The Ural during the Great Patriotic War was an intellectual marathon. Supporting edge of the state
May 9, 2015 will mark 70 years since the end of the Great Patriotic War - the most terrible and bloody war in human history, when people showed the greatest heroism, sometimes not sparing their lives. Millions became heroes. The soldiers stood to the death on the last lines, throwing themselves at the embrasures with their chests. The pilots and tank crews, without hesitation, went to ram. Everyone was a hero: those who rushed to attack through walls of fire, those who built bridges under shells, and those who lived in the occupied territories. The soldiers went to the front, but their families remained at home: wives, children, elderly parents.
The Southern Urals is my small homeland, and although no military operations took place on its territory, it did not remain aloof from those historical events. In my essay I will try to analyze the significance of the Southern Urals for victory in the Great Patriotic War.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Southern Urals literally became the forge of Victory, providing the front with ammunition, military equipment and everything necessary. The industry of many regions, including Chelyabinsk, was immediately transferred to a war footing. The Southern Urals received seemingly endless trains with equipment from evacuated industries and institutions. Since the beginning of the war, over 200 industrial enterprises have been transported here, 35 new plants have been built, including ChMZ, ChTPZ, ChZAP, 28 mines, 4 coal mines have been put into operation, and the Chelyabinsk Thermal Power Plant has been built. In the most difficult conditions, knee-deep in snow, people unloaded equipment, built buildings, and produced the first products - sometimes in the open air. Women, old people, and children stood at the machines. Working 12-16 hours a day, they mastered complex equipment, collecting shells and cartridges, tanks and Katyushas with frozen fingers. The Chelyabinsk region, like the whole country, lived at that time under the slogan “Everything for the front! Everything for Victory! Since the beginning of the war, all industrial enterprises in the Chelyabinsk region switched to the production of military products. About 300 evacuated factories worked for the front. “Armor bureaus” were created in Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk. Our region provided 40% of the country's total military production.
The residents of South Urals accepted and employed over 500 thousand evacuees. From the first days of the war, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works received an order to master the production of armor. In order to fulfill a new, unusually complex order, it was necessary to radically restructure production. Armor was required for the manufacture of tanks and other military equipment. Exactly a month after the start of the war, the plant produced its first smelting of armor steel. The metal went into large quantities for the production of various types of weapons, and Chelyabinsk tank builders received Magnitogorsk armor a month and a half ahead of the deadline set by the government. Every third shell fired at the enemy, and the armor of every second tank was made of Magnitogorsk steel.
Another flagship of the Ural industry - the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant - had to start producing tanks as soon as possible. Tankograd - a city with that name was not on the map of our Motherland. Chelyabinsk received this name at the beginning of the war, after the merger of the tractor plant with two evacuated enterprises: Leningrad Kirov and Kharkov. He headed the “tank empire” of I.M. Zaltsman, who was called Tankograd citizen No. 1. The “brain” of Tankograd was called the design bureau of the tank plant, where outstanding designers Zh.Ya. Kotin, N.L. Dukhov, I.Ya. Trashutin, M.F. Balzhi and others. Powerful KV, IS and T 34 tanks and self-propelled artillery units were created here. At first, there was no high-quality metal, armor plate, or materials necessary for the production of powerful engines. As on the battlefield, tank builders, regardless of hardships, did not leave their jobs day or night. Car production increased every day. On August 22, 1942, the first T-34 tank rolled off the factory assembly line, later recognized as the best tank of the Second World War. It took Chelyabinsk residents only 34 days to launch its mass production. During the Great Patriotic War, ChTZ produced 18 thousand tanks and self-propelled artillery units, which is one fifth of all those produced in the country. However, the Southern Urals went down in the history of the Great Patriotic War not only thanks to its famous tanks. Here they assembled no less formidable weapons that terrified the enemy - BM-13 rocket artillery systems, better known as “Katyushas”. Development and production were carried out in strict secrecy, which is why this fact became known many years after the end of the war. “Katyushas” produced a stunning effect on the enemy: the shells flying out with a deafening roar reached speeds of up to 355 meters per second, sweeping away everything in their path.
Ust-Katavsky Freight Car Building Plant named after. CM. During the war, Kirov supplied the front with 12,357 tank guns, 3,096 mortars, 13,230 platforms for anti-aircraft guns and other military equipment. More than 130 thousand wagons of shells of various calibers were sent to the front from the Chelyabinsk region. 323.5 million rubles were collected for armament of the army. For defense needs, the country received from the region's metallurgists 11.5 million tons of cast iron, 13.3 million tons of steel, and 9.5 million tons of rolled products, which amounted to more than a third of their all-Union production.
To form the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, using funds from personal savings, 16 tanks, 20 guns, 12 mortars, 75 machine guns, 22 armored vehicles, 81 trucks and 47 special vehicles were manufactured above plan and outside of normal hours. 5,567 machine gunners, 3,480 submachine gunners, 3,021 mortar men, 1,894 paramedics and nurses, and 350 doctors were trained and sent to the front. The people of South Urals collected over 180 million rubles for the construction of the Chelyabinsk Collective Farmers tank column. 112 thousand rubles were raised by the team of the Nyazepetrovsk plant named after. M.I. Kalinin for the construction of the aircraft, which was called “Nyazepetrovsky Machine-Builder”. The South Urals sent 613 wagons with warm clothes and gifts to the front. In the Chelyabinsk region during the Great Patriotic War, dozens of military units and formations were formed. From 1941 to 1945, over 1 million people were sent to the front from regional conscription centers and military registration and enlistment offices. There is no such kind of troops, no matter where our fellow countrymen fight. The training of military personnel was carried out by 8 military schools, 3 special schools and 6 courses. 101 evacuation hospitals were deployed in the region, through which over 220 thousand wounded and sick soldiers and officers passed through during the war years.
During the war, the Chelyabinsk Military Aviation School of navigators and gunners-radio operators of long-range aviation provided the front with 3,235 trained personnel, 25 graduates of navigators and 18 graduates of gunners-radio operators. From its permanent instructor and teaching staff, it formed, trained and sent 7 regiments of night bombers to the front, arming them with aircraft and engines restored by the school’s personnel. Residents of South Urals contributed funds to the defense fund, for medical care for the wounded, and collected warm clothes and gifts for front-line soldiers.
In total, over 3 billion rubles were contributed to the front through various forms of assistance. Of the region's state farms, 80% of drivers, 60% of tractor and combine operators, 50% of engineers and 79% of mechanics were mobilized into the Red Army. Thus, 80% of the rural machine operators in the region were women, but, despite all the difficulties, the South Ural peasantry provided the front and rear with food, raw materials and other materials. During the war years, the Urals supplied the state with over 12 million tons of bread, and the Chelyabinsk region about 4 million tons, in addition, over 146 thousand tons of meat and almost 1.86 million tons of milk.
Cultural life during the war. Despite all the difficulties of wartime, life did not stop - schools, theaters were open, and film shows were held. An interesting fact: during the Second World War, for the first time in its history, Chelyabinsk became a city with a population of over a million: over 500 thousand people were evacuated here, deep in the rear. During the war, Chelyabinsk turned into a large industrial center, but people not only worked, not only “forged victory over the enemy,” but lived, raised children, and studied. Due to the evacuees, the region's population more than doubled. In Chelyabinsk alone, during the war years the population grew from 270 to 650 thousand. There were 2-2.5 square meters per person. meters of living space. Chelyabinsk residents lived meagerly and hungry. To feed themselves, the townspeople grew vegetables on all available land within the city. Subsidiary farms of enterprises and institutions also developed.
Despite all the everyday difficulties, cultural life did not stop. In the region, during the first 9 months of the war, professional artistic groups gave about 2.5 thousand performances and concerts in military units and hospitals, more than 2 thousand for the population, including in Chelyabinsk - over 500. In the spring of 1942 in the Chelyabinsk region There were 7 theaters, 165 clubs, 97 public libraries, 360 film installations, 1102 reading rooms. By March 1945, there were 5 theaters, 638 clubs, 383 public libraries, 144 film installations, 419 reading rooms.
In Chelyabinsk there were a regional philharmonic society, a jazz orchestra, a puppet and operetta theater, as well as the Maly Theater, which was evacuated from Moscow. Over the course of 10 months, the artists of the Maly Theater gave 51 patron performances and more than 500 concerts. Theatres, famous artists and musicians who performed on tour in Chelyabinsk gave viewers during the harsh years of war the joy of meeting art, enriched and brightened the difficult everyday life of war. In 1942, the Chelyabinsk House of Scientists was opened, uniting 235 specialists in 12 sections. Universities and technical schools operated in Chelyabinsk, and new educational institutions opened: Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering and Medical Institutes. The war also changed the lives of children. Many teachers went to the front, the buildings of 60 schools were transferred to hospitals, workers' dormitories, evacuated enterprises, and military units. The training area was halved, which led to 3-4 shifts of classes. Student dropout rates have increased. In the 1943-44 school year, only 194 thousand children attended school in the Chelyabinsk region, while before the war - about 299 thousand. Despite all the difficulties of wartime, the region sought to implement the law on universal compulsory education, and during the war years 118 new schools were opened in the region.
