How long has the war between Israel and Palestine lasted? Training class "Conflictology": Arab-Israeli conflict

Short description.

In our time, one of the most important and main problems of humanity is the conflict in the Middle East.

Arab-Israeli conflict - a confrontation between a number of Arab countries, as well as Arab paramilitary radical groups supported by part of the indigenous Arab population of the Palestinian territories controlled (occupied) by Israel, on the one hand, and the Zionist movement, and then the State of Israel, on the other. Although the State of Israel was only created in 1948, the history of the conflict actually spans about a century, starting at the end of the 19th century, when the political Zionist movement was created, marking the beginning of the Jewish struggle for their own state.

Arab countries (Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, Iraq and other Arab countries) and the Jewish state of Israel participated and are participating in the conflict. During the conflicts, many truce agreements were concluded between different countries, but the conflict still continued and every year it became more and more aggressive on the part of both the Jews and the Arabs. New reasons for war and goals in it are emerging. But the most important goal of the Arabs is the creation of a sovereign state in Palestine, which should have been created after the UN resolution of November 29, 1947.

Within the framework of the large-scale Arab-Israeli conflict, it is customary to single out the regional Palestinian-Israeli conflict, caused, first of all, by the clash of territorial interests of Israel and the indigenous Arab population of Palestine. In recent years, it is this conflict that has been the source of political tension and open armed clashes in the region.

History of the conflict.

November 29, 1947 The UN General Assembly voted by a majority to abolish the British mandate regime in Palestine in May 1948 and create two independent states on its territory - Arab and Jewish. At the same time, a representative body of the Jewish population was created - the People's Council. Exactly at the hour of expiration of British rule in Palestine on the night of May 14-15, 1948 The People's Council held its meeting, at which one of the leading political leaders D. Ben-Gurion read the Declarationindependence, which proclaimed the creation of the State of Israel. The Jews, having gained power over the territory allotted to them, began to evict the Palestinian Arabs from their native lands. Thus, the most acute and dramatic aspect of the Palestinian problem has become the situation of refugees.

According to UN data for June 1950. 960 thousand out of 1350 thousand Palestinian Arabs became refugees. The situation of the bulk of the refugees was extremely difficult.

In general, the history of the conflict can be divided into several key stages:Arab-Israeli war 1948 (first war), Suez crisis of 1956(second war), Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973(3rd and 4th Arab-Israeli wars), K Camp David peace process 1978-79, Lebanon war 1982(fifth war), the peace process of the 90s (Camp David Accords 2000) and Intifada 2000., which began on September 29, 2000 and is often defined by experts as the “sixth war” or “war of attrition.”

Stage 1. Immediately after the proclamation of the State of Israel, the armies of 7 neighboring Arab countries invaded its territory. The first Arab-Israeli war began.

Despite the fact that at the initial stage hostilities developed in favor of the Arabs, the situation soon changed. Arab unity was undermined by acute contradictions.

As a result, Israel, relying on the help of the United States, managed not only to repel the offensive of Arab forces, but also to annex 6.7 thousand square meters to its territory. km allocated by the UN for the Arab state, as well as the Western part of Jerusalem. The eastern part of the city and the western bank of the Jordan River were occupied by Jordan, Egypt - the Gaza Strip. The February-July 1949 negotiations, which led to a truce between Israel and the Arab countries, fixed the temporary border between the opposing sides at the lines of military contact in early 1949.

Stage 2. The second war broke out seven years later. Under the pretext of protecting the Suez Canal, nationalized by the Egyptian government, which was previously owned by European companies, Israel sent its troops into the Sinai Peninsula. Five days after the start of the conflict, Israeli tank columns captured the Gaza Strip, occupied most of the Sinai and reached the Suez Canal. In December, following a joint Anglo-French intervention against Egypt, UN troops were deployed to the conflict area. Israeli military forces withdrew from Sinai and the Gaza Strip in March 1957.

Stage 3. The third war, called the Six Day War due to its transience, took place from June 5 to 10, 1967. The reason for it was the intensification of bombing of Israeli military targets by Syrian aircraft in early 1967. During the Six Day War, Israel practically destroyed the Egyptian air force and established its hegemony in the air. The war cost the Arabs the loss of control over East Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Sinai and the Golan Heights on the Israeli-Syrian border.

Stage 4. Periodic armed clashes that followed the Six-Day War gave way to a new escalation of the conflict on October 6, 1973. On the day of the Jewish religious holiday Yom Kippur, Israeli army units were attacked by Egypt in the Suez Canal area. The Israelis managed to break into Syria and encircle the Egyptian Third Army there. Another strategic success of Tel Aviv was crossing the Suez Canal and establishing its presence on its western bank. Israel and Egypt signed an armistice agreement in November, which was sealed with peace accords on January 18, 1974. These documents provided for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Sinai territory west of the Mitla and Gidi passes in exchange for a reduction in Egypt's military presence in the Suez Canal zone. UN peacekeeping forces were deployed between the two opposing armies.

