose for hygiene reasons. Kiss calmly, there is no connection between kissing and walking;
It is impossible for the baby to look in the mirror. According to superstition, in a mirror, a child can see the other world, his past lives, and may be frightened. There are also some explanations: the child overlooks his happiness, may become shy, may not start talking for a long time, the teeth will not erupt well, may cause frequent illnesses, may become a stutterer, contributes to strabismus, the child’s soul will go into the looking glass, the negative accumulated in the mirror can pass into the child’s soul, and etc. In fact, kids are very fond of looking at themselves, and the ban was most likely due to the fact that in ancient times mirrors were a luxury item, and a child could break it by negligence. Psychologists believe that it is even useful for a child to look in a mirror, because it contributes to the development of the child's psyche and personality. Already from the age of 4 months, the baby begins to understand that other objects and people can be displayed in the mirror, from the year the child begins to understand that he himself is displayed in the mirror. If a child experiences negative emotions when he sees himself in a mirror, then this is a reason to contact specialists to possibly exclude mental abnormalities;
You can’t look at a sleeping baby - it will grow up fearful. This is only partly superstition, and partly a very real pattern. Waking up suddenly, the baby may be scared when he sees an adult;
You can’t put a child on the table - there will be a lot of crying in life. In this superstition, you can also see a certain pattern: sitting on the table is dangerous for the baby. Having fallen, he will indeed cry a lot, it's just that this meaning may have been erased over time;
You can’t blow in the baby’s face - fate will get confused. Our ancestors once again tried not to touch the child's face. They believed that this would not lead to good.

It is not necessary to blindly follow all these prohibitions, but it is really worth being careful. True, it is better to do this for reasons of common sense, and not out of superstitious fears.

Your baby is one year old, his teeth are growing, he is diligently learning to chew food, his first taste preferences appear. However, the common table is still contraindicated for him. What can you feed a child so as not to harm his health? Let's define the basic requirements for baby food.

Healthy eating rules for children under 3 years old: how to feed a child from 1-3 years old?

In a normally developing baby, about twenty teeth should erupt by the age of 2. And this means that the child can no longer only bite off, but also chew food. It is no secret that chewing food contributes to the production of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, which greatly facilitates the process of its digestion.

Parents know perfectly well that from 1 to 1.5 years old, a child needs to be fed five times a day. Some babies after a year themselves refuse the fifth feeding and move on to four meals a day. You should not worry about this, a healthy baby is able to regulate the number of feedings. During this period, parents should try to gradually replace semi-liquid meals with denser ones. The baby should eat new dishes with a spoon. From the pacifier and bottle should be gradually abandoned.

The nutrition of a one and a half year old crumbs must be balanced, preferably with the help of a nutritionist. The basis of nutrition at this age are products containing animal protein.
For children from 1.5 to 2 years old, the amount of food is approximately 1300 grams per day.
In the 3rd year of life, a baby can eat about 1500 grams of food per day.