In their free time from classes, the children provided assistance to the front. 413 thousand schoolchildren worked on the fields of state and collective farms; in the cities, children collected scrap metal, sewed clothes, gave concerts, were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters to front-line soldiers, unloaded carriages, cleared snow from railway tracks, and created Timur teams. In the 1942-43 academic year, more than 3 thousand Timurov teams operated in our region. During the war, many teenagers did not finish high school: they worked in production, others were mobilized to educational institutions of the State Labor Reserve System. Already in the first months of the war, 99 educational institutions and more than 7 thousand students from the labor reserve system were evacuated to the region.
In 1943, 47 schools for working youth were opened for teenagers working at industrial enterprises. After all, more than 5 thousand teenagers worked at the Chelyabinsk Tank Plant alone. Their working day was 10-12 hours a day. The whole country knew the names of many, newspapers wrote about their work, wrote poems and songs, among them: Vasya Gusev - a 15-year-old turner at the Chelyabinsk tank plant. The boys not only helped adults in the rear, but also ran to the front and became sons of the regiments. The fates of many of these boys are still unknown. Despite all the difficulties of wartime, the region showed daily care for children. In 1942, there were 54 kindergartens in Chelyabinsk, which were attended by more than 6 thousand children. From the first days of the war, trains with evacuated children aged from infants to 10-11 years began to arrive in our region, from 133 boarding schools and 92 orphanages - 33 thousand people. Children were placed throughout the region, the population provided them with all possible assistance. The network of children's reception centers and orphanages expanded. During the war years, residents of Miass adopted 105 orphans. There were libraries, various clubs and sections for children. In January 1944, in the Sovetsky district of Chelyabinsk, an initiative arose to create the “Komsomol Fund for Assistance to Children of Frontline Soldiers”; the initiative was widely taken up throughout the region. With the funds raised, 9 orphanages and 1 sanatorium were opened, and 600 scholarships were established for students - children of front-line soldiers. During the war years, more than 117 thousand regional schoolchildren from military families were able to relax in pioneer camps.
For 1418 long days, the people of the South Urals worked at the limit of human capabilities, courageously enduring hardships and losses for the sake of such a desired and long-awaited Victory. May 9, 1945 This long-awaited day was greeted with joy by all South Urals residents. On June 24, 1945, our fellow countrymen took part in the Victory Parade on Red Square in Moscow: these are Chelyabinsk residents - D.M. Sklizkov, G.P. Zakharov, A.E. Makovkin, V.F. Morozov (participant in the parade of Soviet troops on November 7, 1941 on Red Square) and V.I. Maryin (veteran of two wars). Four of our fellow countrymen took part in the Victory Parade on May 9, 1995 on Red Square in Moscow - these are: N.F. Zharov from Miass, former young partisan I.I. Konchenkov from Kopeisk, V.K. Popov and A.F. Gontsov from Chelyabinsk.
The Southern Urals can rightfully be proud of their contribution to the Great Victory. The memory of the war is reflected in the monuments to the South Urals who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The first monuments on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region appeared in 1965. Many Chelyabinsk residents and guests of the city are well aware of the memorial to volunteer tank crews on the Walk of Fame of the regional center in memory of all the soldiers who did not return from the battlefields. It was installed on the square from where the South Urals were escorted off to the front. The figure of the fighter represents a tank builder.
The monument “Rear to Front”, erected in Magnitogorsk, is dedicated to the labor feat of our fellow countrymen. This is the first part of a unique sculptural composition. A worker with outstretched arms hands over a forged Sword of Victory to a warrior, who raises the “Motherland” on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd and lowers the “Warrior Liberator” in Treptower Park in Berlin. Reminders of the events and heroes of the war are the names of streets and squares, materials from museums, including those in schools and technical schools. Thus, a museum of partisan glory was created at the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic School, at the Chelyabinsk boarding school No. 10 - a museum of the tank brigade of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, and at school No. 2 of the South Ural Railway - a museum of the 96th Tank Brigade named after. Chelyabinsk Komsomol. In 1987, the school itself was named after the brigade. Years pass, but the fate of many who are still listed as missing to this day is still unknown. By decree of the governor of the Chelyabinsk region, the state military historical and cultural center “Bulat” was established, which is engaged in the search and reburial of the remains of soldiers.
Tens, hundreds of thousands of our fellow countrymen have earned the glory of defenders of the Fatherland, liberators of the world from fascism, but not all South Urals soldiers managed to live to see the bright Victory Day. In memory of their exploits, the Eternal Flames burn in the Chelyabinsk region. About 50 years ago, the Eternal Flame was lit in the very heart of the regional center on the Walk of Fame. The memorial is framed by granite slabs on which are carved the names of natives of the Southern Urals - Heroes of the Soviet Union and full holders of the Order of Glory. The memory of the South Urals heroes of war and home front will forever remain in the memory of the people of Russia.
ural patriotic war
When we talk about the contribution of the Sverdlovsk region to the national feat of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, we remember not only how much steel and aluminum, tanks and artillery pieces, aerial bombs and artillery shells our region gave to the front. First of all, we remember the 736 thousand Sverdlovsk residents who went to the front, every third of whom died on the battlefield, died from wounds in a military hospital, or was tortured in a fascist death camp.
Armor was forged, but personal armor was abandoned
But many of our fellow countrymen from those who joined the active army during the war could have avoided mobilization, since they worked at defense factories that provided reservations from conscription. But they still sought to be sent to the front. Thus, in 1943, the 30th Ural Volunteer Tank Corps (UDTK) was formed exclusively from volunteers. It was staffed by residents of three regions - Molotov (now the Perm Territory), Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. Sverdlovsk residents fully staffed one of the three tank brigades, and to a large extent also a motorized rifle brigade, artillery and howitzer divisions, separate motorcycle reconnaissance and engineer battalions, communications and control companies, and other units and divisions of the corps. During the two years of participation in the Great Patriotic War, the UDTK marched from Kursk and Orel to Berlin and Prague, received the title of Guards, the honorary title of the Ural-Lvov Order for distinction in battles, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, Suvorov and Kutuzov, II degree. There are 54 military orders on the banners of the military units of the corps, and its soldiers and officers were awarded 42,368 state awards. 27 guardsmen became full holders of the Order of Glory of three degrees and 38 became Heroes of the Soviet Union.
The first to break through to the Reichstag in 1945
Other formations that left for the war from the Sverdlovsk region also gained fame. Back in June 1941, the 22nd Combined Arms Army was formed in the Ural Military District and departed for the Western Front, led by Lieutenant General Philipp Ershakov, who commanded the district’s troops in Sverdlovsk in the pre-war years. In stubborn defensive battles in Belarus, units of this army suffered heavy losses. But then, until the end of August 1941, they stubbornly held their positions in the area of the city of Velikiye Luki, pinning down large enemy forces and making it possible to deploy strategic reserves on the approaches to Moscow. Unfortunately, Army Commander Ershakov was wounded and captured in October in the battles near Vyazma, and in 1942 he died in a fascist concentration camp.
In September 1941, for the steadfastness and courage shown in battles on Belarusian and Smolensk soil, the 153rd Rifle Division formed in Sverdlovsk, among the first four formations of the Red Army, was awarded the Guards rank and became the 3rd Guards.
In the autumn of 1942 and winter of 1943, soldiers of another rifle division formed in the Urals - the 40th Guards - fought heroically at Stalingrad. And units of the 150th Ural Rifle Division were the first to break into the center of Berlin in April 1945. The Victory Banner was hoisted over the Reichstag dome by scouts from one of the regiments of this division, sergeants Mikhail Egorov and Meliton Kantaria.
Almost all Ural formations and units sent to the active army during the Great Patriotic War were awarded orders, many of them became guards. However, the Urals fought bravely not only in the Ural units and formations. Suffice it to say that out of 11 thousand citizens of the USSR who were awarded the “Gold Star” of the Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War, 214 were Sverdlovsk residents.
25 divisions were returned to service
During the war, the Sverdlovsk Region replenished its active army not only with volunteers and conscripts. In 1941-1945, 96 military and evacuation hospitals with 60 thousand beds operated in the Middle Urals. About half a million wounded soldiers and officers were treated there, more than 350 thousand of whom returned to duty. And this is 25 full-blooded rifle divisions.
The effectiveness of the work of these medical institutions is evidenced by a recently declassified certificate from the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, according to which in the first two difficult first war months alone - from July 12 to September 16, 1941 - 7,969 wounded were discharged from hospitals in the region, of which 6 079 were returned to their units at the front, and most of the rest were either sent to convalescent battalions or were sent on leave to recuperate. Only 132 were declared unfit for further service. And 23 people died in hospitals during this period from their injuries.
