Bulgakov life and work summary. short biography

M.A. Bulgakov is one of the most famous Russian writers and playwrights. He wrote not only novels, short stories, short stories, plays, but also many feuilletons, screenplays, librettos.

He was born in Kyiv in 1891. His mother taught at a women's gymnasium, and his father taught at the Kyiv Theological Academy. The family was large: in addition to Mikhail, the parents raised 6 more children. Misha was a talented boy, had a phenomenal memory and wrote his first work at the age of seven.

When his father died, Bulgakov had to earn extra money on the railway and tutor, but he did not quit his studies at the First Kyiv Gymnasium. After graduating from it in 1909, he entered the Kyiv University at the Faculty of Medicine. While still a student, he married for the first time. After receiving his diploma in 1916. worked as a doctor (first in the village of Nikolskoye, and then in Vyazma). He became addicted to morphine, but his wife helped him cope with this problem.

In 1918 as part of an officer squad, he defended Kyiv from the troops of the Directory. At the end of the winter of 1919 he was mobilized into the UNR army as a military doctor. Then he worked as a military doctor of the Russian Cossack regiment. He contracted typhus, so because of the disease he was not able to leave his homeland.

After recovery, he settled in Vladikavkaz. Works at a local military hospital. After some time, he forever refuses medical activity and devotes himself to literature. Moves to Tiflis, and then to Baku.

From the autumn of 1921 Mikhail Afanasyevich lives in Moscow. A number of his works are published in newspapers and magazines. Two years later he becomes a member of the All-Russian Union of Writers. In 1925 marries a second time. In 1926 in his apartment, representatives of the OGPU conducted a search, which resulted in the seizure of the writer's personal diaries and a handwritten version of the story "Heart of a Dog".

The period from 1924 to 1928 is the most fruitful in Bulgakov’s work, because it was then that his most famous works appeared, and the plays “Days of the Turbins”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island” were successfully staged on theater stages. But soon, because of the criticism of the Bolshevik ideas, M.A. Bulgakov was summoned for interrogations, they stopped publishing, and his plays were excluded from the theater repertoires. He writes a letter to Stalin, after which the persecution of the writer stopped and he received the position of director.

In 1932 Bulgakov marries for the third time. In 1934 He is accepted into the Writers' Union of the USSR.

In the last years of his life, Mikhail Afanasyevich's health deteriorated sharply. He gradually loses his sight, but does not leave robots over his main novel.

Option 2

Bulgakov's youth passed in Kyiv, and the writer has a lot to do with this city. He was born in 1891, the first in a rather large family, where after him six children appeared. After graduating from high school, he entered the medical faculty and in 1914, with the outbreak of war, he went to serve in a military hospital.

A year later, Bulgakov creates a family with Tatyana Lappa, in 1916 he receives a diploma as a doctor, and also begins to use morphine, first for medical reasons, then to obtain a narcotic effect. Two years later he will return to

Kyiv and will start practicing as a private venereologist. Each of these facts will receive its own reflection in the work of the writer, who will also write the whole story Morphine, about a doctor addicted to drugs and the Heart of a Dog, where the main character will be a venereologist professor.

In general, there is a lot of biographical in the writer's work. It is easy to remember, for example, Notes on the cuffs, which also talk about working as a doctor and about addiction.

From 1919 he served as a doctor, in 1921 he moved to Moscow, where, by the way, he began his literary activity with Notes on cuffs. A year later, she gets divorced, a year later she marries Olga Belozerskaya again, and writes actively. It was the beginning of the 1920s that gave Bulgakov's readers Heart of a Dog, Zoya's apartment and many other interesting works.

In the second half of the 1920s, the writer gained popularity, his plays were actively staged in theaters, and in 1928 he began to write The Master and Margarita. In 1930, an active career decline began: publishers rejected works, plays were no longer taken to theaters. Bulgakov writes an open letter and Stalin personally orders the fate of Bulgakov.

In 1934, the first edition of The Master and Margarita was completed. In 1939, his play about Stalin was canceled, his health was deteriorating and the writer was using a lot of morphine, he was already dictating the completion of the novel The Master and Margarita to his third wife. The writer managed to survive the war and left this world on March 10, 1949, but he did not see the publication of his great novel, which was allowed to print in 1966.

