A short course of lectures on vertebrate zoology. Lectures lectures on "zoology"

PLAN:

1. Development of zoology until the 17th century

2. Development of zoology in the 17th - 18th centuries

3. Development of zoology in the 19th and early 20th centuries

4. Development of zoology in the 20th and early 21st centuries

5. Modern classification of animals

Zoology- science of animals. Historically, modern zoology developed as a system of scientific disciplines about animals. In zoology, on the one hand, there are disciplines that study individual large systematic groups of animals, and on the other, sciences about the structure, life activity, development of animals, their connections with the environment, their evolution, etc.

The history of science is closely connected with the development of human society, the level of civilization, the main directions of practical activity, and the dominant worldviews.

The first detailed scientific treatises on biology are known to us only from ancient Greece of the 4th – 3rd centuries. BC. Great ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist Aristotle (384-322 BC) left a rich legacy in the field of zoology: the multi-volume work “History of Animals” (in 10 volumes), “The Origin of Animals”, “On the Parts of Animals”.

Aristotle's works represent an impressive body of knowledge on zoology of that time. He described about 520 species of animals and created the first system in which he divided all animals into two subgroups: with blood and without blood. These groups generally correspond to the modern division of animals into vertebrates and invertebrates. Among the first, the following groups were identified: 1) “viviparous quadrupeds” (mammals), 2) birds, 3) “oviparous quadrupeds and legless” (amphibians and reptiles), 4) “viviparous legless with pulmonary respiration” (cetaceans), 5) “scaled, legless, breathing with gills” (fish). Aristotle divided bloodless animals into four groups: soft-bodied (cephalopods), soft-shelled (crustaceans), insects (chelicerates and trachea) and craniodermals (shell mollusks and echinoderms). Aristotle found the roots of the animal world in “zoophytes” - “animal plants”, such as sponges, coral polyps, and aspidia.

Of great value are the works of Aristotle on animal anatomy, including seven atlases. It was he who first described the chewing apparatus of echinoderms, the rudimentary eye of a mole, and much more.

IN Renaissance interest in the study of living nature is intensifying. Along with descriptions of animal and plant species Anatomical research is developing in connection with the needs of medicine. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Vesalius (1514-1564) and other Renaissance scientists studied human anatomy secretly by dissecting corpses. In parallel, the physiology of humans and animals is developing. So the doctor Harvey (1578-1657) did a lot in the study of blood circulation and other functions of the human body.

Development of zoology in the 17th - 18th centuries. In the 17th century Dutch scientist Anton Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invented the microscope and discovered a new microcosm for humans. Single-celled animals became known, the sex cells of many animals and humans, red blood cells were discovered, and the microstructure of many animal organs was studied. A new field of biology is being formed - microscopic anatomy, on the basis of which histology, cytology, and embryology subsequently developed. The galaxy of the first microscopists included A. Leeuwenhoek, M. Malpighi, C. Bonnet, Vallisneri.

During the era of great geographical discoveries, intense accumulation of new information about animals and plants from different countries, museum collections are created, which contributes to development of taxonomy.

The works of the English scientist were of great importance for the development of taxonomy. Jonah Ray(1627-1705), who introduced the concept of species, defining it as a group of morphologically similar individuals, similar to the offspring of the same parents, and made an attempt to classify plants according to the structure of their vegetative organs.

The famous Swedish scientist is deservedly considered the founder of taxonomy. Carla Linnaeus(1707-1778). His main work, “The System of Nature,” was published in 1735. In a short time, “The System of Nature” went through several editions and was translated into almost all European languages. K. Linnaeus proposed a new plant system based on the principle of flower structure. They identified 24 classes of plants.

But the most important merit of C. Linnaeus is that he formulated the most important principles of taxonomy:

proposed a hierarchy of systematic categories: class, order (in animals - order), genus, species;

introduced a binary nomenclature for the species (double name, including the name of the genus and species),

a common Latin language for taxonomy,

In the animal system, K. Linnaeus included six classes: Mammalia - mammals, Aves - birds, Amphibia - reptiles, Pisces - fish, Insecta - insects, Vermes - worms.

Merits of K. Linnaeus: a system of plants and animals was created, the principles of taxonomy were formulated, and more than 10 thousand species were described.

A great contribution to zoology was made by a contemporary of C. Linnaeus, the famous French transformist scientist Louis Buffon(1707-1788). He wrote “Natural History” in 36 volumes, in which he summed up the zoological research of the 18th century, and the work “The Age of Nature” outlining his hypothesis about the origin and development of life on Earth.