In total, 1,736 military personnel died in 37 hospitals located directly in the city of Sverdlovsk during the war.
By the way, during the war, more than 100 thousand residents of the capital of the Urals fought in the active army. Of these, 41,772 did not return from the fronts: 21,397 died in battle, 4,778 died from wounds in hospitals, 15,491 were missing, 106 were tortured in fascist death camps.
Every second shell fired at the enemy was made from Ural steel!!!
INTRODUCTION
The epic of the Great Patriotic War has been going on for more than 60 years. Quite a few loud and bright words were said to the working Urals.
Brutal fascism, led by Hitler, attacked our Motherland on the night of June 21-22, 1941. Barbarians and tyrants, whose economy and political system were not able to compete with other countries, tried to take the lives of the patriots of our country, which was conquered and built by our ancestors. The enemy paid dearly for violating the peace treaty. The losses on the part of the Germans were enormous. In a short time, a decree was adopted on the relocation of the main productive forces.
The redeployment of the main productive forces close to military operations was caused by the need to preserve them and further use them in the war with Germany. It was carried out in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Under the leadership of the Evacuation Council, created on July 3, 1941, a grandiose operation was carried out, equal in significance to the greatest battles of the Second World War; for 1941-1942 An entire industrial power was moved to the East, including 2,593 industrial enterprises.
Our task is to talk about the political mood of the region at the beginning of the war, about most of its exploits, and, of course, about industry and agriculture. Also, about the volunteer tank corps, which was created with the personal savings of the Urals residents, about their patriotism, amazing resilience and the quality of work combined with high productivity.
2. ABOUT THE FORMATION OF THE URAL VOLUNTEER TANK CORPS.
At the decisive moment of the Great Patriotic War, the Urals took the initiative to create a volunteer tank corps and equip it with their savings. The Volunteer Tank Corps became the crown of the combat formations of the Urals. It included 3 tank brigades (including the Perm tank brigade), one motorized rifle brigade and other military units. The birthday of the Perm Tank Brigade is considered to be March 23, 1943. On June 1, 1943, a farewell ceremony for the tankers took place.
For heroism shown in battles, the corps was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, Suvorov, Kutuzov, and the Perm-Keletsky brigade was additionally awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. On October 25, 1943, the corps was awarded the title of Guards.
Fully equipped (from buttons on a tunic to formidable tanks) with the personal savings of the Urals, tank warriors began their battle journey on the Kursk Bulge. They fought along the roads of Ukraine and Poland. The mighty tread of Ural tanks was seen on the streets of defeated Berlin and liberated Prague. With their well-established actions, the Urals terrified the enemy and sowed panic in his ranks.
The combat feat of the tank corps volunteers forever entered the annals of not only the history of the Great Patriotic War, but also the entire world history. The memory of the heroism of the Urals people is carefully preserved in the minds of subsequent generations. Scientific articles and monographs have been written about the corps, collections of memoirs of participants in the events have been published, and television and radio broadcasts have been prepared and conducted. Continuing painstaking research into the combat path of volunteers is revealing more and more new facts from the front-line biographies of soldiers.
2.1.TOWARD THE FIGHTS.
Back in 1942, when the Battle of Stalingrad was taking place on the battlefields, a proposal was born among the workers of the Sverdlovsk factories: to make a gift to the front - to create our own, Ural, tank formation. On the initiative of tank builders, the newspaper "Ural Worker" on January 16, 1943 published the material "Tank Corps - Above Plan": tank builders of the Urals pledged to exceed production plans for the production of military products, work for free and, above plan, regularly deduct part of their earnings to equip the corps with combat vehicles , weapons, uniforms.
The patriotic initiative of Sverdlovsk residents was picked up by the Chelyabinsk and Molotov regions. On February 26, 1943, the Commander of the Ural Military District, Major General Katkov, issued a directive stating that on the territory of the Ural Military District, according to the decision of the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Molotov regional committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, approved by the People's Commissar of Defense, Marshal of the Soviet Union Comrade Stalin, special Ural Volunteer Tank Corps numbering 9,661 people. The commanders of units and formations were instructed to begin training personnel as they arrived, without waiting for regular staffing.
In the very first days after receiving Comrade Stalin’s telegram, a stream of applications poured into the military registration and enlistment offices from volunteers wishing to become soldiers of the corps. More than 100 thousand applications were submitted by factory workers. 12 people applied for one place in the corps. Commissions were created at enterprises and military registration and enlistment offices. They selected physically strong, healthy people who knew how to operate equipment and those whose specialties were applicable in tank forces. At the same time, voluntary fundraising for the fund for the creation of the corps continued throughout the Urals. We collected over 70 million rubles. This money was used to buy military equipment, weapons and uniforms from the state.
On March 11, 1943, the units and formations of the corps were assigned the following numbers:
corps - 30th Volunteer Ural Tank Corps;
units and formations: 197th Sverdlovsk Tank Brigade, 244th Chelyabinsk Tank Brigade, 243rd Molotov Tank Brigade, 30th Motorized Rifle Brigade, 299th Mortar Regiment, 1621st Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment, 64th Armored Car Battalion, 88th motorcycle battalion, 390th communications battalion, 743rd engineer battalion, 36th fuel and lubricants delivery company, 266th and 267th mobile repair bases. On March 29, 1943, the Guards Mortar Division was assigned the number - 248th Guards Mortar Division.
Based on local conditions and resources of the regions, formations and corps units were formed in Sverdlovsk, Molotov, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Alapaevsk, Degtyarsk, Troitsk, Miass, Zlatoust, Kus and Kyshtym.
On April 24, 1943, the corps command turned to the District Military Council with a request to petition the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to produce battle flags for the corps units and formations. On May 1, 1943, in all units and formations of the corps, volunteers solemnly took the military oath and were presented with military weapons.
On June 2, 1943, units and formations of the corps with personnel, tanks, vehicles and ammunition were loaded into trains and redeployed to the Moscow region. In the act of transferring the 30th UDTK to the Kosterevsky tank camp, it was noted that the corps personnel were satisfactorily prepared. The middle ranks of the command staff were staffed by tank schools and KUKS. Junior commanders and rank and file are Ural volunteers. Of the 8,206 corps personnel, only 536 people had military experience. Women also served in units and formations of the corps: 123 privates and junior commanders, 249 signalmen and radio operators.
The material part of the combat vehicles and artillery weapons received by the corps was completely new. Having arrived at the Kosterevsky tank camp (Cuban branch), the units and formations of the corps began combat training under the program “Bringing together tank brigades and corps and tank military camps.”
By order of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, the 30th Ural Volunteer Tank Corps became part of the 4th Tank Army of Lieutenant General of Tank Forces Vasily Mikhailovich Badanov. At the beginning of July 1943, a commission of the Main Directorate for the Formation and Training of Armored and Mechanized Troops of the Red Army, under the leadership of Marshal Fedorenko, checked the combat readiness of units and formations of 30 UDTK, noting its good preparation.
On July 17, 1943, the material part of the corps consisted of: T-34 tanks - 202, T-70 - 7, BA-64 armored vehicles - 68, self-propelled 122 mm guns - 16, 85 mm guns - 12, M-13 guns - 8, 76 mm guns - 24, 45 mm guns - 32, 37 mm guns - 16, 120 mm mortars - 42, 82 mm mortars - 52.
2.2. APPLICATIONS TO THE URAL VOLUNTEER TANK CORPS.
The news of the formation of a special volunteer tank corps in the Urals and the approval of such a corps by the great leader and marshal of the Soviet Union, Comrade Stalin, caused a wide wave of patriotic enthusiasm, a high and ardent feeling of love and devotion to the Mother Motherland and the Great Leader at the enterprises of the region among communists, Komsomol members and non-party people. commander Comrade Stalin.
The resolution of the Bureau of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) “On the formation of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps”, adopted on February 27, 1943 simultaneously with the regional committees of the Perm and Chelyabinsk regions, stated that “All personnel of the corps, with the exception of a small number of personnel and command personnel, staffed exclusively by volunteers... To form, at the expense of the material and human resources of the Sverdlovsk region, formations, units and divisions that are part of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps... Allow the Civil Code and the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to enroll volunteers from among non-party military personnel - 30% of their total number" .
The patriotic initiative to create their own Ural military unit was warmly taken up by residents of the Sverdlovsk region. A lot of mass political work was carried out among workers and employees, communists, Komsomol members and non-party members, thousands of rallies and meetings were held, at which tens of thousands of applications were submitted about the desire to join the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps.
“A high patriotic feeling, an ardent desire to defend our beloved Motherland with arms in hand, hatred of the enemy and a high sacred desire to destroy the fascist wickedness that invaded our land and liberate the Soviet people groaning under the yoke of the German fascist executioners, temporarily occupied areas” - this is the content statements.
The day after the resolution was adopted, district commissions were created under the chairmanship of the secretaries of the district committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the heads of the military departments of the party bodies, the chairman of the district executive committee and the secretary of the Komsomol RK, who were tasked with reviewing tens of thousands of applications and selecting volunteers from them for the tank corps.