Bulgakov Mikhail. Biography 3

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born in 1891 and died in 1940.

The writer was born in Kyiv. He was the eldest of seven children in his family. He was very educated, successfully graduated from the university and after studying went to work in a hospital, as it was popular among his peers. This became one of the factors of Bulgakov's subsequent vice - he became addicted to morphine, which was a drug, but thanks to his inner strength and the support of his wife, he was still able to defeat leprosy. Based on the knowledge and feelings that Mikhail Afanasyevich received during addiction, the famous work "Morphine" was written.

Already a middle-aged man, Bulgakov moved to Moscow and was actively engaged in his creative activities. His first works are reflections of post-revolutionary Russia with its bureaucracy, the ignorance of the numerous masters of this world, and so on.

Gogol worked in various newspapers, mainly in the capital. His articles were actively printed there: popular science, essays, short stories, feuilletons.

It is known that Bulgakov was married three times and by the end of his life had a whole bunch of diseases, one of them was kidney disease, from which Mikhail Afanasyevich died.

Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important thing.

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Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich (1891-1940), writer, playwright.

Born May 15, 1891 in Kyiv in a large and friendly family of a professor, teacher of the Kyiv Theological Academy. After graduating from high school, at the age of 16, Bulgakov entered the university at the Faculty of Medicine.

In the spring of 1916, he was released from the university as a "militia warrior of the second category" and went to work in one of the Kyiv hospitals. In the summer of the same year, the future writer received his first appointment and in the autumn he arrived at a small zemstvo hospital in the Smolensk province, in the village of Nikolskoye. Here he began to write the book "Notes of a Young Doctor" - about a remote Russian province, where malaria powders prescribed for a week are swallowed immediately, they give birth under a bush, and mustard plasters are put on top of a sheepskin coat ... While yesterday's student turned into an experienced and determined zemstvo doctor, in events began in the Russian capital that determined the fate of the country for many decades. “The present is such that I try to live without noticing it,” Bulgakov wrote on December 31, 1917 to his sister.

In 1918 he returned to Kyiv. Waves of Petliurists, White Guards, Bolsheviks, Hetman P. P. Skoropadsky swept through the city. At the end of August 1919, the Bolsheviks, leaving Kyiv, shot hundreds of hostages. Bulgakov, who had previously avoided mobilization by hook or by crook, retreated with the Whites. In February 1920, when the evacuation of the Volunteer Army began, he was struck down by typhus. Bulgakov woke up in Vladikavkaz, occupied by the Bolsheviks. The next year he moved to Moscow.

Here, one after another, three satirical novels with fantastic plots appear: "The Diaboliad", "Fatal Eggs" (both 1924), "Heart of a Dog" (1925).

During these years, Bulgakov worked in the editorial office of the Gudok newspaper and wrote the novel The White Guard - about a broken family, about the past years of the "carefree generation", about the civil war in Ukraine, about human suffering on earth. The first part of the novel was published in the Rossiya magazine in 1925, but the magazine was soon closed, and the novel - for almost 40 years - was destined to remain underprinted.

In 1926, Bulgakov staged The White Guard. “Days of the Turbins” (as the play is called) was staged with great success at the Moscow Art Theater and left the stage only with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, when the scenery of the performance was destroyed under the bombing.

"Proletarian" playwrights and critics jealously followed the successes of the talented "bourgeois echo" and took all measures to ensure that the plays already staged ("Zoyka's apartment", 1926, and "Crimson Island", 1927) were removed, and the newly written "Running" (1928) and "The Cabal of the Saints" (1929) did not see the limelight. (It was only in 1936 that the play The Cabal of the Saints, called Molière, appeared on the stage of the Art Theatre.)

Since 1928, Bulgakov worked on the novel The Master and Margarita, which brought him worldwide fame posthumously.

He died on March 10, 1940 in Moscow from a severe hereditary kidney disease, before reaching the age of 49. Few knew how many unpublished manuscripts he had.

Mikhail Bulgakov is a Russian writer, playwright, director and actor. His works have become classics of Russian literature.

World fame brought him the novel "The Master and Margarita", which was repeatedly filmed in many countries.

When Bulgakov was at the height of his popularity, the Soviet government forbade the stage production of his plays and the publication of his works.