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) – founder of comparative anatomy and paleontology. He formulated the principle of correlation and developed the doctrine of the integrity of animal organization. Using this principle, J. Cuvier successfully reconstructed the appearance of extinct animals from several bones preserved in fossil form.

He identified the largest systematic groups of animals with different structural plans - types. Thus, the taxonomy of animals received an additional category above the class - phylum. J. Cuvier identified 4 plans (types) of structure in animals: vertebrates, arthropods, molluscs and radiata. According to J. Cuvier, types are isolated, not related by common origin and unchangeable.

Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) – founder of comparative embryology, one of the first major theorists in the field of comparative anatomy. He owns the concepts: homologous and similar organs and the formulation of the principle of compensation. Unlike J. Cuvier, he adhered to the idea of ​​the variability of living nature and tried to prove the unity of the structural plan of all animals.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1828) – creator of the first natural animal system(since it took into account the degree of relationship between classes and evolutionary direction) and evolutionary theory. J.B. Lamarck subjected to detailed study invertebrates, among which select 10 classes(instead of two according to Linnaeus). Lamarck's system of animals included 14 classes, arranged along the steps of the ladder (gradations), reflecting an increase in their organization and continuity in evolutionary development. In his book Philosophy of Zoology (1809), he outlined the first evolutionary theory. The main factors of evolution according to Lamarck were variability under the influence of the environment, the heritability of acquired properties and the desire for progress and self-improvement. Although these principles were later largely rejected, his theory contributed to the development of evolutionary ideas.

IN first half of the 19th century. successes in biology and other natural sciences prepared the emergence of the scientifically based evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. By this time, fundamental works appeared in the field of comparative embryology (K. Baer), biogeography (A. Humboldt), historical geology (C. Lyell), cell theory, etc.

C. Darwin(1809–1882) made a significant contribution to the development of zoology, biogeography, paleontology, embryology, but his main merit was creation of evolutionary theory, which armed biology with the historical method. Charles Darwin's main work, “The Origin of Species by Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life” (1959), sets out the basic principles of evolutionary theory. Charles Darwin discovered the main driving factor of evolution - natural selection, which gave a natural scientific justification for the adaptive nature of speciation.

Influenced by Darwinism in the second half of the 19th century. Evolutionary trends in zoology are developing. German zoologists E. Haeckel and F. Müller formulated the “biogenetic law” about the relationship between individual and historical development. Evolutionary embryology (F. Müller, I.I. Mechnikov, A.O. Kovalevsky), evolutionary paleontology (V.O. Kovalevsky), evolutionary physiology of animals (I.I. Sechenov), phylogenetics and evolutionary systematics (E. Haeckel) are formalized ). The first works on genetics (G. Mendel, A. Weisman), ecology (N.A. Severtsov), and zoogeography (Semyonov-Tien-Shansky and others) date back to this time.

IN XX century The development of zoology is closely related to general scientific and technological progress. Electron microscopy, radioisotope, biochemical, and biophysical research methods are widely used in zoology. Ecology, genetics, micromorphology, biochemistry and the synthetic theory of evolution had a huge influence on the development of modern zoology. Zoology has developed into a complex system of disciplines, as noted above. Many scientific directions and schools have been formed, led by a galaxy of prominent scientists.

Development of zoology in Russia. The beginning of the development of natural sciences in Russia is associated with the era of Peter I. At this time, the Academy of Sciences was opened in St. Petersburg (1725), Moscow University (1755), where the first scientific schools of naturalists arose. The development of domestic zoology began with faunal studies of the 16th-19th centuries. In the 18th century the first scientific expeditions were organized to Siberia and other regions of Russia to collect plants and collections of animals and birds (I.G. Gmelin, P.S. Pallas, S.P. Krasheninnikov, G.V. Steller, I.I. Lepekhin) . In the 19th century scientific expeditions to study the nature of Russia continued, organized by K.M. Baer, ​​N.A. Severtsov, A.P. Bogdanov, N.M. Przhevalsky, P.K. Kozlov, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and others .

The richest collections of animals from previously unexplored regions of Russia were concentrated in zoological museums in St. Petersburg and Moscow. The founder of the zoological museum at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg was F.F. Brandt (1832), and the organizer of the zoological museum of Moscow University and the zoo in Moscow was A.P. Bogdanov (1834–1886). Scientific expeditions were carried out not only in Russia. Thus, N.M. Przhevalsky (1838-1888) made famous expeditions across Central Asia, discovering new mountain ranges and collecting species of plants and animals unknown to science. The species of wild horse he discovered received a specific name in his honor - Przewalski's horse. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888) studied the animals of the Canary Islands, the coral reefs of the Red Sea, and conducted research in New Guinea and the Malay Peninsula. Marine animals of the Black and Mediterranean Seas were studied by I.I. Mechnikov, A.O. Kovalevsky, A. Dorn.