The TsDOOSO preserved more than six thousand applications to the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, received by party and Komsomol bodies. This is only a small part of them. Hundreds of applications were not permanently archived. But even those that are available in the various collections of the Documentation Center prove the feelings of enormous patriotism of the communists, Komsomol members, and non-party people who responded to the call of the party.
Almost immediately after the adoption of the resolution of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee, the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks began to receive memos containing information about the formation of the Ural Tank Corps. So, the secretary of the district committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) named after. Sergo Ordzhonikidze reported: “The news of the formation of the Special Ural Volunteer Tank Corps named after Comrade Stalin spread with lightning speed to all the factories and enterprises of the region. Party and Komsomol meetings were held in workshops and departments with great patriotic excitement. As a result, on the very first day, applications were submitted to the party committees to number of 1200 pieces. In just three days, i.e. from March 2 to 5, 2250 applications were submitted to the party committees. District commissions selected only 200 volunteers. In Nizhny Tagil, out of 10,500 applicants, only 544 people were selected, in Verkhnyaya Salda - out of 437 only 385.
In total, 2,000 people submitted applications in Kamensk-Uralsky by March 30, of which 158 were communists and 250 Komsomol members. 243 people were selected and sent to the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, of which 86 were communists and 75 Komsomol members6.
This situation was typical for the entire Urals. Applications were considered not only by a special commission, but also discussed at general meetings. After careful discussion, only those “who worked honestly,” enjoyed the well-deserved authority of the team, those who could be replaced in production, who knew military equipment well, and were fit for health reasons, were enrolled in the corps after careful discussion.
A huge number of applications to the tank corps came from women. Thus, the selection commission of the Talitsky district military registration and enlistment office and the district committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for the analysis of applications for the tank corps on March 4, 1943 received a statement from Efrosinya Safronovna Baida: “I ask the selection commission to enroll me as a volunteer in the tank corps named after Comrade Stalin, I want to join "To defend our sacred homeland with all warriors in arms. My relatives are behind enemy lines, my husband, senior lieutenant, died in battle for the socialist homeland, I want to take revenge on the insidious enemy for destroying our happy life. Please do not refuse my request. Petitioner Baida" . Those who were refused for various reasons did not calm down and wrote and complained to higher authorities.
From the documents of the city and district committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks we learn that not everyone, imbued with the spirit of patriotism, submitted a voluntary application and actually went to the front as a volunteer. In the protocols of the Civil Code and the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks there are several personal files of communists who, at the selection commission, refused their “voluntary application to enroll them in the Ural Tank Corps” for various reasons: ill health, sick relatives, numerous children, and so on. As a rule, after considering the applications, such “communists” were expelled from the members of the CPSU (b).
Thus, already in March 1943, workers of three regions - Sverdlovsk, Perm and Chelyabinsk created a volunteer tank corps. On October 23, 1943, the corps was reorganized into the 10th Guards Ural Volunteer Tank Corps. He took part in the Oryol-Kursk battle, units of the corps liberated about 110 cities and two thousand villages. Moscow saluted 27 times in honor of victories on the fronts in which the corps participated. 44,329 tank crews of the corps were awarded orders and medals for courage, bravery and heroism, 38 tank crews were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, General Mikhail Georgievich Fomichev - twice (14).
Tens of thousands of volunteers of the Sverdlovsk region, who went to the front as part of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, whose statements were preserved in the Documentation Center, were awarded high awards, many of them laid down their lives on the battlefield, but with their patriotic call they brought Victory closer.
3. INDUSTRY.
The largest point of industrial evacuation was the Ural region, which by the fall of 1942 had placed on its territory the equipment and labor of more than 830 enterprises, 212 of which were received by the Sverdlovsk region. The plants and factories that arrived in the Urals used three main options for their arrangement: some occupied the premises of related enterprises; others were forced to develop areas poorly suited for industrial production; still others were located in empty spaces and erected workshops and administrative buildings themselves.
In the Sverdlovsk region, factories that arrived for evacuation either completely merged with single-profile ones, significantly increasing their production capacity, or began independent activities, becoming the founders of new branches of Ural industry. Uralmash , Having located the Izhora plant and several other defense enterprises on its premises, it turned into a colossal workshop for the production of armored vehicles. The company also organized the production of self-propelled artillery mounts and components for the T-34 tank. In the territory Uralvagonzavod located Kharkov plant named after. Comintern and the Mariupol plant, forming Ural Tank Plant . Serial production of the famous T-34 tank was launched.
Designers M.I. Koshkin, A.A. Morozov, N.A. Kucherenko created a medium tank - the famous “Thirty-four”. This tank became the main type of tank weapon during the war. Front-line soldiers gave him high praise. German officers also had to admit this.
As a result of the experience of mass production of the Urals and first-class vehicles of the Leningraders, the necessary prerequisites for the rapid production of tanks began to be created. In total, during the war years, scientists and designers developed about a hundred new combat vehicles. Most of them were produced by conveyor production. The Urals were the first in the world to put tank production on stream.
In Chelyabinsk, at the plant named after. Kolyushchenko, produced the legendary “Katyusha”, and at the former tobacco factory - shells for them and torpedoes for submarines.
Serovsky metallurgical plant accepted the main equipment of the Kramatorsk and Stalin metallurgical plants, Kirovgrad copper smelter - equipment of the Nevsky Chemical Plant. The production of rocket mortars has increased noticeably as a result of combining production and technical potentials Uralelectroapparat and the Voronezh plant "Comintern". The Ural Turbo Engine Plant, having merged with 5 evacuated factories, became the country's largest manufacturer of diesel engines.
There were no types of military products that were not manufactured in the Urals. Before the war, armor steel was not produced in the Urals. To meet the needs of the front for special grades of ferrous metals, metallurgists at the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works had to quickly master the technology of smelting armor steel in large open-hearth furnaces. For the first time in history, blooming was used to produce tank armor, making a technical revolution in the metallurgical business.
The Kiev plant "Bolshevik", which arrived in Sverdlovsk in August 1941 and was initially located in the premises of a garage and a production team, became the beginning of the future giant of chemical engineering - Uralkhimmash . Based on the equipment of the Okhtinsky Chemical Plant, a Sverdlovsk plastics plant , which during the war years was the only supplier of resins used for the production of delta wood, aircraft plywood and bakelite plywood for pontoons. Kiev "Red Rubber" and Moscow "Kauchuk" formed the basis Sverdlovsk tire plant And plant rubber products , which began producing all types of rubber parts for military equipment. In particular, both enterprises produced 223 thousand rubber-coated rollers for 11 thousand tanks during the war years.
A strong foundation for the construction of a motorcycle plant in Irbit was the evacuated production of the Moscow Motorcycle Plant, the mechanical assembly shop of ZIL engines and the gearbox shop of the Moscow Automobile Assembly Plant named after. KIM. Created by the merger of these industries Irbitsky motor plant became the main supplier to the front of heavy military motorcycles M-72, the use of which in a combat situation completely deprived the motorized German infantry, which had an advantage at the beginning of the war.
3.1.URAL HEAVY ENGINEERING PLANT (URALMASHZAVOD OR UZTM).
The Ural Heavy Engineering Plant (Uralmashzavod or UZTM) was put into operation in 1933 in accordance with the plans of the USSR government for the industrialization of the country. In pre-war times, Uralmashzavod supplied its products (blast furnace equipment, sintering machines, rolling mills, presses, cranes, etc.) to mining and metallurgical enterprises created in the Urals and Siberia, including the largest Novokuznetsk and Magnitogorsk metallurgical plants in the country. In addition, Uralmash presses were used in the aviation industry. Most of the products were produced according to individual projects. At the same time, the plant mastered the production of defense products - at the end of the 30s, the production of M-30 howitzers designed by F.F. Petrov (caliber 122 mm) was organized.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, in just a few months, workshops intended for the production of metallurgical equipment according to individual projects were reconstructed - large-scale production of armored vehicles was organized in them. Thanks to the introduction of a number of new products (high-speed automatic welding, casting and stamping of tank turrets, continuous assembly methods, etc.), already at the beginning of the war, the production of armored hulls for heavy and medium tanks was mastered, which were sent to the Ural tank factories. In 1942, the full production cycle of T-34 tanks began, and then self-propelled artillery units SU-122, SU-85 and SU-100 based on the T-34 tank (based on our own designs).
Uralmash combat vehicles proved to be very effective on the battlefield, as they successfully combined the maneuverability of T-34 tanks with the enormous firepower of artillery pieces, specifically designed to destroy the armored vehicles of Nazi Germany and break through enemy fortifications. The SU-100 is considered by military experts to be the best self-propelled gun of its class during the Second World War.