Brief biography of Bulgakov

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born on May 3, 1891 in. In addition to him, the Bulgakov family had six more children: 2 boys and 4 girls.

His father, Afanasy Ivanovich, was a professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy.

Mother, Varvara Mikhailovna, for some time worked as a teacher in a women's gymnasium.

Childhood and youth

When children began to be born one after another in the Bulgakov family, the mother had to leave work and take up their upbringing.

Since Mikhail was the oldest child, he often had to nurse his brothers and sisters. This, undoubtedly, was reflected in the formation of the personality of the future writer.

Education

When Bulgakov was 18 years old, he graduated from the First Kyiv Gymnasium. The next educational institution in his biography was Kyiv University, where he studied at the Faculty of Medicine.

He wanted to become a doctor in many respects because this profession was well paid.

By the way, in Russian literature before Bulgakov there was an example of an outstanding writer who, being a doctor by education, was engaged in medicine with pleasure all his life: this is.

Bulgakov in his youth

After receiving his diploma, Bulgakov applied to do military service in the Navy as a doctor.

However, he failed to pass the medical examination. As a result, he asked to be sent to the Red Cross to work in a hospital.

At the height of the First World War (1914-1918), he treated soldiers near the frontline.

After a couple of years, he returned to Kyiv, where he began working as a venereologist.

Interestingly, during this period of his biography, he began to use morphine, which helped him get rid of the pain caused by taking the anti-diphtheria drug.

As a result, throughout his subsequent life, Bulgakov will be painfully dependent on this drug.

Creative activity

In the early 20s, Mikhail Afanasevich arrived in. There he begins to write various feuilletons, and soon takes on plays.

Later, he becomes a theater director of the Moscow Art Theater and the Central Theater of Working Youth.

Bulgakov's first work was the poem "The Adventures of Chichikov", which he wrote at the age of 31. Then several more stories came out from under his pen.

After that, he writes the fantastic story "Fatal Eggs", which was positively received by critics and aroused great interest among readers.

dog's heart

In 1925, Bulgakov published the book "Heart of a Dog", in which the ideas of the "Russian revolution" and the "awakening" of the social consciousness of the proletariat are masterfully intertwined.

According to literary critics, Bulgakov's story is a political satire, where each character is the prototype of one or another political figure.

The Master and Margarita

Having received recognition and popularity in society, Bulgakov set about writing the main novel in his biography - The Master and Margarita.

He wrote it for 12 years, until his death. An interesting fact is that the book was published only in the 60s, and even then not completely.

In its final form, it was published in 1990, a year before.

It is worth noting that many of Bulgakov's works were published only after his death, since they were not censored.

Bullying Bulgakov

By 1930, the writer began to be subjected to increasing persecution by Soviet officials.

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For many, Mikhail Bulgakov is the favorite writer. His biography is interpreted by people of various directions in different ways. The reason is the extent to which certain researchers correlate his name with the occult. For those interested in this particular aspect, we can recommend reading the article by Pavel Globa. However, in any case, its presentation should begin from childhood, which we will do.

Writer's parents, brothers and sisters

Mikhail Afanasyevich was born in Kyiv in the family of professor of theology Afanasy Ivanovich, who taught at the theological academy. His mother, Varvara Mikhailovna Pokrovskaya, also taught at the Karachay gymnasium. Both parents were hereditary bell nobles, their grandfathers, priests, served in the Oryol province.

Misha himself was the eldest child in the family, he had two brothers: Nikolai, Ivan and four sisters: Vera, Nadezhda, Varvara, Elena.

The future writer was thin, graceful, artistic with expressive blue eyes.

Michael's education and character

Bulgakov was educated in his hometown. His biography contains data on graduating at the age of eighteen from the First Kyiv Gymnasium and at the age of twenty-five from the Medical Faculty of Kyiv University. What influenced the formation of the future writer? The untimely death of a 48-year-old father, the stupid suicide of his best friend Boris Bogdanov because of his love for Varya Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasyevich's sister - all these circumstances determined Bulgakov's character: suspicious, prone to neuroses.