Russian zoological scientists of the 19th and early 20th centuries. represented an outstanding galaxy of researchers with wide world renown. Scientific schools of ornithologists (N.A. Severtsov, M.A. Menzbir), entomologists (N.A. Kholodkovsky, G.Ya. Yakobson), morphologists (A.O. Kovalevsky, A.N. Severtsov), oceanologists ( N.M. Knipovich), zoogeographers (P.P. Semenov Tyan-Shansky, N.M. Przhevalsky), embryologists (K.M. Baer), paleontologists (K.F. Roulier, V.O. Kovalevsky), physiologists (I.I. Sechenova), etc.

In the post-revolutionary period, domestic science experienced a great boom. This was facilitated by the emergence of many scientific centers in different cities: research institutes, universities, other universities, as well as nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries.

The center for the development of animal taxonomy and faunal research is the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg. The most important achievement of the country's taxonomists is the multi-volume publications “Fauna of the USSR” and “Animal World of the USSR”. The center of morphological, ecological and evolutionary research in zoology became the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animals named after. A.N. Severtsova in Moscow. Such luminaries of zoological science as A.N. Severtsov, I.I. Shmalgauzen, D.M. Fedotov, M.S. Gilyarov and others worked in it. The leading role in the development of problems of cytology, animal embryology, genetics, and molecular biology is played by Institute of Developmental Biology in Moscow.

Large scientific schools are developing in new centers of zoological science in Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Vladivostok, as well as in the capitals of neighboring republics.

Great strides have been made in the field of helminthology. Under the leadership of Academician K.I. Skryabin, the Institute of Helminthology was created in Moscow, a study of the helminth fauna was carried out and the doctrine of devastation - the complete extermination of helminths - was developed. The development of medical entomology and acarology made it possible to formulate the main provisions of the doctrine of the natural focality of vector-borne diseases (Academician E.N. Pavlovsky), the biology of insect vectors and the fight against them (V.N. Beklemishev).

The founder of the school of oceanologists was the largest specialist on marine invertebrates, Academician L.A. Zenkevich. Under his leadership, the Institute of Oceanology was created in Moscow. He successfully conducted experiments on the acclimatization of polychaete worms in the Caspian Sea to improve the food supply of sturgeon fish, and organized numerous expeditions on the scientific vessel “Vityaz” throughout the World Ocean to study marine fauna (1957-1965).

The foundations of soil zoology were laid by the works of academician M.S. Gilyarov: “Soil as a habitat and its role in the evolution of insects”, “Zoological method of soil diagnostics”, “Identifier of soil-dwelling insect larvae”, which were awarded state awards.

Various directions in entomology have successfully developed: taxonomy (N.N. Plavilshchikov, A.A. Shtakelberg, B.B. Rodendorf, O.L. Kryzhanovsky), morphology (E. Becker, D.M. Fedotov, V.N. Beklemishev, B.N.Shvanvich), agricultural entomology (G.Ya.Bey-Bienko), medical entomology (V.N.Beklemishev), forest entomology (M.N.Rimsky-Korsakov, A.I.Vorontsov), physiology insects (A.S. Danilevsky). A.A. Zakhvatkin, E.N. Pavlosky, D.A. Krivolutsky studied ticks, and A.V. Ivanov studied spiders.

Malacology turned out to be one of the leading disciplines in invertebrate zoology. Major generalizations on pulmonary mollusks were made by V.I. Zhadin, I.M. Likharev (1962). Land pulmonary mollusks were studied in detail by N.N. Akromovsky, P.V. Matekin, and more recently A. Shileiko; bivalve – O.A. Scarlato, Ya.I. Starobogatov; cephalopods – I.I. Akimushkin, K.N. Nesis.

Great services to zoological science belong to A.V. Ivanov, who made two major discoveries of the 20th century. The first concerns the study of the primitive animal Trichoplax, close to the hypothetical ancestor of unicellular organisms - the “phagocytella” (according to the hypothesis of I.I. Mechnikov). Based on this discovery, A.V. Ivanov developed a new system of multicellular animals, identifying four supersections in it, the first of which is phagocytella-like, and developed a theory of the origin of multicellular animals. The second discovery of A.V. Ivanov is a description of a new type of animal - pogonophora, a monograph about which was published in the series “Fauna of the USSR”.