In parallel with the production of tank equipment, the production of armored hulls did not stop, including for heavy tanks IS-2, IS-3 and self-propelled guns ISU-152. In total, over 19,000 armored hulls of medium and heavy tanks, as well as self-propelled artillery units, were manufactured during the war years; About 6,000 armored vehicles were produced. In addition, defense factories received castings for tank engines, propellers for combat aircraft, rocket casings for Katyushas, etc. from Uralmashplant. Already in 1941, the production of M-30 howitzers sharply increased, and from 1943 the front began to receive D-2 howitzers (caliber - 152 mm).
Even before the end of the war, Uralmashzavod specialists began converting production: the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises was restored. In the post-war period, the state invested significant funds in the reconstruction and expansion of the Uralmash plant, as a result of which the production capacity of the enterprise increased several times. This made it possible not only to increase the volume of output, but also to begin the production of new machines and equipment. Serial production of quarry excavators, drilling rigs, crushing and grinding equipment began according to our own designs. When mastering the production of these products, the experience gained in wartime in the production of armored vehicles was widely used.
3.2.URALVAGONZAVOD.
Based on government Decree No. 667/SGKO dated September 12, 1941, plant director Yu.E. Maksarev gave the order to close down the plant and immediately evacuate it to the rear. The first echelon left the plant on September 19, 1941 and headed to Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region. He took away the designers of the tank design bureau, the drawing and technical documentation of the tank and the most valuable equipment.
The Kharkov plant, evacuated to Nizhny Tagil, and the local Uralvagonzavod were merged into one enterprise, which became known as the Ural Tank Plant No. 183. At this plant, the numbering of workshops and departments, adopted even before the war in Kharkov, was retained. The tank design bureau was still called "department 520". The chief designer, as in Kharkov, was A.A. Morozov.
On December 8, 1941, the Ural Tank Plant produced the first T-34 tank, and in April 1942, the plant exceeded the pre-war level of production of these combat vehicles.
The military situation and the loss for various reasons of many factories supplying components and materials created enormous difficulties in the conditions of the continuous increase in tank production. There was a shortage of rubber, non-ferrous metals, electrical equipment, etc.
In order not to stop the production of tanks under any circumstances, the design bureau announced the mobilization of all forces to fight for saving non-ferrous metals, rubber, armor steel, wires, and for further technological development of the vehicle. Absolutely all the details of the tank were revised, the designers used cast iron instead of bronze, replaced riveting with welding, transferred stamped parts to casting, and eliminated intermediate parts. As a result of this work, the designers managed to completely eliminate 765 types of parts, which significantly simplified the process of manufacturing the vehicle and was a significant contribution to the organization of mass production of tanks. The simplicity of the design, mass production and high combat characteristics of the T-34 tank created an excellent reputation for it. Subsequently, it began to be considered the best tank of the Second World War.
4. AGRICULTURE.
With the loss of the country's most important agricultural regions, the role of agriculture in the east increased. This caused a number of changes in the organization and structure of agricultural production in the Urals. While maintaining the leading position of collective farms, the share of state farms and subsidiary farms, enterprises and institutions increased, and the share of private farms of the population increased. The leading industries on collective and state farms were bread production and livestock raising; the cultivation of potatoes and vegetables became widespread. Personal subsidiary plots of collective farmers turned into the main source of livelihood, providing families with almost all food products, even bread.
Labor from the countryside was transferred to the military industry, transport and construction. The number of equipment in the village has decreased. The volume of work performed by combines and tractors on collective farms has decreased by 2-3 times. This led to a sharp deterioration in land cultivation. The influence of adverse weather conditions has increased. In 1942 there was a long cold spring, a rainy summer and an early onset of winter. In the next 43rd year, crops in the Southern Urals were burned out everywhere from drought, and in other areas they suffered from summer frosts (temperatures dropped to -8 degrees) and from hailstorms.
State funding for agriculture was not sufficient to cover its expenses. The main source of agricultural production in the Urals was its internal resources.
The decline in population in villages was compensated by an increase in production activity. Its rise was facilitated by various material and moral incentives. The authorities also widely used repressive methods of influence. However, it was not possible to maintain agricultural production in the Urals at pre-war levels.
During the war years there was a sharp tightening of management of collective farms, state farms and machine and tractor stations. The peasants were forced to give the state more than half of the products they received practically free of charge. In the Urals, procurement prices were significantly lower than the cost of agricultural products.
5.CONCLUSION.
The Great Movement to the East involved more than just the rapid movement of industrial equipment. The most important tasks were the reception, accommodation and employment of the evacuated population. For the period from July 1941 to December 1942 The Ural region received 2 million 127 thousand people, of which 719 thousand were located in the Sverdlovsk region. By the end of 1942, the proportion of evacuees among the population of the Urals reached 9.7%. The local policy for housing evacuees was quite differentiated: women, children, and the elderly were located in rural areas, skilled workers, employees and members of their families were located in cities. Moreover, the percentage of immigrant settlement varied depending on the degree of industrial development of the regions and republics. Thus, in the industrially developed Sverdlovsk region, 77.7% of evacuees were left in cities.
To receive and accommodate evacuees, an Evacuation Directorate was created under the Sverdlovsk Regional Executive Committee. Special inspection services operated in regional cities. The mass of migrants who arrived in the Ural cities significantly increased the density of living in them. Thus, the number of residents of the largest cities of the Middle Urals, Sverdlovsk and Nizhny Tagil during the war years increased respectively from 423 thousand people to 620 thousand; from 160.0 to 239.0 thousand.
The increase in the population of the Middle Urals due to those who arrived for evacuation had very contradictory consequences. On the one hand, the share of the intelligentsia and skilled workers has increased, which has had the most positive impact on the economic and cultural development of the region. On the other hand, the authorities’ attempt to solve the objectively arising housing problem through compaction and construction of temporary, simplified housing led to excessive overcrowding, unsanitary living conditions, and contributed to the emergence of domestic conflicts and social unrest. Barracks, semi-basements, and dugouts became commonplace in the lives of city residents. The actual supply of housing in the Sverdlovsk region for different departments, territories, and types of housing ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 square meters. m. Tensions in providing housing for workers began to ease only as the occupied territories were liberated and the associated process of re-evacuation.
The Middle Urals were deep in the rear, where the build-up of defense potential was very intensive, requiring the use of a significant amount of labor resources. The mobilization of workers to the front initially significantly outpaced their replenishment, which created an acute shortage of production personnel. The evacuation greatly eased the expansion of this problem. Of all able-bodied people who arrived in the Sverdlovsk region, more than 50% actively participated in work at industrial enterprises. In this regard, most factories underwent not only technical, but also personnel reconstruction. On average, the share of evacuated workers in the industrial production of the Middle Urals by the end of 1942 was 31%. At some sites it reached 50-75%, which actually led to the formation of a new workforce.
Thus, due to severe trials, the Sverdlovsk region maximized its industrial potential by accommodating a large number of evacuated enterprises. As a result, during the war, the industrial complex of the Middle Urals, having absorbed all the forces and resources of enterprises that arrived from areas captured by the enemy or threatened with occupation, increased industrial production 7 times compared to pre-war indicators. The Urals provided the country with 40% of all military products, produced 70% of all tanks, including: 60% - medium, 100% - heavy. Izhevsk plant - 11.1 million rifles and carbines, 7.1 thousand aircraft guns, 213 thousand machine guns, 131.3 thousand anti-tank rifles, 961.5 thousand pistols of the TT system.
Due to the loss of the country's most important agricultural regions, the role of agriculture in the east has increased. This caused a number of changes in the organization and structure of agricultural production in the Urals. For example, labor from the countryside was transferred to the military industry, transport and construction. The number of equipment in the village has decreased. The volume of work performed by combines and tractors on collective farms has decreased by 2-3 times. The main source of agricultural production in the Urals was its internal resources.
The political mood of the region, in general, remained prosperous, although there were isolated cases of weakening of Soviet power. For example, in Tagil, in prison, rumors were spread among prisoners about how hard the Reds were being beaten and about how Hitler would come and we would all live much better. The Urals received the news of the start of the war with great indignation and anger. On June 23 and 24, rallies were held at all enterprises and factories. Everyone, as one, declared their readiness to defend their homeland.
At the decisive moment of the Great Patriotic War, the Urals took the initiative to create a volunteer tank corps and equip it with their savings. The Volunteer Tank Corps became the crown of the combat formations of the Urals. It included 3 tank brigades, one motorized rifle brigade and other military units. The birthday of the Perm Tank Brigade is considered to be March 23, 1943. On June 1, 1943, a farewell ceremony for the tankers took place.
In general, during the war, the Urals became the newest industrial power, thanks to which, one might say, the war was won.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Antufiev A. A. Industry of the Urals on the eve and during the Second World War. M. 1992.
2. Vasiliev A. F. Industry of the Urals during the Second World War, 1941-1945. M.1982.
3. Kornilov G.E. Ural village during the Second World War. Sverdlovsk, 1990.
4. Encyclopedia Ural in the Great Patriotic War
war 1941-1945 Ekaterinburg, 1990.