How to make a menu for a child 1.5 - 3 years old: table

Products	Norms of food consumption for children 1.5-2 years old / examples of dishes	Norms of food consumption for children 2-3 years old / examples of dishes
Milk/m. products	Daily amount: 500 ml. 5% - cottage cheese - 50 grams. 5 grams - cream 10%. 5 grams - sour cream 10%. biolact, yogurt - 2.5% Dishes: cereals, cottage cheese casseroles, desserts.	Daily amount: not less than 600 ml. 100 grams of cottage cheese 5-10%. 10 grams of cream 10-20%. 10 grams of sour cream - 20%. kefir, yogurt up to 4%. After 2 years, more fatty milk from 2.5 to 3.2% is allowed. Dishes: cereals, cheesecakes, dumplings, desserts.
Meat	Norm: 85-100 grams per day. Beef. Rabbit meat. Veal. The menu may include liver, tongue. Dishes: steam meatballs, stewed cutlets, meat and liver puree, etc.	Norm: 110-120 grams per day. Beef. Veal. Rabbit meat. Lamb meat. Offal. Dishes: steam cutlets, meatballs, finely chopped stew, stew, meat and liver puree.
Fish	The daily norm up to 3 years - 30 grams 1 time per week. Recommended - sea, white fish. You can cook dishes from pollock, cod, hake, tuna. Allowed river fish - trout. Red fish is not desirable, it often causes allergic reactions. You can cook: fish soup with carrots, stewed fish, cutlets, meatballs, etc.	Daily allowance: 50 grams three to four times a week.
Poultry dishes	Children under 2 years old are recommended to include chicken and turkey meat in the menu. Chicken meat is considered more allergenic, so it is recommended to give it no more than twice a week.	You can start giving chicken meat 3 times a week. It is advisable to use only breast - white meat. From it you can cook stewed meatballs, meatballs, meatballs.
Cereal side dishes and cereals	Nutritionists recommend including in the children's menu: buckwheat, oatmeal, millet, barley groats, pearl barley.	Children under three years of age on average can consume up to twenty grams of cereal.
Bakery products	You can use noodles and vermicelli as a side dish for meat dishes. You can also make milk soups from them. However, these products are very high in calories and this should not be forgotten.	You can eat no more than 50 grams of bakery products per day.
Vegetables	They perfectly stimulate the intestines, increase appetite, supply the children's body with vitamins and minerals. The daily norm is not less than 200 grams of vegetables. From vegetables you can cook: cabbage meatballs, carrot cutlets, vegetable stew, etc.	In the daily diet of a 3-year-old child, there should be at least 250 grams of vegetables. Added: tomatoes, squash, green onions and garlic (in small quantities). Children willingly eat radishes, turnips, radishes. Many people like spinach, sorrel. Children willingly gnaw raw vegetables and love a variety of vegetable salads.
Fruits	The norm is at least 200 grams. It is necessary to introduce new fruits and berries in minimal portions so that it is possible to notice possible allergic manifestations in a timely manner. The menu can also include seasonal berries: lingonberries, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, chokeberries, gooseberries. (Little by little).	At the age of three, you can gradually increase the amount of fruits and berries (if they are not allergic). Parents should be aware that: chokeberry, blackcurrant and blueberry can fix stool. Kiwi, apricots, plums act as a laxative. From berries and fruits, you can prepare kissels, juices, compotes, fruit drinks, add them to porridge and desserts.
Healthy sweets and desserts	Dessert should be introduced to the menu only in two years - not earlier! Desserts should be as easy to digest as possible. Pediatricians urge parents not to rush to stuff the kids with sweets. And yet, there are useful sweets for children of this age. For example: baked apple, berry mousse, jelly, cottage cheese and banana soufflé.	In the “sweet tooth” menu at 3 years old, you can add soufflé from apples, carrots and semolina. Children willingly eat cranberry-semolina mousse, plum soufflé and apple marshmallow. Any mom can easily find recipes for these desserts on the Internet.

What not to eat for children under 3 years old: a list, common mistakes of parents

10 main products that are contraindicated for young children:

Any sausages. Almost all manufacturers add preservatives, flavors and dyes to their products.
Seafood, namely: shrimp, crabs, mussels. These seafood in 80% of cases cause allergic reactions in young children.
Pork, lamb, duck and goose meat. The refractory fats contained in these products are poorly digested and adversely affect the digestive tract. May cause pain, flatulence, constipation.
Grapes and melon. These fruits have a bad effect on the pancreas and increase gas formation.
Ice cream. A high level of fat content negatively affects the work of the pancreas. A delicacy adored by children very often becomes.
Honey. A useful product, but, unfortunately, quite often causing allergies.
Fatty milk provokes metabolic problems.
Cakes, chocolate, pastries, cookies. These "snacks" contain a huge amount of harmful food additives.
Cocoa. This drink contains theobromine, an alkaloid. In addition, cocoa is a very fatty drink.
All carbonated drinks - they irritate the digestive tract.
Nutritionists do not recommend three-year-olds to cook soups on any meat broths.
Children are strictly forbidden to give any fast food, chips, salty crackers.
Up to two years, babies should not eat sauerkraut, any pickles, celery, nuts.
Red and black caviar can be given in small doses only after 5 years.
Mushrooms (in any form) are not recommended for children under eight years old, and coffee not earlier than 12 years old.
Most pediatricians believe that sugar should not be added to any dish for children under 3 years old.