New biotechnical methods are used in the taxonomy and phylogeny of animals (Academician A.N. Belozersky). Morphophysiological patterns of the evolutionary process using zoological material were studied by academicians A.N. Severtsov, I.I. Schmalhausen. The embryology of invertebrates in connection with phylogeny was further developed in the works of V.N. Beklemisheva, P.P. Ivanova, V.A. Dogelya, A.A. Zakhvatkina, A.V. Ivanova, N.A. Livanova, D.M. Fedotova.

Domestic paleontologists have gained worldwide fame. The Paleontological Museum and Paleontological Institute in Moscow have a unique and richest collection of fossil animals in the world. A series of monographs on the taxonomy and stratigraphy of extinct species have been published, and museum paleontological exhibits have been demonstrated in many countries around the world. The collection of extinct dinosaurs found in Central Asia is especially unique.

Ecological and applied aspects of zoology are being effectively developed. Particularly great importance is attached to the problems of protection and reconstruction of fauna, the solution of which is being addressed by a number of scientific institutions in our country, whose efforts are coordinated by the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Animal Ecology named after. A.N. Severtsov and the Institute of Nature Conservation in Moscow.

Development of zoology in Belarus. Zoology in the 20th century. in Belarus developed in two main directions: 1. elucidation of the species diversity of animals; 2. establishing their relationship with the changing environment. Until the middle of the 20th century. in zoology the first direction prevailed. Further, an integrated approach began to develop, associated with assessing the influence of various environmental factors both on the state of individual animal species and on the functioning of faunal complexes and ecosystems as a whole. During this period, entomological research was carried out, which began at the end of the 19th century. and culminated in the publication of the “Catalogue of Insects of the Mogilev Province” by N.M. Arnold (1902), which included descriptions of 1562 species of insects. In the 1920s, agricultural pests were studied by researchers E.V. Yatsentkovsky, I.V. Vasilyev. In the 1930s, research began on soil and experimental entomology related to the protection of agricultural and forest crops. In addition, the species composition of bumblebees (M. Dobrotvorsky), aphids (A.K. Mordvilko), hemipterans (G.E. Giterman), click beetles (A. Suchak), and beetles (A.I. Radkevich) was studied.

After the war, work on the inventory of fauna and the study of animals of various systematic and ecological groups, including resource-significant species, was resumed. Extensive research was carried out by entomological scientists. The research results are presented in monographs by the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR: “Scoops of Belarus” O.I. Mergeevskaya (1971, 331 species described); “Weevils” by T.I. Ioannisiani (1972, 389 species described); “The influence of mineral fertilizers on insects” V.F. Samersov, S.L. Gorovoy (1976); “Sawflies – pests of agriculture and forestry in Belarus” T.P. Pankevich (1981); “Insects of pine forests” by A.N. Litvin et al. (1985), etc.

At BSU, taxonomic work is carried out on different groups of insects: aquatic - E.S. Shalapenok, aphids – S.V. Bug, leaf beetles - I.K. Lopatin et al., dragonflies - A.D. Pisanenko et al. I.K. Lopatin published the guides “Leaf beetles of the fauna of Belarus” and “Leaf beetles of the fauna of the Baltics” (1986).

Large-scale research on the fauna and ecology of various groups of insects is carried out on the basis of Vitebsk State University under the direct supervision of A.I. Radkevich, V.A. Radkevich, V.I. Piskunova and others.

In the early 50s, soil zoology emerged as an independent discipline. Soil-zoological research began with the work of O.I. Mergeevskaya et al. Subsequently, research in this area was carried out by E.I. Khotko, S.L. Maksimova, A.V. Derunkov and others.

The results of helminthological studies are summarized in the catalog of I.V. Merkusheva and A.F. Bobkova “Helminths of domestic and wild animals of Belarus” (1981) and monographs by E.I. Bychkova “Biology of nematodes of wild and domestic birds of Belarus” (1991) and a number of other works.

Since the 70s, serious attention has been paid to the study of trends, patterns and mechanisms of transformation of faunal complexes under the influence of increasing anthropogenic pressure. During this period, zoologists of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR carried out comprehensive studies of the influence of reclamation on the state of natural ecosystems (M.S. Dolbik, I.T. Arzamasov, etc.), changes in soil fauna under the influence of industrial emissions E.I. Khotko, T.M. Shevtsova and others). After the Chernobyl accident, work began to study the consequences of the accident for the animal world (M.M. Pikulik et al.). After the ratification of the Convention on Biodiversity (1993), zoologists have been conducting research on the state and trends in the dynamics of biodiversity of wild fauna, and the rational use of the most important natural resources.