5. Ural to the front. M., 1985.
6. The feat of the laboring Urals.
Sverdlovsk, 1965.
7. Bubnov V. I. On sources on the history of plants and factories during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) // From the history of plants and factories: Collection. Art. Vol. 1. - Sverdlovsk: Book. publishing house, 1960. - pp. 113-118.
8. Serazetdinov B. U. On the historiography of the issue of the placement of evacuated enterprises in the Urals during the Great Patriotic War // The Urals and Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: (The rear of the Second World War): Scientific materials. conf. - Surgut, 1996. - pp. 59-62.
9. Enterprises [Ural ] Born in 1942 // Ural Monthly Book: Calendar-reference. 1992. - Chelyabinsk, 1991. - P. 333-335.
10. Ginzburg S.Z. About the past for the future: [Memoirs of the People's Commissar of Construction]. - M.: Politizdat, 1984. - From the contents: Everything for the front, everything for victory: [On the placement of enterprises]. - pp. 219-256; Izakov Ya. I. Born in a shirt: Zap. factory. director. [There is about the military. period of production of ebonite products]. - Ekaterinburg, 1993. - 120 p.
APPLICATION.
1. Growth in output of the most important types of industry in the Urals:
2. Share of the Urals in the production of military equipment and weapons:
(in % of all-Union production)
3. Change in output per 1 worker in industry
Ural economic region: (in rub.)
4. Urals on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War:
4. Losses of Red Army personnel by types and branches of troops (1943-1945).
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5. Irreversible losses of the Red Army in personnel, military equipment and weapons by year of war
(as a percentage of losses for the entire war)
* The percentage of combat losses only is given.
6. The total time of participation of combined arms armies in the offensive and defense as a percentage of the total time of their existence (by year and for the entire war)
7.Tank T-34, leaving the gates of Uralvagonzavod. Spring 1942
Yuri Levitan n The courageous, solemn voice of Yuri Levitan sounded like an alarm bell, like a bell in a time of grief. The voice called for protection, inspired confidence in the power of the country, and was a symbol of victory and the power of our state. The broadcast sounded not from Moscow, but from Sverdlovsk, which almost no one knew about.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Ural region was a powerful industrial base. Under the leadership of the Evacuation Council created on July 3, 1941, a grandiose operation was carried out, equal in significance to the greatest battles of the Second World War. n 40% of the country’s total military production, including tanks, guns, artillery, and small arms—this is the Ural’s contribution to the final defeat of the enemy. n
During the war, the Ural region became the largest point of industrial evacuation. n 830 enterprises were located in the Urals n 212 - accepted by the Sverdlovsk region n 200 - Chelyabinsk region n 124 - Perm region n 90 - Orenburg region n 172 - Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic n 34 - Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Ural Compressor Plant and the Uralelectroapparat plant and the Chelyabinsk plant named after. D. Kolyushchenko, the Chelyabkompressor plant produced the famous Katyushas
In total, during the war years they produced: n n n n n 5000 self-propelled artillery units 732 T-34 tank 3219 heavy tanks 6510 medium tank corps 7100 tank turrets 150,000 artillery pieces 11.1 million rifles and carbines 213,400 cannons 961,500 pistols
n “The Urals are the true kingdom of cannons and the birthplace of self-propelled artillery. All artillery systems are of excellent quality: light, elegant, and most importantly, highly penetrating...” Marshal R. Ya. Malinovsky
58,000 volunteers went to the front, 7,000 of them women. Militia units were formed - 195,300 people. We formed 500 military units and formations.
The region sent n 2 mechanized corps n 1 tank corps n 78 divisions, a large number of brigades, regiments, battalions, and companies to the front. More than 3,000 Urals fought in them, 600,000 did not return from the war.
For excellent military operations, Moscow saluted the Ural tank crews 27 times. The massive heroism of volunteers is evidenced by 54 orders attached to the banners of the corps and its units.
n For the courage and bravery shown during military operations, the Ural “miracle heroes” received 42,368 awards: among them 1,000 heroes of the Soviet Union, 27 full holders of the Order of Glory. MINUTE OF SILENCE
Philip Afanasyevich Ershakov Commander of the 22nd Army, participated in the Battle of Smolensk, the defense of Polotsk, and the battle for Moscow. n Received the rank of lieutenant general and was awarded two orders. n Died in the Hammelburg concentration camp on June 9, 1942 n
Silantiev Alexander Petrovich n Hero of the Soviet Union, made 562 combat missions, participated in 20 attack aircraft, conducted 58 air battles, personally shot down 23 enemy aircraft
Evacuation is the most important task of the Uralians n The Ural region from July 1941 to December 1942 received 2,127,000 people.
Women to the front. At the shoe factory
Annotation. The article substantiates the thesis about the generating role of the Urals in the development of the domestic economy, both during the war years and in modern conditions. The contribution of the Urals to the economic support of the Victory over fascism in wartime and its prospects for bringing the Russian economy out of the crisis at the present time are revealed.
Keywords: economic support of Victory, region, regional economy, growth points, mobilization plans, evacuation of industrial enterprises. “Big things are seen from a distance” - this folk wisdom is more relevant than ever today, on the eve of the seventieth anniversary of the Victory of our people over fascism. In conditions when our opponents are actively rewriting the world and domestic ones, it would not be amiss to remind everyone of the role that our people, and first of all the Urals, played in the economic support of this Victory. The victory of the multinational Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War was the result of not only combat, but also labor heroism.
Many scientific works have been written about this phenomenon, but neither the nature of labor heroism nor its essence, as it seems to us, has been fully revealed. The whole point is that the labor heroism and labor feats of the Soviet people have so far been viewed through the prism of the ideological predilections and political orientations of the researchers themselves. But an impartial and non-politicized analysis of this phenomenon, unique in Russian and world history, has never been given.
The fact is that the analysis of this phenomenon must begin from political economic grounds, namely from the issue of ownership of labor and the peculiarities of the organization of labor under the Soviet system. The elimination of wage labor and its transformation from an indirectly social into a directly social process, into work for oneself and for one’s native state, gave rise to such a surge of labor enthusiasm that cannot be found in any other period of Russian history. One can, of course (as liberal market economists do today) question the fact of such a transformation.
But the facts cannot be ignored. And they testify that workers were able to solve such complex problems in wartime, and even in a short time, that it is impossible not to see the nature and content of the labor feat. One of the key tasks of that time was the restructuring of the country's civilian economy on a “military footing” and the relocation of as many enterprises as possible from enemy-occupied territories to the rear (evacuation). To analyze the solution to these key problems, let us turn to the role of the Urals workers in their solution. The Urals is a huge region of the country, which then united the Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions, the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. Its territory by 1941 reached 856.9 thousand km2. There were 122 cities, 214 urban-type settlements, 310 districts, where 13.5 million people lived. A radical turn in the development of the natural resources of the Urals occurred in the early and mid-1930s, when the largest enterprises were built at an accelerated pace. Among them: Uralmash, Magnitka blast furnaces, the Ural Heavy Engineering Plant, the Krasnouralsk Copper Smelting Plant, the Pyshminsky Copper-Electrolyte Plant, the Ufaleysky Nickel Plant, the Chelyabinsk Zinc Electrolyte Plant, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, the Ural Carriage Plant and many other large enterprises were built.
Dozens of old industries were also reconstructed, among which were: Motovilikha, Izhevsk and other machine-building and metalworking plants. By November 1924, the territory where 63% of coal was mined, 68% of cast iron, 58% of steel, 60% of aluminum was produced, and 42% of electricity from all-Union production was under enemy occupation. It was the Urals that became the main region of the country that took part in the evacuation of enterprises from the west to the east of the country. In the second half of 1941 alone, 667 factories were transferred to the Urals, and in the fall of 1942, the equipment of 7,888 evacuated enterprises was already located here. Including: in the Sverdlovsk region - 212, Chelyabinsk - 200, Perm - 124, Orenburg - 60, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 172, Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 20. The most difficult task was the reception, accommodation and employment of the evacuated population. However, these issues were resolved promptly. By the time the enemy captured almost the entire southern metallurgical base of the country, the Urals began to work at full capacity. In general, by the end of 1941, the production of cast iron in the country increased by 4 times compared to pre-war times, steel - by 3 times, rolled ferrous metals - by 3.1 times, rolled non-ferrous metals - by 430 times, production of ball bearings - by 21 times. In 1942, in accordance with the military economic plan, it was planned to build 5 blast furnaces and 27 open-hearth furnaces, blooming furnaces, and 5 coke batteries.