First wife

At twenty-two, the future writer married his first wife, Tatyana Lappa, a year younger than him. Judging by the memoirs of Tatyana Nikolaevna (she lived until 1982), a film could have been made about this short marriage. The newlyweds managed to spend the money sent by their parents on a veil and a wedding dress before the wedding. For some reason they laughed at the wedding. Of the flowers presented to the newlyweds, most of all were daffodils. The bride was wearing a linen skirt, and her mother, who arrived and was horrified, managed to buy her a blouse for the wedding. Bulgakov's biography by dates, thus, was crowned with the date of the wedding on April 26, 1913. However, the happiness of the lovers was destined to be short-lived: in Europe at that time there was already a smell of war. According to Tatyana's memoirs, Mikhail did not like to save, he was not distinguished by prudence in spending money. For him, for example, it was in the order of things to order a taxi with the last money. Valuables were often pawned in a pawnshop. Although Tatyana's father helped the young couple with money, the funds constantly disappeared.

medical practice

Fate quite cruelly prevented him from becoming a doctor, although Bulgakov possessed both talent and professional instinct. The biography mentions that he had the misfortune to contract dangerous diseases while engaged in professional activities. Mikhail Afanasyevich, wishing to realize himself as a specialist, led an active medical activity. During the year, Dr. Bulgakov received 15,361 patients at an outpatient appointment (forty people a day!). He treated 211 people in the hospital. However, apparently, Fate itself prevented him from being a doctor. In 1917, having become infected with diphtheria, Mikhail Afanasyevich took a serum against it. The result was severe allergies. Her excruciating symptoms he weakened with morphine, but then became addicted to this drug.

Bulgakov's recovery

The healing of Mikhail Bulgakov is due to his admirers Tatyana Lappa, who deliberately limits his dose. When he asked for an injection of a dose of the drug, his loving wife injected him with distilled water. At the same time, she stoically endured her husband's tantrums, although he once threw a burning stove at her and even threatened her with a gun. At the same time, his loving wife was sure that he did not want to shoot, he just felt very bad ...

A brief biography of Bulgakov contains the fact of high love and sacrifice. In 1918, thanks to Tatyana Lappa, he stopped being a morphine addict. From December 1917 to March 1918, Bulgakov lived and practiced in Moscow with his maternal uncle, the successful gynecologist N. M. Pokrovsky (later the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from The Heart of a Dog).

Then he returned to Kyiv, where he again began working as a venereologist. The practice was interrupted by the war. He did not return to medical practice again ...

World War I and Civil War

The First World War marked for Bulgakov moving: at first he worked as a doctor near the front line, then he was sent to work in the Smolensk province, and then in Vyazma. During the Civil War from 1919 to 1921 he was twice mobilized as a doctor. First - to the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, then - to the White Guard Armed Forces of the South of Russia. This period of his life later found its literary reflection in the cycle of stories "Notes of a Young Doctor" (1925-1927). One of the stories it contains is called "Morphine".

In 1919, on November 26, for the first time in his life, he published an article in the Grozny newspaper, which, in fact, represented the gloomy forebodings of a White Guard officer. The Red Army at the Yegorlytskaya station in 1921 defeated the advanced forces of the White Guards - the Cossack cavalry ... His comrades go beyond the cordon. However, Mikhail Afanasyevich does not allow to emigrate ... fate: he falls ill with typhus. In Vladikavkaz, Bulgakov is treated for a fatal illness and recovers. His biography captures the reorientation of the goals of life, creativity takes over.

Playwright

Mikhail Afanasyevich, emaciated, in the form of a white officer, but with torn shoulder straps, in the Tersky Narobraz works in the theater section of the sub-department of arts, in the Russian theater. During this period in the life of Bulgakov there is a severe crisis. There is no money at all. She and Tatyana Lappa live by selling the severed parts of a miraculously surviving gold chain. Bulgakov made a difficult decision for himself - never to return to medical practice. With a tormented heart, in 1920 Mikhail Bulgakov wrote the most talented play Days of the Turbins. The biography of the writer testifies to the first repressions against him: in the same 1920, the Bolshevik commission expelled him from work as a "former". Bulgakov is trampled, broken. Then the writer decides to flee the country: first to Turkey, then to France, he moves from Vladikavkaz to Tiflis through Baku. In order to survive, he betrays himself, Pravda, Conscience, and in 1921 writes the conformist play "Sons of the Mullah", which the Bolshevik theaters of Vladikavkaz willingly include in their repertoire. At the end of May 1921, while in Batumi, Mikhail Bulgakov summons his wife. His biography contains information about the most difficult crisis in the writer's life. Fate cruelly takes revenge on him for betraying his conscience and talent (meaning the aforementioned play, for which he received 200,000 rubles in fees (33 pieces of silver). This situation will happen again in his life).