A. Mosov, doctor for nutritional hygiene of children and adolescents:

The child should not be given salt and sugar for as long as possible, ideally - up to three years to do without them. Unfortunately, the traditions are such that we ourselves accustom the child to sweet and salty. Therefore, when he comes to kindergarten, he will inevitably encounter sweet porridge, sweet tea or cocoa and salt, which is added to almost all dishes. It is not easy to overcome this tradition, so it is better if the child is ready for this and gets used to lightly salted food before kindergarten. I think there will be no problems with sweet porridge and sweet cocoa, since we all have an innate preference for sweet taste.

Honey is essentially the same saturated solution of sugars, although its use instead of sugar is more preferable, since honey contains a number of trace elements and other biologically active substances. However, the beneficial properties of honey are largely an exaggeration. And it is necessary to give it to a child with caution - this product often causes allergies in children.

From 1.5 to 3 years, children are gradually transferred to 4 meals a day. The daily volume of food in children of this age ranges from 1200 to 1500 ml.

Approximate feeding schedule for a 2-3 year old baby

Breakfast - 8.00.

Lunch - 12.00.

Afternoon snack - 15.30.

The duration of feeding should not exceed 30-40 minutes.

The diet of the child is supplemented with new products gradually and always strictly individually. The volume of water for children of this age, according to the Union of Pediatricians, is not strictly established. It all depends on the climatic conditions, the activity of the baby, on the fluid that enters his body during the main meal. Parents should be guided by the needs of the baby.

The main requirements that pediatricians make for the nutrition of children from 1.5 to 3 years old are balance and diversity.

Can children eat semolina?

Not so long ago, semolina porridge was the "main" dish on the children's table. Probably, many people remember the story of V. Yu. Dragunsky “The Secret Becomes Clear”, in which the unfortunate Deniska pours a bowl of semolina on the hat of a citizen going to be photographed. It's a pity for the injured hat of the citizen and Denis, whose body did not agree to eat porridge. And he was right to some extent. Modern medicine claims that 2/3 of semolina consists of carbohydrates, namely starch. Therefore, semolina is rather poorly digested. The gluten contained in semolina very often causes allergic reactions in children. Semolina porridge has a high energy value, but it is not rich in useful vitamins. In addition, phytin, which is part of it, prevents calcium, iron and vitamin D from being fully absorbed. Pediatricians do not recommend giving semolina to children under one year old. Of course, it’s a pity for the citizen’s hat from Deniskin’s Tales, but, according to most pediatricians, the protagonist’s act is fully justified. Although, it would be better to feed mom or dad with porridge. An adult organism perfectly perceives semolina, because it cleanses the intestines of mucus and has a beneficial effect on the removal of excess fat. But children's bodies are built differently.

Expert advice

According to the pediatrician-immunologist M.A. Khachaturova - children have a rather sensitive natural reaction to food. If for some reason a child flatly refuses a certain product, you should not force-feed him. Most likely, this product is simply not suitable for the child and should be replaced with another one. And, read on our website in another article.

Doctor M.A. Khachaturova warns parents that if a child has dull hair, nails grow poorly (they break and crumble), he must be urgently shown to a pediatrician and a nutritionist. Most likely, the baby has problems with the intestines and he needs to restore normal microflora. After that, you need to adjust the diet of his diet, and balance the amount of vitamins and minerals in the body.

Pediatrician A. Paretskaya:

When compiling the menu, you need to take into account the norms of daily consumption of products - that is, which products must be given to the baby every day, and which ones - with a certain frequency. For simplicity, we will make a calculation for the week - therefore, we will distribute the products by day. We calculate daily products based on the daily norm, multiplying it by 7 days of the week, the rest - based on the number of doses.

Every day the baby receives milk and dairy products, butter, bread, vegetables, cereals, for some days of the week they distribute, for example, cottage cheese, cheese, fish, sour cream, eggs. It is recommended to give meat and fish at least 5-6 times a week - that is, 4 times meat and 1-2 times fish.

Sometimes it happens that it is impossible to cook all the products planned on the menu. Then you have to resort to replacing the product with an approximately equivalent one. When replacing, it is necessary to take into account the calorie content and nutritional value of the product - that is, replace carbohydrate foods with them, fats with other fats, proteins with other proteins. For example, interchangeable carbohydrates are bread, bakery products, pasta, cereals. From proteins, milk, cottage cheese, meat, fish, cheese are replaceable. From vegetables - potatoes, beets, cabbage, carrots, etc. Fats are interchangeable both vegetable and animal. However, by the end of the week, all quantities of products being replaced are equalized.