On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty at Camp David (USA), which ended the state of war that had existed between the two countries for 30 years. In accordance with the Camp David agreements, Israel returned the entire Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and Egypt recognized Israel's right to exist. The two states established diplomatic relations with each other. The Camp David agreements cost Egypt expulsion from the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Arab League, and its president Anwar Sadat - his life.

Stage 5. On June 5, 1982, tensions increased between the Israelis and the Palestinians who had taken refuge in Lebanon. It resulted in the fifth Arab-Israeli war, during which Israel bombed Beirut and areas of southern Lebanon where Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) militant camps were concentrated. By June 14, Israeli ground forces went deep into Lebanon to the outskirts of Beirut, which was surrounded by them. After massive Israeli shelling of West Beirut, the PLO evacuated its armed forces from the city. Israeli troops left West Beirut and most of Lebanon by June 1985. Only a small area in southern Lebanon remained under Israeli control.

At the end of the 80s, real prospects for a peaceful exit from the protracted Middle East conflict emerged. The Palestinian popular uprising (intifada) that broke out in the occupied territories in December 1987 forced the Israeli authorities to resort to searching for a compromise. On July 31, 1988, King Hussein of Jordan announced the termination of administrative and other ties of his country with the West Bank of Jordan; in November 1988, the independence of the State of Palestine was proclaimed. In September 1993, with the mediation of the United States and Russia, a declaration was signed in Washington, opening up new ways to resolve the crisis. In this document, Israel agreed to the organization of the Palestinian National Authority (but not a state), and the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist.

Overall, the five Arab-Israeli wars demonstrated that neither side could decisively defeat the other. This was largely due to the involvement of the parties to the conflict in the global confrontation of the Cold War. The situation in terms of conflict resolution changed qualitatively with the collapse of the USSR and the disappearance of the bipolar world.

!--> Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 !-->!--> !-->!--> !-->The Arab-Israeli, or as it is often called, the Middle East conflict, is the longest of all unresolved conflicts in the world. Its beginning dates back to the 40s of the 20th century and is associated with the problem of creating Jewish and Arab states in Palestine. This decision was made by the UN General Assembly on November 29, 1947. However, this decision was initially rejected by both neighboring Arab states and the Arab population of Palestine itself. The Arabs fundamentally did not recognize the idea of ​​​​the return of Jews to Palestine, considering this territory theirs

First war

November 29, 1947 The UN General Assembly voted for the creation of two states - Jewish and Arab - in the West Bank (Resolution No. 181). The Jewish population welcomed this plan, but the Arab population rejected it: the territory of the Jewish state turned out to be much larger.

May 14, 1948 The Jewish National Council proclaimed the creation of the State of Israel.

On the night of May 15, Egyptian planes bombed Tel Aviv. The armies of five Arab countries, numbering 30 thousand people, began military operations against the newly proclaimed state. On May 31, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) was created from the paramilitary formations “Haganah” (Defense Organization), “Etzel” (National Military Organization) and “Lehi” (Israel Freedom Fighters), confronting the troops of Syria, Egypt, Transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the Palestinian Army.

In the first months of 1949, under the auspices of the UN, negotiations were held between all the warring countries. In February 1949, an Egyptian-Israeli truce was concluded on the island of Rhodes, to which Transjordan joined

July 20 a ceasefire agreement was reached between Israel and Syria. The armistice agreement came into force on July 17 in Jerusalem and throughout the country on July 18. As a result, the coastal strip, Galilee and the entire Negev desert went to Israel; Gaza strip - to Egypt. The territory of Palestine west of the Jordan River, not occupied by Israeli troops, came under the control of Transjordan, which, having annexed this territory in April 1950, received its modern name - Jordan. The city of Jerusalem was divided into two parts: the western part went to Israel, and the eastern part went to Jordan. In the eastern part was the Old City with the Temple Mount - the holy place of three world religions: Christianity, Islam and Judaism. A Palestinian Arab state was never created. The Arab states continued to consider themselves at war with Israel; The very existence of Israel was considered by them as “aggression.” This led to an escalation of the conflict

Second Arab-Israeli War 1956"Suez campaign"

Tensions in the region rose sharply in October 1956 over the future of the Suez Canal, which was nationalized by Egypt on July 26 of that year. The shareholders of the channel - France and Great Britain - began preparing the military operation "Musketeer" - Israel was to act as the main striking force.

On October 29, 1956, Israel launched an operation against Egypt in the Sinai Peninsula. The next day, England and France began bombing Egypt and a week later they entered Port Said. The campaign ended on November 5, when Israeli troops occupied Sharm el-Sheikh. Almost the entire Sinai Peninsula, as well as Gaza, came under Israeli control.