Bulgakovs in Moscow

Spouses still do not emigrate. In August 1921, Tatyana Lappa left alone for Moscow via Odessa and Kyiv.

Soon, following his wife, Mikhail Afanasyevich also returned to Moscow (it was during this period that N. Gumilyov was shot and A. Blok died). Their life in the capital is accompanied by moving, unsettledness ... Bulgakov's biography is not easy. The summary of her subsequent period is the desperate attempts of a talented person to realize himself. Mikhail and Tatiana live in an apartment (in the apartment described in the novel "The Master and Margarita" - house number 10 on Bolshaya Sadovaya St. (Pigit's house), number 302-bis, which was kindly provided to them by brother-in-law philologist Zemsky A.M., who left for Kyiv to his wife). Brawling and drinking proletarians lived in the house. Spouses were uncomfortable in it, hungry, penniless. This is where they broke up...

In 1922, Mikhail Afanasyevich was in for a personal blow - his mother was dying. He feverishly begins to work as a journalist, putting his sarcasm into feuilletons.

literary activity. "Days of the Turbins" - Stalin's favorite play

Lived life experience and thoughts, born of a remarkable intellect, were simply torn to paper. A brief biography of Bulgakov records his work as a feuilletonist in Moscow newspapers ("Worker") and magazines ("Vozrozhdenie", "Russia", "Medical worker").

Life, war-torn, begins to improve. Since 1923, Bulgakov has been accepted as a member of the Writers' Union.

Bulgakov in 1923 begins to work on the novel The White Guard. He creates his famous works:

• "Diaboliad";
• "Fatal Eggs";
• "Dog's heart".

• "Adam and Eve";
• "Alexander Pushkin";
• "Crimson Island";
• "Run";
• "Bliss";
• "Zoyka's apartment";
• "Ivan Vasilievich"

And in 1925 he marries Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya.

He also made his mark as a playwright. Even then, a paradoxical perception of the work of the classic by the Soviet state was traced. Even Joseph Stalin in relation to him was contradictory and inconsistent. He watched the Moscow Art Theater production of Days of the Turbins 14 times. Then he declared that "Bulgakov is not ours." However, in 1932 he orders it to be returned, and in the only theater of the USSR - in the Moscow Art Theater, noting that after all "the impression of the play on the communists" is positive.

Moreover, Joseph Stalin subsequently, in his historic address on July 3, 1941 to the people, uses the phraseology of the words of Alexei Turbin: “I am addressing you, my friends ...”

In the period from 1923 to 1926, the writer's work flourished. In the autumn of 1924, in the literary circles of Moscow, Bulgakov was considered the current writer No. 1. The biography and work of the writer are inseparably linked. He develops a literary career, which becomes the main business of his life.

Short and fragile second marriage of the writer

The first wife, Tatyana Lappa, recalls that, being married to her, Mikhail Afanasyevich repeated more than once that he should marry three times. He repeated this after the writer Alexei Tolstoy, who considered such a family life the key to the glory of the writer. There is a saying: the first wife is from God, the second is from people, the third is from hell. Was Bulgakov's biography artificially formed according to this far-fetched scenario? Interesting facts and mysteries are not uncommon in it! However, Bulgakov's second wife, Belozerskaya, a secular lady, did indeed marry a wealthy, promising writer.

However, the writer lived soul to soul with his new wife for only three years. Until in 1928, the third wife of the writer, Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, “appeared on the horizon”. Bulgakov was still in his second official marriage when this stormy romance began. The writer described his feelings for his third wife with great artistic power in The Master and Margarita. The attachment of Mikhail Afanasyevich to the newfound woman, with whom he felt a spiritual connection, is evidenced by the fact that on 10/03/1932 the registry office annulled his marriage to Belozerskaya, and on 10/04/1932 an alliance was concluded with Shilovskaya. It was the third marriage that became the main thing for the writer in his life.