Properly formed eating behavior is the key to the future health of your baby.

Since the first 12 months are considered an extremely important period in the life of a child, the care and proper nutrition of children up to a year old are one of the most important parental tasks in this time period.

It is curious that in both situations there are many strict recommendations and prohibitions.

Some of them are quite scientifically substantiated, while others can easily be classified as superstitions and unusual myths. That is why parents need to imagine what foods can or cannot be given to a child under one year old, whether it is forbidden to blow on a baby in the face, and where such prohibitions come from.

Mom's milk is the best food for a newborn baby, it's a scientifically proven fact! It contains so many useful elements that all questions about what foods can be given to a baby are removed for up to five months.

However, in some situations, breast milk is excluded from the list of allowed or “achievable” products, and then mothers are forced to resort to special mixtures. That's why you need to understand - artificial milk for a child up to a year. The selection criteria are as follows:

- mixture and mother's milk - by composition. According to this criterion, everything is usually divided into 3 main groups:

It is better to feed newborn children with adapted substitutes, since they contain all the necessary elements for the formation of natural microflora in the gastrointestinal tract.

In addition, they do not contain food additives that can lead to constipation.

Age indicators. Why is the age principle so important? The child is growing, which means that his body "makes" new requirements for food.

This is absolutely natural, since mother's milk also changes composition with the growth of children. You can determine the age characteristics of the mixture on the packaging:

the number "0" - the substitute is suitable for a newborn, prematurely born child;
"1" - a substitute for up to six months of age;
"2" - a substitute for six months to a year;
"3" is a substitute suitable for babies older than a year.

The individual characteristics of the child. Mom today can buy products for every taste and need of the crumbs.

For example, manufacturers offer children with allergic reactions to casein and whey proteins found in cow's milk substitutes for goat's milk.

The age at which new foods are introduced into a child's diet depends on whether or not he or she is breastfeeding. A “natural” can eat unfamiliar food from six months, while an artificial one has the right to count on additional complementary foods from the age of four months.

Moreover, experts impose strict requirements on the products from which first courses for children will be prepared. They must be:

low allergenic;
containing a complex of essential vitamins and minerals;
cooked in clean water or steamed;
without any seasonings and flavor enhancers (even salt is not allowed);
free from preservatives and artificial colors.

Agree, the requirements are quite serious and quite reasonable. To protect babies from an allergic reaction and problems with the tummy, domestic doctors and experts from the World Health Organization recommend giving the following products to a child under one year old:

Buckwheat and oatmeal cereals. Moreover, these products are the first on the list of complementary foods if the child has a lack of weight. After getting used to the crumbs, corn and millet porridge are added to these cereals, to which a teaspoon of oil is added.
Vegetable puree. Finely chopped vegetables (zucchini, cauliflower, broccoli) are also considered an option if the child is gaining weight in accordance with the normative indicators. Then carrots, beets and potatoes are included in the diet.
Kefir, milk and cottage cheese. Fermented milk products are recommended to be given to a child from 7 months, and their content is approximately one third of the entire daily diet for children. About 50% of this volume should be kefir, which contains easily digestible proteins and various useful components.
Chicken egg. A child under one year old can only be given hard-boiled yolks because of the risk of an allergy to protein. The approximate daily allowance is about a quarter of the yolk.
. Such products are allowed to be given at seven months, but not every day. It is better to give preference to industrially made mashed veal, turkey meat, rabbit meat or beef.
Fruits. Scientists recommend giving your baby fruits that grow in your area at seven months. Firstly, the likelihood of buying fresh products increases, and secondly, the risk of allergies decreases. It is best to start with pears, green or yellow apples, and only then move on to orange fruits.
Oils. Such products have the most important vitamin E, so a little vegetable or butter added to the porridge will not harm a child up to a year old.
Fish. Closer to 10 months, it is allowed to give the baby fish, but it is necessary to carefully monitor the child's reaction, because this product is a pronounced allergen. It is best to start with pollock, hake or pike perch.

Only pure drinking water is suitable for a baby to drink. Other drinks, for example, fruit juice, fruit juice, are considered food products, so they cannot replace standard water.

Is it possible or impossible for a child under a year old to have berries?

Most Russians and residents of neighboring countries have a dacha or a garden, which means that many young parents are extremely interested in whether a baby can eat berries. Doctors answer positively to this question, however, put forward several conditions:

Good to know! Berries can get on the children's table only after seven months. The baby should not eat early fruits, because they contain much more dyes.