Taxonomy- the science of the diversity of living matter, deals with the classification of organisms to build a system reflecting their family, or genealogical, connections. The main systematic categories in the classification of the animal world are: phylum - Phylum, class - Classis, order - Ordo, family - Familia, genus - Genus, species - Species.

Animal classification. Animal world ( Zoa) is divided into two kingdoms: kingdom Protozoa (Protista) and kingdom Multicellular (Animalia).

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/173139510_437058309.pdf-img/173139510_437058309.pdf-1.jpg" alt=">VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Lecture 1">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/173139510_437058309.pdf-img/173139510_437058309.pdf-2.jpg" alt="> Kingdom NUCLEAR - EUCARIOTA Kingdom ANIMALS"> Надцарство ЯДЕРНЫЕ - EUCARIOTA Царство ЖИВОТНЫЕ – ANIMALIA П/Царство МНОГОКЛЕТОЧНЫЕ – METAZOA Тип ХОРДОВЫЕ - CHORDATA Число видов – около 53 -56 тыс. видв Заселяют все среды обитания Размеры колеблются от 3 мм до 30 метров Специфические черты хордовых Черты хордовых, общие с другими типами 1. Хорда 1. Вторичный рот, как у иглокожих, погонофор, 2. Трубчатое строение ЦНС щетинкочелюстных и полухордовых 2. Вторичная полость тела – целом, как у 3. Глотка прободена жаберными иглокожих, щетинкочелюстных, плеченогих, щелями моллюсков, членистоногих и кольчатых червей 4. Центральный орган 3. Билатеральная симметрия как у всех кровообращения - сердце многоклеточных, кроме губок и кишечнополостных. расположен под пищеварительной 4. Метамерное расположение главнейших систем трубкой органов, как у членистоногих и многих групп червей!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/173139510_437058309.pdf-img/173139510_437058309.pdf-3.jpg" alt="> 1. Notochord Internal axial skeleton. Represents"> 1. Хорда Внутренний осевой скелет. Представляет собой упругий эластичный тяж, составленный вакуолизированными клетками, образующими хрящевидную ткань энтодермального происхождения и окруженный соединительно-тканной оболочкой. Главная функция хорды – опорная; как осевой скелет способствует сохранению Хорда формы тела. Вместе с мускулатурой образует миохордальный комплекс (скелетно-мышечную или опорно - двигательную систему), обеспечивая поступательное движение в плотной водной среде. У одних существует в течение всей жизни, у других на одной из фаз эмбрионального развития. У большинства позвоночных животных в ходе онтогенеза вытесняется позвоночником, образующимся в соединительно-тканной оболочке хорды. Позвоночник!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/173139510_437058309.pdf-img/173139510_437058309.pdf-4.jpg" alt="> 2. Tubular structure of the central nervous system The central nervous system has"> 2. Трубчатое строение ЦНС Центральная нервная система имеет вид трубки, внутренняя полость которой называется невроцелем. Нервная трубка эктодермального происхождения, лежит над хордой. У позвоночных животных от дифференцирована на головной и спинной мозг Последовательные стадии развития центральной нервной Развитие отделов головного мозга системы позвоночных (схематические поперечные разрезы): I - стадия трех пузырей (с глазными пузырями), II - I-II дифференцировка эктодермы; III впячивание нервной стадия пяти отделов (с глазными бокалами), 1 - пластинки, IV-V - обособление нервной трубки, 1 эпидермис; 2 передний мозг, 2 - промежуточный мозг; 3 -средний ганглионарная пластинка мозг; 4 - мозжечок; 5 - продолговатый мозг; 6 - глазной бокал; 7 - глазной пузырь!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/173139510_437058309.pdf-img/173139510_437058309.pdf-5.jpg" alt=">3. The pharynx is perforated by gill slits The anterior section of the digestive tube - the pharynx is pierced gill slits,"> 3. Глотка прободена жаберными щелями Передний отдел пищеварительной трубки - глотка пронизан жаберными щелями, соединяющими полость глотки с наружной средой. Выполняет 2 функции: участка пищеварительного тракта и органа дыхания. У водных позвоночных на перегородках между жаберными щелями развиваются органы дыхания – жабры. У наземных позвоночных жаберные щели образуются у зародышей, но вскоре зарастают, кроме одной, образующей полость среднего уха. В таком случае функции органов дыхания выполняют легкие, развивающиеся как парные выпячивания на брюшной стороне задней части глотки. Пищеварительная трубка лежит под хордой. Гигантская акула!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/173139510_437058309.pdf-img/173139510_437058309.pdf-6.jpg" alt="> 4. The central circulatory organ is the heart. It is located under the chord and"> 4. Центральный орган кровобращения- сердце Располагается под хордой и пищеварительной трубкой Схема строения хордового животного 1 - хорда; 2 - центральная нервная система (нервная трубка); 3 - пищеварительная трубка; 4 4- сердце; 5 - жаберная щель!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/173139510_437058309.pdf-img/173139510_437058309.pdf-7.jpg" alt="> Phylum Chordata - Chordata Higher chordates"> Тип Хордовые - Chordata Высшие хордовые Низшие хордовые Подтип Позвоночные (черепные) – Vertebrata Подтип Бесчерепные- Подтип Оболочники или Craniota Acrania (Личиночнохордовые)- Раздел Бесчелюстные - Agnatha Tunicata или Класс Птераспидоморфы – Pteraspidamorphi Urochordata Класс Цефаласпидоморфы - Cephalaspidomorphi Класс Круглоротые - Сyclostomata Класс Головохордовые – Класс Асцидии – Ascidiae Раздел Челюстноротые - Gnathostomata Cephalochordata Класс Сальпы – Salpae Группа Первичноводные- Аnamnia Надкласс Рыбы – Pisces Класс Аппендикулярии – Класс Панцирные рыбы – Placodermi Appendiculariae Класс Челюстножаберные – Aphetohyoidi (Acanthodii) Класс Хрящевые рыбы - Chondrichthyes Класс Костные рыбы – Osteichthyes Надкласс Четвероногие – Tetrapoda (Quadrupeda) Класс Земноводные (амфибии) – Amphibia Группа первичноназемные - Amniota Класс Пресмыкающиеся или рептилии – Reptilia Класс Птицы – Aves Класс Млекопитающие – Mammalia (Theria)!}