Bulgakov and Stalin: the lost game of the writer

In 1928, inspired by the acquaintance with "his Margarita" - Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, Mikhail Bulgakov begins to create his novel "The Master and Margarita". A brief biography of the writer, however, testifies to the beginning of a creative crisis. He needs space for creativity, which is not in the USSR. Moreover, there was a ban on the publication and production of Bulgakov. Despite his fame, his plays were not staged in theaters.

Iosif Vissarionovich, an excellent psychologist, knew perfectly well the weaknesses of the personality of this most talented author: suspiciousness, a tendency to depression. He played with the writer like a cat plays with a mouse, having an undeniable dossier against him. On 05/07/1926, the only search of the entire time was carried out at the Bulgakovs' apartment. The personal diaries of Mikhail Afanasyevich, the seditious story "Heart of a Dog" fell into Stalin's hands. In the game of Stalin against the writer, such a trump card was obtained, which fatally led to the catastrophe of the writer Bulgakov. Here is the answer to the question: "Is Bulgakov an interesting biography?" Not at all. Until the age of thirty, his adult life was filled with suffering from poverty and disorder, then six years of a more or less measured, prosperous life really followed, but it was followed by a violent break in Bulgakov's personality, illness and death.

Refusal to leave the USSR. Leader's fatal call

In July 1929, the writer addressed a letter to Joseph Stalin, asking him to leave the USSR, and on March 28, 1930, he addressed the Soviet government with the same request. Permission was not given.

Bulgakov suffered, he understood that his grown talent was being ruined. Contemporaries remembered the phrase he dropped after another failed permission to leave: “I was blinded!”

However, that was not yet the final blow. And he was expected ... Stalin's call on April 18, 1930 changed everything. At that moment, Mikhail Bulgakov and his third wife Elena Sergeevna, laughing, were driving to Batum (where Bulgakov was going to write a play about Stalin's young years). At the Serpukhov station, a woman who got into their car announced: “A telegram to the accountant!”

The writer, uttering an involuntary exclamation, turned pale, and then corrected her: "Not to the accountant, but to Bulgakov." He expected ... Stalin scheduled a telephone conversation for the same date - 04/18/1930.

Mayakovsky was buried the day before. It is obvious that the leader's call could equally be called a kind of prevention (he respected Bulgakov, but still gently pressed), and cunning: in a confidential conversation, draw an unfavorable promise from the interlocutor.

In it, Bulgakov voluntarily refused to go abroad, which he could not forgive himself until the end of his life. It was his tragic loss.

The most complicated knot of relationships connects Stalin and Bulgakov. We can say that the seminarian Dzhugashvili outplayed and broke both the will and the life of the great writer.

The last years of creativity

In the future, the author concentrated all his talent, all his skill on the novel The Master and Margarita, which he wrote on the table, without any hope of publication.

The play "Batum" created about Stalin was rejected by the secretariat of Joseph Vissarionovich, pointing out the writer's methodological error - the transformation of the leader into a romantic hero.

In fact, Joseph Vissarionovich was jealous, so to speak, of the writer for his own charisma. Since then, Bulgakov was allowed to work only as a theater director.

By the way, Mikhail Afanasyevich is considered one of the best directors in the history of Russian theater directed by Gogol and Saltykov-Shchedrin (his favorite classics).

Everything that he wrote - behind the scenes and prejudicedly, was "impassable". Stalin consistently destroyed him as a writer.

Bulgakov still wrote, he responded to the blow, as a real classic could do ... A novel about Pontius Pilate. About the all-powerful autocrat who is secretly afraid.

Moreover, the first version of this novel was burned by the author. It was called differently - "Devil's Hoof". In Moscow, after writing it, there were rumors that Bulgakov wrote about Stalin (Iosif Vissarionovich was born with two fused toes. People call this the hoof of Satan). Panicked, the author burned the first version of the novel. Hence, subsequently, the phrase “Manuscripts do not burn!” Was born.

Instead of a conclusion

In 1939, the final version of The Master and Margarita was written and read to friends. To be published for the first time in an abridged version of this book was judged only after 33 years ... The terminally ill Bulgakov, suffering from kidney failure, did not have long to live ...