Along with this, reconstruction work was simultaneously carried out at metallurgical plants: inactive open-hearth and blast furnaces at Serovsky, Staroutkinsky, Maykorsky and other plants were restored. The transition from the production of ordinary metal, which before the war accounted for over 70% of total production, to alloyed metal was fraught with great difficulties. Each plant and its workforce had to solve specific problems. Zlatoust metallurgists, for example, were tasked with mastering complex grades of steel for ammunition and aircraft. The Ufaleysky, Serovsky and Satkinsky factories had to organize the production of metal for tanks and artillery pieces in the shortest possible time. The Lysvinsky plant was supposed to provide Soviet soldiers with helmets and other individual protective metal products. The leading role was given to the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, which had 4 blast furnaces and 15 open-hearth furnaces, 4 coke batteries, 8 rolling mills. In the very first months of the war, the plant’s staff had to master a new technology for smelting high-quality steel in large open-hearth furnaces, which had not been done before.
The Chusovsky Metallurgical Plant quickly reoriented itself to meet the needs of the front, producing 15 new grades of steel and 72 new rolled profiles, and began producing high-quality ferroalloys. During the first months of the war, the staff of the Serov Metallurgical Plant mastered the production of 50 new grades of steel, including a unique calibrated “sour” steel for ball and roller bearings. During the first months of the war, the metallurgists of Zlatoust mastered a record number of new grades of steel - 163. The economy of no European country or the United States knew anything like this during the war years. The restructuring that our people carried out was fast, effective and financially the least expensive. The main factor in this restructuring was precisely the labor heroism of Soviet workers. In almost all large enterprises of the country, including the Urals, socialist competition unfolded - the Agarkov and Lunin movements, and Komsomol youth brigades began to be created. In addition to the development of industry, its raw material base also developed. In the Urals during the war years, geological prospecting and exploration work was expanded to find new sources of fuel, raw materials, and other minerals. Design work on the development of a network of power plants, metallurgical and other enterprises has expanded. Coal prospecting was going on throughout the Urals, especially in the Kizelovsky basin. During the war years, 6 times more coal reserves were discovered than during the entire pre-war period. The search for oil reservoirs was actively underway. In Bashkiria, drilling began at 13 sites. During the war years, the Karaganovskoye, Kinzebulatovskoye, Kuganakskoye fields were established, and the Bavlinskaya and Salikhovskaya oil areas were discovered.
Reconnaissance began in the Orenburg, Perm regions, Tataria, Udmurtia and other areas between the Volga and the Urals. Production volumes have also increased. In 1945, the Tuymazaneft trust, for example, produced 10 times more fuel than in 1941, and the Buguruslanneft trust - 7 times. The increasing volume of industrial production and resource extraction placed increased demands on the operation of the Urals energy systems. The development of the electric power industry proceeded along the lines of capacity expansion and reconstruction of existing power plants. During the first period of the war, measures were taken to maximize the centralization of political, military and economic management. All power in the country was concentrated in the hands of emergency bodies of the country's leadership - the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command and the State Defense Committee (GKO). On June 22, 1941, a general mobilization of men (starting from 1905) was announced, which made it possible to double the size of the army. The appearance of invaders in their native land throughout the history of our country rallied people who forgot about the difficulties of life and rose to defend their Motherland. The just nature of the war and the need to defend their Fatherland gave rise to the patriotism of millions of Soviet people; the Great Patriotic War had a truly national character.
On the initiative of Muscovites and Leningraders, a people’s militia began to be created in the country: in July–August, about 2 million people were accepted into it. Showing courage and dedication, the militia made a serious contribution to the future victory. In the struggle for freedom, a powerful partisan movement was formed in the rear of the territory occupied by the Nazis. To strengthen order and discipline in the troops, increase combat effectiveness, which sharply decreased in the initial period of the war, the state was forced to take emergency measures: the institution of military commissars was introduced; Orders No. 270 and No. 227 (“Not a step back!”) were signed, which increased liability for failure to comply with orders, cowardice and desertion; Barrage detachments began to be created. The mobilization of forces for victory was carried out not only at the front, but also in the rear. With the outbreak of the war, the country was turned into a military camp. The situation was complicated by the fact that in the summer of 1941, over 80% of the total number of defense industry enterprises, including 94% of aircraft factories, found themselves in the combat zone or front-line areas. Therefore, the primary, most serious task was the evacuation of enterprises and the population to the eastern regions, where it was necessary to establish military production. In the summer and autumn of 1941, 11 million people and about 2 thousand industrial enterprises were relocated to the east, which often began to work without waiting for the construction of walls and a roof over their heads. To provide the industry with personnel, reservations were introduced against conscription of workers in leading professions into the army; women, youth, and pensioners were widely recruited into production.
Already in the second half of 1942, more weapons began to be produced than before the war. As we see from these data, the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR could not destroy the economic power of our country. Because there was mass popular heroism, because there was faith in their country, because they fought and worked for life, and not for money. What do we have today? The total losses of the Russian economy associated with the collapse of the USSR amounted to more than 3 trillion rubles. The center was and remains corrupt. It was this corruption that became one of the reasons for the collapse of the once united great country. It is clear that the Soviet Union did not collapse on its own. It was destroyed by bureaucratic clans that were at war with each other. The “survival capacity index” of the USSR in the 1980s was 116%, while in the USA it was 100%, but it was the USSR that died, not the USA. And party and government officials became his undertakers.
As evidenced by Nobel Prize winner in economics J. Stiglitz, if during the Great Patriotic War the volume of industrial production in our country decreased by 24%, then during the period 1990–1999. it fell by more than 60%. Today it is generally accepted that after the collapse of the USSR and the start of market reforms, the Russian economy found itself in a deep crisis. We are convinced that by 2010 the real growth in wages of the population was 4.9%, industrial production - 9.6%, unemployment dropped to 7% of the economically active population. In reality, unemployment is steadily rising and prosperity is falling. The latest events in the fall of 2014 in the monetary and financial sphere convincingly showed how large corporations can collapse the exchange rate of the national currency and drive not only the population, but also the state itself into a difficult situation. The last quarter of a century of “liberal” transformations in the social and economic spheres of Russian society have influenced the development of internal and external relations between subjects of the economic community at the local, regional and federal levels.
The fall in production, the purchasing power of labor resources, the depreciation of the national currency market, the loss of integration opportunities between the countries of the post-Soviet space led to a sharp decline in social mobility, aggravated the problems of employment, the effective use of labor resources in national markets, and the opportunistic behavior of management personnel in a situation of protracted social and economic crisis. It is necessary to significantly change all labor legislation in the country. First of all, the Labor Code, which gives too many rights to owners and practically no rights to the workers themselves. In such a situation, labor heroism will not be expected, and, consequently, there will be no way out of the fight against sanctions “with a plus” (the expression of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation). In fairness, it should be noted that in the economy of our country, starting in 2005, investment points for economic growth finally began to be discovered. And there are all the necessary reasons for this. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of proven reserves of gas, iron ore, diamonds, zinc, tantalum, and palladium. In terms of reserves of tin, mercury, bismuth, and platinum group metals – 2nd place. In terms of reserves of copper, lead, zirconium, tungsten, molybdenum, lithium - 3rd place.
In terms of beryllium reserves – 4th place. The Russian Federation accounts for 18% of the world's production of potassium salt, 14% of boron raw materials, and 65% of the world's apatite reserves. And this is not to mention the colossal hydrocarbon reserves. Despite the fact that the Russian government has not yet published program-target plans for industrial development until 2020, in practical policy, in the process of spending the budget, capital investments in large projects are announced every year. Let us note the large expenses for the reconstruction of powerful hydroelectric power plants (Sayano-Shushenskaya - 38 billion rubles, Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station - 116 billion rubles) and nuclear power plants. So, for example, we can name the project of the Baltic nuclear power plant with two power units of 1.1 GW, each costing 200 billion rubles, the Novovoronezh NPP-2 with two units of 1.2 GW was estimated at 130 billion rubles. An investment amount of 360 billion rubles was allocated for the needs of Zapneftekhim in Tobolsk, but this is already petrochemicals for the production of polypropylene. In the extractive industries, for example, the development of the country's largest Udokan copper deposit is estimated at 100 billion rubles, and a mining and processing plant at the huge Prioskol ore deposit is being built for 56 billion rubles. In addition, shipyards were built to produce gas supertankers in Primorsk at a cost of 38.5 billion rubles; The Zvezda-DSME shipyard in Vladivostok, designed for the construction of giant, large-tonnage world-class ships, is valued at 20.5 billion rubles.
The implementation of a large-scale program for the re-equipment of textile enterprises in the Ivanovo region (in the clothing industry) until 2017 will cost 6 billion rubles, and the completion of the construction of Europe’s largest complex for the production of linen fabrics in the Vologda region cost 8.6 billion rubles. As you know, the lion's share of budget money over the past five years has been allocated to defense projects, which is quite logical, politically, ideologically and economically justified. Even breakthroughs in pharmaceuticals do not require as much money as the petrochemical industry. The construction of a plant for the production of domestic insulin in Pereslavl-Zalessky will cost 3 billion rubles. Russia's need for polypropylene is 880 thousand tons per year. In addition, 1 million tons of finished polymer products are produced every year. Meanwhile, domestic production is less than 700 thousand tons. As a result, plastic has to be purchased from China, Belgium and even Saudi Arabia. Thanks to the new facilities in Tobolsk, the production of propylene in the Russian Federation will increase by 500 thousand tons, polyethylene - by 1.5 million tons. The plant will become one of the five largest global producers, Russian production of plastics will finally exceed the level of domestic needs. At the same time, the problem of wasted associated petroleum gas will be solved.