	Electronic educational and methodological complex for the discipline “Biological Sciences”
	technical diversity: invertebrate zoology” was prepared as part of the implementation
	Development programs of the federal state educational institution
		vocational education	"Siberian Federal University"
	(SFU) for 2007–2010.
	Reviewers:
	Krasnoyarsk Regional Science Foundation;
	Expert commission of Siberian Federal University on the preparation of educational and methodological complexes of dis-
	Dmitrienko, V. K.
	Biodiversity Sciences: Invertebrate Zoology [Electronic
		resource]: lecture notes /	V. K. Dmitrienko. - Electron. Dan.

(4 MB). – Krasnoyarsk: IPK SFU, 2009. – (Sciences on biological diversity: invertebrate zoology: UMKD No. 1343-2008 / creative team leader V.K. Dmitrienko). – 1 electron. wholesale disk (DVD). – System. requirements: Intel Pentium (or similar processor from other manufacturers) 1 GHz; 512 MB of RAM; 50 MB of free disk space; drive unit

DVD ; operating system Microsoft Windows XP SP 2 / Vista (32 bit); Adobe Reader 7.0 (or a similar product for reading files of the format pdf).

ISBN 978-5-7638-1645-7 (complex)

ISBN 978-5-7638-1743-0 (lecture notes)

State number registration in FSUE STC "Informregister" 0320902469 (complex)

This publication is part of an electronic educational and methodological complex for the discipline “Biological Diversity Sciences: Invertebrate Zoology”, which includes the discipline curriculum, laboratory workshop, guidelines for independent work, testing and measuring materials “Biological Diversity Sciences: Invertebrate Zoology. Bank of test tasks”, visual aid “Sciences of biological diversity: invertebrate zoology. Presentation materials."

The modern classification of invertebrate animals is considered. A general characteristic of the kingdoms Protista and Animalia is given. The characteristics of the external and internal structure of animals with different levels of organization are presented. Evolutionary and adaptive changes in the structure of living organisms are traced. Attention is paid to the development of animals and their phylogeny.

Intended for students of direction 020200.62 “Biology” of the enlarged group 020000 “Natural Sciences”.

© Siberian Federal University, 2009 Recommended for publication by the Innovation and Methodology Department of Siberian Federal University

Editor N. A. Varfolomeeva

Development and design of an electronic educational resource: Center for e-learning technologies of the Information and Telecommunications Complex of Siberian Federal University; laboratory for the development of multimedia electronic educational resources at KrTSNIT

The contents of the resource are protected by copyright law. Unauthorized copying and use of this product is prohibited. The names of software, products, devices or systems that appear may be registered trademarks of certain companies.