In the autumn of 1939, his eyesight deteriorated critically: he was practically blind. On March 10, 1940, the writer died. Mikhail Bulgakov was buried on March 12, 1940 at the Novodevichy cemetery.

The full biography of Bulgakov is still the subject of controversy. The reason is that the Soviet, emasculated version of it, presents the reader with an embellished picture of the author's loyalty to Soviet power. Therefore, being interested in the life of a writer, one should critically analyze several sources.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (May 15, 1891 - March 10, 1940) was born in Kyiv in the family of an associate professor at a theological seminary. He was baptized by his own father, who considered it necessary to give his son a name in honor of the guardian of Kyiv - Archangel Michael.

Childhood

The Bulgakov family brought up 7 children, of which Mikhail was the eldest. As the writer recalled in the future, the mother treated them with all severity. Children received the exact concept of what is evil and good. The father, in turn, tried to instill in them a great love for science.

The house of the Bulgakov family was located on Andreevsky Spusk, which is famous for its energy and incredible landscapes. From a young age, the boy grew up in a special atmosphere of freedom and beauty.

Until the age of 9, Mikhail received home education, and then went to study at the Alexander Gymnasium, where at the beginning of the 20th century the strongest teachers in Kyiv taught. It was the gymnasium period that was marked by the first creative impulses of the future writer: Mikhail showed himself as a talented young poet and prose writer, as well as a cartoonist and musician.

Youth

After graduating from the gymnasium, the question of continuing education was resolved simply: the Bulgakov family had many relatives who were doctors. And the death of Father Athanasius from a kidney disease influenced the choice of the young man. Mikhail has always shown interest in how "a person works." Already in his second year, he left his bachelor life, marrying a graduate of the gymnasium Tatyana Lappa.

Plans for training were interrupted by the First World War. Mikhail decided to work in a hospital, but in the fall he was assigned to the Smolensk province. So he became a zemstvo doctor.

Youth

The wartime turned out to be depressing: diphtheria was often found among the sick. Bulgakov had to help everyone in need. He himself suffered from this, having become infected with a diphtheria bacillus from a sick boy. Morphine was the cure. Mikhail was able to recover from diphtheria, but could not give up the narcotic substance. Soon he needed two doses daily.

Being in a drug frenzy, the writer sat down at the table and tried to convey on paper everything that “visited” his head at that moment. And only thanks to his wife he was able to get rid of addiction.

retired doctor

After the First World War, many intellectuals left Russia. At that time, Mikhail served as a military doctor in the North Caucasus. Severe typhus, which fell down the writer, did not give him the opportunity to emigrate from the country in time. Later, he repeatedly reproached his wife for not making a decision and not taking him abroad. The reason for this desire was Bulgakov's special views, which ran counter to the political leaders. This can be clearly seen in his first large-scale works "Fatal Eggs", "Heart of a Dog," Zoya's Apartment.

An interesting fact: the respected Professor Preobrazhensky from the "Heart of a Dog" had his own real prototype. They became the uncle of Mikhail Bulgakov, the doctor Nikolai Pokrovsky. The work itself was first published only in 1987.

In 1919, the writer left the medical practice and married again. His wife was Lyubov Belozerskaya. Many mistakenly believe that Bulgakov dedicated the work "The Master and Margarita" to her. In fact, his muse was Elena Shilovskaya, who in 1929 "received the title" of the writer's third legal wife.

The novel "The Master and Margarita" became a real reflection of the fate of the writer himself. Despite the intertwining of modern and historical aspects, it was given the title "Gospel of the Devil". The protagonist of the novel, the Master, became the very conductor between the past and the present: the times of Pontius Pilate and modern Moscow of the 30s.

In the early 1930s, the writer's financial condition wished for the best. He had to write a letter to Stalin with a request or to be given the opportunity to work or to be allowed to leave the country. So the theatrical period appeared in the life of the writer. He even wrote a play about Stalin, which was banned from staging. The only play that went on for many years on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater was the work "Days of the Turbins".

In 1939, Bulgakov began to use morphine again to relieve pain due to hypertensive nephrosclerosis. It was this disease that was given as the official cause of his death in March 1940. Enemies said that the writer's departure was accelerated by his passion for the occult: the evil spirit laid claim to his life.