It is also forbidden to give the baby berries with sugar, let the young gourmet try the natural taste of the fruit without harmful impurities.

The introduction of products into permanent complementary foods implies some limitations. Although the desire of mothers and grandmothers to please the baby with a new taste is quite natural, you need to remember about the prohibitions of doctors. There are not very many of them, but a list of foods that are contraindicated for babies should always be kept at hand.

Soda. Sweet sparkling water is harmful for both children and adults. However, many parents continue to buy forbidden drinks for their kids, not suspecting that carbonic acid bubbles irritate the stomach, and phosphoric acid disrupts the absorption of calcium, as a result of which the bones become brittle.
Mushrooms. Bans on "second meat" are well justified, since fried or salted mushrooms are too heavy food for young children due to their excessively long digestion and assimilation. Also, these objects of quiet hunting absorb a variety of toxins and other harmful substances.
Sweets. Sugar-containing foods - sweets, chocolates, cakes and other sweet foods - are prohibited foods. Sugar, palm oils and other substances can affect tooth enamel and the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Cocoa is an allergen product, it should not be given to a child.
Salty dishes. You need to introduce the baby to the natural taste of the dish, without improvers. Therefore, it is forbidden to add salt to food, and the crumbs should not eat salty dishes - cucumbers, herring or various salted biscuits.
Sausages. An adult table is a temptation for a child, so parents often give various sausages to the crumbs, forgetting that the prohibitions also apply to sausages. Their danger lies in the complex composition, which is oversaturated with spices and various dyes, taste enhancers. Cheap varieties also contain trans fats.
Fat meat. These varieties include lamb, duck and goose meat. These products contain indigestible fats, which give an excessive burden on the digestive tract. The use of such types of meat is fraught with digestive disorders.
Potential allergens (vegetables and fruits). These products include brightly colored fruits and berries, usually red - peppers, apples, strawberries, tomatoes. Also, tiny children are forbidden to eat citrus fruits and other exotic fruits.
Seafood. They contain proteins and vitamins that are extremely useful for the brain, but “sea dishes” often cause severe allergic reactions. Therefore, shrimp, oysters and mussels are forbidden to be given to small children.
Store seasonings. Various mayonnaises and tomato ketchups consist of a huge number of components, including harmful ones - additives, enhancers, etc. Most of them act as irritants, and as a result, intestinal upset is likely.
Canned food. Canned fish products in their composition have too much salt, preservatives and other chemicals that are forbidden to eat at an early age.

If forbidden foods can still be somehow understood and explained, then there is a whole list of various rituals that are not recommended for mothers. They can be attributed to the usual superstitions, which, however, are quite tenacious.

So, what can not be done, according to superstitious prohibitions?

You should not put the baby on the table - it will grow up to be a crybaby. Table and tears - what is the connection? If you think logically, then you should not put the little one on high objects at all (of course, the table), since the baby may fall. That's why tears are inevitable, so the table has nothing to do with it.
You should not blow the little one in the face - you will confuse his fate. This is often done by parents who want to calm the child or make him laugh. Doctors are in a hurry to reassure: to blow or not to blow in the face is the business of mom and baby, since it is dangerous to do this only if adults do not monitor the freshness of their breath.
Do not kiss children's heels - they will not stand on their feet for a long time. Prohibited actions from the same series - it is not recommended to kiss on the lips, otherwise he will not speak, etc. You can do this, however, do not forget about hygiene requirements.
No need to look at sleeping babies - they will be timid. The ban is somewhat reminiscent of a bike about the table, but it also traces a logical pattern. After all, waking up abruptly, the child is able to get scared when he sees an adult leaning over him.

Parents should approach forbidden actions without much fanaticism. For example, prohibitions regarding harmful products are mandatory. But various superstitious prohibitions must be correlated with your own common sense, although it is worth noting that some of them contain a grain of truth!

Hello, I'm Nadezhda Plotnikova. Having successfully studied at SUSU as a special psychologist, she devoted several years to working with children with developmental problems and advising parents on the upbringing of children. I apply the experience gained, among other things, in the creation of psychological articles. Of course, in no case do I pretend to be the ultimate truth, but I hope that my articles will help dear readers deal with any difficulties.