The textbook introduces readers to the basics of zoology of vertebrates and lancelets. A separate section is devoted to the embryonic development of chordates. Particular attention is paid to the comparative anatomy of the groups of animals under consideration, and many original illustrations are provided. The manual is intended for high school students and teachers. Can be used by junior university students and anyone interested in biology.

Squad Stingray.
Stingrays (Fig. 68) have a dorsoventrally flattened body and highly developed pectoral fins. The mouth and gill slits are located on the ventral surface, and the nostrils are also located here. The squirts are located behind the eyes on the dorsal surface of the body and are well developed, since it is through them that water enters the pharynx. The dorsal fin (if present) is shifted towards the base of the narrow, usually whip-like tail. The caudal fin is poorly developed or absent. Most forms lead a sedentary bottom lifestyle, but some (for example, the entire group of eagle rays, as well as the largest of the rays, the manta ray) are active swimmers in the thickness of ocean waters. Stingrays move through the water by undulating their pectoral fins in a vertical plane.

In electric stingrays, modified trunk muscles turn into electrical organs capable of creating powerful discharges (up to 70 volts or more).
Stingrays have a large jagged spine on the front third of their whip-like tail, at the base of which there is a poisonous gland.

Content
Preface
Introduction
Embryonic development of chordates
Vertebrate zoology
Subtype Skullless
Subphylum Vertebrates
Superclass Jawless
Class Cyclostomes
Superclass Pisces
Class Cartilaginous fish
Class Bony fish
Superclass Terrestrial vertebrates
Class Amphibians, or Amphibians
Anamnias and amniotes
Class Reptiles or Reptiles
Common warm-blooded problems
Bird class
Class Mammals
Applications
List of used literature.

Download the e-book for free in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Zoology of Vertebrates for schoolchildren, Kvashenko A.N., 2013 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

• Zoology in tables, diagrams and drawings, grades 7-8, Rezanov A.G., 2005
• Zoology of vertebrates, Dzerzhinsky F.Ya., Vasiliev B.D., Malakhov V.V., 2013
• Reference materials for preparing for the final certification in biology, Yudakova O.I., Anikin V.V., Alatortseva T.A., 2014

The following textbooks and books.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Buzuluk Humanitarian and Technological Institute

(branch) of the federal state budgetary

educational institution of higher professional education

"Orenburg State University"
Department of Biology

E.V. Levkina

VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
Lecture notes

OSU as a teaching aid for students in the field of study 020400.62 - Biology

Buzuluk

BGTI (branch) OSU

L 36
Reviewers

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor N.A. Korshikova,

Candidate of Biological Sciences L.V. Kamyshova

The lecture notes contain the minimum theoretical material required for studying the discipline about the morphophysiological characteristics of various systematic groups of vertebrates, as well as their ecological diversity.

The abstract is intended for teaching the discipline of the basic part of the professional cycle to full-time students in the field of study 020400.62 - Biology in the 2nd semester.

The lecture notes were compiled taking into account the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the field of training for certified bachelors 020400.62 - Biology, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 02/04/2010