It will become raw material for the giant plant. Of course, you can find projects more expensive than the 360 billion Zapsibneftekhim. The port of Sabbeta, which is being built beyond the Arctic Circle on the shores of the Ob Bay in Yamal, is estimated at 75 billion rubles. But the future “Gazprom” plant for the production of liquefied gas, for which the port was created, will cost 850 billion rubles. The Power of Siberia gas pipeline, which Gazprom is extending to China for 900 billion rubles, will also cost a very large amount. The BAM modernization program until 2020 was estimated at 864 billion rubles. The central ring road in Moscow cost 470 billion rubles, the St. Petersburg ring road cost 567 billion rubles. . Thus, investment investments are the points of economic growth of the territory of the Russian Federation. Of course, each individual region, such as the Sverdlovsk region, has its own targeted research programs and economic clusters that require accelerated implementation, after full funding, both from the regional and federal budgets.
But I would really like the investments to come from foreign sponsors, and not increase the burden on budgets at various levels and not lead to the formation of a known budget deficit. In modern conditions, the development of the economic potential of the Urals, including scientific and targeted programs of the Sverdlovsk region, rests, as always, on a lack of financial resources. However, something akin to global projects such as the “Industrial Urals - Polar Urals” project is on track to be implemented before 2020. In addition, if we take the Sverdlovsk region as an example, several new clusters are currently being formed here: “Titanium valley”, “Pharmaceutical cluster”, “White metallurgy”, “Tourist road map”, as well as “Three Agroholdings” and the cluster “Solid waste disposal”, “Extraction of oil and gas resources” in the western part of the region. All of the above points of economic growth in the regional economy are essentially new clusters of the federal economy of Russia. But for their implementation, that is, the implementation of these investment projects at the stages of each life cycle, billions and even hundreds of billions of rubles are required, which, in the conditions of the current recession in the Russian economy, can be solved by credit, taken from the banks of the People's Republic of China.
Maintaining the competitiveness of the country's national economy means maintaining annual GDP growth rates of at least 2–3%. An increase in the gross product per capita will make it possible to carry out, as is known, the expanded reproduction of production factors and, in particular, labor force and labor resources. Epistemologically, increasing the well-being of the population involves the transformation of the quality of human capital and the progressive development of the main institutions of civilization - the state, property, family, as well as the further resolution of two main methodological problems: reducing the degree of exploitation of economic entities, and therefore increasing the level of fair distribution of material and spiritual benefits in society. According to macroeconomics textbooks, we should be talking about changing the Lorenz curve and reducing the Ginni coefficient. In real practice, that is, in ontological terms, the problem under consideration can be presented in the form of a scheme for increasing not only the arithmetic number of types of people’s well-being, but also - this is the main thing - increasing the quality of the way people live in society.
The category of “welfare,” it seems to us, should be classified according to the following main directions of development of scientific, technical and social progress: physical, material, spiritual, environmental, political and ideological. Comments for specialists may not be required, but I would like to emphasize some important points. For example, a person’s physical well-being largely coincides with medical indicators, but is not limited to them. Material wealth includes monetary and other indicators of people's external well-being.
As for the indices of spiritual, economic, political and ideological well-being, here we mean, first of all, the qualitative characteristics of a person as an individual, taking into account the educational and educational levels of the “homo economics” culture. I would like to emphasize that by spiritual well-being we mean the level of a person’s historical and philological culture, and by environmental well-being we mean the level of quality of the natural and social environment (environment). But special emphasis should be placed on the political and ideological well-being of a person in society. Everything falls into place if we clarify the terms “politics” and “ideology.” We have repeatedly and strongly proposed that politics be defined as the science of the laws of behavior of people endowed with property and power, and ideology as the science of the system of ideals and values of society and the laws of their transformation. It is the scheme of classification of types of well-being considered in this vein that acquires a complete logically, epistemologically and ontologically correct form, which does not require any additional interpretations. Summarizing what has been said, we can state with a great degree of confidence and responsibility that the main objects and goals of investment, of course, are not clusters or enterprises, but personnel. As once upon a time during the Great Patriotic War, today it is “personnel who decide everything.”
Only highly professional personnel can “raise” those points of economic growth that, firstly, secondly, and thirdly, can quantitatively and qualitatively influence the above-mentioned areas and indices of well-being of all categories of the population of the Russian Federation. From the point of view of the contribution of Russian scientists to improving the technological processes of extraction, processing and production of resources and products, we can turn to economic facts that have become world famous in the last 2-3 years. The list of examples includes the invention and use of a projectile generator for plasma extraction of oil reservoirs, cameras and picture tubes produced by LOMO. Now in 20 countries more than 100 Russian optics sets are used for professional filming. In the Urals, in Irbit, the production of motorized motorcycles and sidecars has been revived. In 2013, sales of Ural vehicles in North America jumped by 40% and in the EU by 20%. In 2014, success was repeated. And this is with a car price ranging from 10 to 14 thousand dollars. (550–770 thousand rubles). On December 1, 2014, traffic began along the updated Gimry road tunnel, connecting the city of Buinaksk and the village. Gimry in Dagestan. With a length of 4,285 m, it is the longest road tunnel in the Russian Federation.
The Severomuysky railway tunnel on the BAM is 15.3 km long, it is laid under a mountain range at a depth of up to 1.5 km. This is the most ambitious construction project on BAM, the work took 27 years, and now it is finished. It can be added that in January 2011 the record was broken by a Russian well at the Sakhalin-1 project, reaching 12.345 km. In addition, Russia received an area for exploration drilling from the International Seabed Committee and in the Magellan Mountains region, SevmorGeo vessels drilled 150 wells by the end of 2014 and discovered incredible cobalt reserves - more than 1 million tons. In general, the technology industry is not getting tired delight with global successes. Farmers also took up science. The news of the year in livestock farming was that Russia has developed a unique breed of beef cattle - 20% more productive than the legendary Aberdeen breed. Other notable achievements of the village: the beginning of mass construction of huge greenhouse gardens in the Far North. In 2014, large vegetable farms opened in Yamal and Khanty-Mansiysk. Finally, in 2014, even jewelers were stunned. Russia cut two unique diamonds weighing 52 and 54 carats.
Yakut stones were valued - one at 10.7 million rubles, the other at 53.5 million rubles. The priorities of the socio-economic development of the Urals have also changed. As in wartime, in the conditions of the “war of sanctions” its importance is steadily increasing. Among the main directions of development of the region today are: infrastructure development; development of the institutional environment; new industrialization of an old industrial region. Among the industry priorities are: nuclear energy, military space complex (nuclear missile and aerospace sub-sectors); sub-sectors serving the fuel and energy complex, mining, metallurgical and energy complexes; petrochemical industry production; and only in fourth place is traditional mechanical engineering. In general, we can conclude that the Russian economy requires the development of a long-term development program, first of all, those industries that require immediate investment and can serve in the future as points of economic growth of the national economic complex. Both state defense orders and civilian ministries can act as sponsors in accordance with the implementation of scientific-target plans and concepts.
Along the chain of a systematic approach “investment - production - sales - profit”, it is necessary to revive and increase the pace of revival and growth of the engineering industries, taking into account that the time for the transition period has already passed and is irretrievably lost. Thus, the essence and core of the new economic policy that is needed today are: the restructuring of the system of labor relations in the country and the transition to full employment (Keynesian model); qualitative intensification of leading industries in the context of strengthening the influence of the state at all levels of management (mobilization approach). Some recent statements by individual politicians are alarming. It seems that they still have not realized the full danger of the current situation and are counting on the fact that they can do without these measures. The measures we have proposed become an urgent need in a situation of intensification of the trade and inflation war against the Russian state, which was unleashed by the Western powers.” You cannot win a war, even if it is an economic war, “with white gloves.”
The historical experience of the “war economy” in this regard becomes extremely relevant.
Bibliography
1. Dobrynin A.I., Dyatlov S.A., Tsyrenova E.A. Human capital in a transitive economy: formation, assessment, efficiency of use. St. Petersburg : Science, 2010.
2. History: [in 2 parts] / ed. K. P. Stozhko. Ekaterinburg: [Publishing house Ural. state econ. University], 2013. Part 2.
3. Middle region: theory, methodology, analysis / ed. E. G. Animitsa. Ekaterinburg: [Publishing house Ural. state econ. University], 2009.
4. Stiglitz J. Globalization: alarming trends: [trans. from English]. M.: Mysl, 2003.
5. Ural - to the front / ed. A. V. Mitrofanova. M.: Economics, 1985.
V. N. Lavrov, D. K. Stozhko
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