© Levkina E.V., 2011

© BGTI (branch) OSU, 2011

	Explanatory note	5
1	Introduction to the course “Vertebrate Zoology”	6
1.1	Vertebrate zoology as the final section of systematic zoology
1.2	Brief history of vertebrate zoology in Russia	6
1.3	General characteristics of the type Chordata	8
2	Subtype Skullless: main features of the organization	10
2.1	General information about skullless	10
2.2	Organization of the skullless (using the example of the lancelet)	10
2.3	Ancestors and taxonomy of skullless	16
3	Subphylum Larval-Chordates (Urochordata), or Tunicates (Tunicata )
3.1	General characteristics of tunicates	17
3.2	Class Ascidia	17
4	Subphylum Vertebrata, or Cranial (Craniata). General features of the organization
4.1	General characteristics of vertebrates	20
4.2	Classification of vertebrates	21
4.3	Organization of vertebrates	21
5	Section Jawless (Agnata). Superclass Jawless	29
5.1	General information about the superclass Jawless	29
5.2	General characteristics of the class Cyclostomes	29
5.3	Features of the organization of cyclostomes (using the example of the river lamprey)
5.4	Systematics and ecology of cyclostomes	33
6	Section Gastrostomes. Superclass II. Fish. Class Cartilaginous fish
6.1	General information about the superclass of fish (Pisces)	35
6.2	General characteristics of the class of cartilaginous fish	35
6.3	Subclass Elasmobranchii. Features of the organization
6.4	Superorder Sharks (Selachomorpha)	42
6.5	Superorder Stingrays (Batomorpha)	43
6.6	Subclass Holocephali	45
7	Class Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)	46
7.1	General characteristics of bony fish	46
7.2	Subclass Ray-finned	46
7.3	Subclass Lobe-finned Fish (Sarcopterygii)	60
7.4	Ecology of fish	63
7.5	Practical significance of fish	69
7.6	Phylogeny of lower cranials	72
8	Superclass Terrestrial, or Quadrupedal vertebrates (Tetrapoda)	74
8.1	General characteristics of the superclass Quadrupedal vertebrates	74
8.2	Class Amphibians, or Amphibians (Amphibia)	74
8.3	Origin of amphibians	91
8.4	Ecology of amphibians and their importance	93
9	Class Reptiles, or Reptiles. General characteristics. The structure of reptiles using the example of a lizard of the genus Lacerta
9.1	General characteristics of the class of reptiles	100
9.2	The structure of reptiles (using the example of the sand lizard)	101
10	Systematic review of reptiles. Ecology of reptiles	106
10.1	Systematic review of modern reptiles	106
11	Class Birds: general characteristics, morphophysiological review
11.1	General characteristics of the class of birds	110
11.2	Morphophysiological review of birds	111
12	Systematic review of the class Birds	122
12.1	Subclass Fantails, or True Birds (Ornithurae)	122
12.2	Origin of birds	146
13	Ecology and behavior of birds. Bird conservation	149
13.1	Ecology and behavior of birds	149
13.2	Practical significance of birds, their protection	156
14	Class Mammals (Mammalia), or Beasts (Theria)	160
14.1	Class Mammals (Mammalia), or Beasts (Theria): general characteristics
14.2	Morphophysiological review of mammals	161
15	Systematic review of mammals	175
15.1	Subclass of the First Beast (Prototheria)	175
15.2	Subclass Real Beasts (Theria)	176
15.3	Origin and evolution of mammals	204
16	Ecology of mammals and their practical significance	206
16.1	Living conditions and general distribution of mammals
16.2	Ecological types of animals that arose as a result of adaptive evolution
16.3	Mammalian nutrition	210
16.4	Mammal Reproduction	211
16.5	Annual life cycle of animals	213
16.6	Mammal population fluctuations	216
16.7	Practical significance of mammals	217
	List of sources used	221

Explanatory note
Vertebrate zoology is the theoretical basis of such disciplines as: “Physiology of humans and animals”, “Genetics”, “Biology of reproduction and development”, “Ecology”, “Reserve management and nature conservation”.

A specialist and a bachelor of biology must have knowledge about the morphofunctional, taxonomic and ecological diversity of animals, their evolution and significance in nature and human life.

When writing this lecture notes, we proceeded from the principles of comparative anatomical analysis and phylogenetic relationships of classes of vertebrates, focusing on the most important issues of morphology, anatomy and biological organization of the animals being studied.

When preparing the lecture notes, we tried to take into account the specific application of knowledge in vertebrate zoology by graduates of the Faculty of Natural Sciences in their future professional activities.

The description of each class of vertebrates includes information on taxonomy, containing an approximate list of systematic groups and their main representatives.

For purposeful and conscious assimilation of the material and self-control, at the end of the lecture notes there are “Questions for self-control”, covering the main things that the student must pay attention to in the objects under consideration, study and assimilate: the basics of morphology and taxonomy of vertebrates, the evolutionary paths of their origin, life cycles various systematic groups of vertebrates.

1 Introduction to the course “Vertebrate Zoology”
1.1 Zoology of vertebrates as the final section of systematic zoology
Vertebrate zoology (more precisely, chordate zoology) is the final section of systematic zoology, studying the type of chordates (Chordata).

Chordates are the most highly organized and complex group of animals, numbering about 40,000 species that live throughout the globe.

Chordates are of great importance for human economic activity. Almost all species of domestic animals are chordates. From them we get food, leather, wool; Chordates are used as transport, as guard animals and as sport animals.

In the second half of the 20th century, the following animals were domesticated: fox, arctic fox, mink, sable, nutria, deer, elk, and ostrich. The meat and dairy, textile, leather, fur, medical and other industries are involved in the processing and use of products obtained from chordates.

But chordates also play a negative role in human life. Many species - gophers, rats, mice, voles - harm agriculture. Many species carry dangerous infections: plague, tularemia, encephalitis, brucellosis.

Chordates are used by humans as research material. Using the example of these animals, many questions of taxonomy, comparative anatomy, embryology, ecology, biogeography, paleontology, phylogenetics, evolutionary theory, and medicine have been and are being solved.