But the actions of England, France and Israel were sharply condemned by both superpowers, the USSR and the USA. The Soviet Union threatened to send its volunteers to the Suez Canal zone. By the evening of November 6, with all of Sinai under Israeli control, a ceasefire agreement came into force. By the beginning of 1957, Anglo-French troops were withdrawn from the Suez Canal zone, and Israeli troops were withdrawn from the Sinai Peninsula. UN forces were stationed in Sinai along the Egyptian-Israeli border and in the port of Sharm el-Sheikh.

In 1964, on the initiative of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was created. The PLO's policy document, the National Charter, stated that the division of Palestine and the creation of a Jewish state there was illegal. The task was set to completely liberate the territory of their homeland. The PLO was created as a prototype of a Palestinian state, and its structure included units designed to deal with political, economic, social, cultural, educational and military issues.

Third Arab-Israeli War ("six day war")

The war, known as the Six Days War, began on June 5, 1967. Egypt, Syria and Jordan massed their troops to Israel's borders, expelled UN peacekeepers and blocked the entry of Israeli ships into the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In terms of the balance of forces, the Arabs outnumbered the Israelis in personnel by 1.8 times, in tanks by 1.7 times, in artillery by 2.6 times, and in combat aircraft by 1.4 times. Israel launched a preemptive offensive; in one day, the Israeli Air Force completely destroyed Egyptian combat aircraft and most Syrian aircraft. After losing 679 people, Israel acquired the entire Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, and took control of Judea and Samaria. All of Jerusalem belonged to Israel.

Fourth War 1969-1970 ("war of attrition")

It was launched by Egypt with the goal of returning the Sinai Peninsula, captured by Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967. There were artillery exchanges, raids through the Suez Canal, and air battles. The war was fought with varying degrees of success and ended after US diplomatic intervention. In 1970, a ceasefire agreement was signed without territorial changes for the parties to the conflict.

Fifth war 1973 ("Yom Kippur War")

October 6 , on Judgment Day, the holiest day of the Jewish calendar, Egypt attacked the Sinai and Syria attacked the Golan Heights. The successful Arab offensive in the first days gave way to their retreat by the end of the week. Despite significant losses, the attack by the Egyptian and Syrian armies was successfully repelled by the IDF, after which the troops returned to their previous positions.

After this, with the mediation of the USSR and the USA, on October 23, an agreement was reached on a ceasefire on both the Sinai and Syrian fronts. During the war, more than 8.5 thousand Arabs and more than 2.8 thousand Israelis died.

In January 1974, Israeli troops withdrew from the west bank of the Suez Canal and Quneitra, but retained control of the Golan Heights. In March 1979, the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, brokered by US President Jimmy Carter, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, came into force. Israel withdrew from the Sinai, retaining only the Gaza Strip under its control.

Sixth (Lebanese) War 1982 codenamed"Peace for Galilee"

Israel set the task of destroying terrorists from the PLO: PLO terrorists based in Southern Lebanon constantly shelled the Galilee. The reason was the assassination of the Israeli ambassador in London on June 3 by Palestinian terrorists.

The offensive began on June 5, the 15th anniversary of the Six-Day War. Israeli troops defeated the Syrian army, Palestinian forces and their Lebanese allies, captured the cities of Tire and Sidon, and entered the capital Beirut. During this war, 600 Israeli soldiers were killed, but the goal set by Israel - the destruction of the PLO - was not achieved. After the Israelis captured Beirut, the Israeli protege, Lebanese Christian Bashir Gemayel, was elected president of Lebanon. He promised to sign a peace treaty with Israel after taking office, but was soon killed by pro-Syrian Islamic terrorists. His supporters, with the permission of the Israeli command, entered the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila - allegedly in order to destroy the PLO terrorists, they carried out a massacre there, killing about a thousand people. There were a negligible number of militants among them.

In 1985, Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon except for the buffer zone, which remained under Israeli control until 2000.

In 1993, an agreement was reached in Oslo on mutual recognition of the PLO and Israel as negotiating partners. The PLO leadership officially announced its renunciation of terrorism. That same year, PLO leader Yasser Arafat met with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.

In 1994, an agreement was concluded on the first phase of establishing self-government in part of the Palestinian territories. In 1995, another agreement was signed in Oslo on the principles of self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank and on the withdrawal of Israeli troops from several Palestinian cities.

In 1999, the Palestinian National Authority was created in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, over part of which the Palestinians gained full control. In this area, an armed Palestinian police corps and the Palestinian Authority were formed.

In order to resolve the Arab-Israeli issue, many international conferences have been convened in recent years: the Madrid Conference in 1991, the Oslo Conference (1993), the Camp David Conference (2000), the adoption of the “quartet of international mediators” (USA, EU, UN, Russia) of the "Road Map" plan in April 2003.

In 2006, the League of Arab States (LAS) put forward its plan for resolving the Middle East conflict: recognition by the Arab states of Israel's right to exist, a renunciation of violent actions on both sides, Palestinian recognition of all previous agreements, the withdrawal of Israeli troops to the 1967 borders and the return of Palestinian refugees . However, the settlement of the conflict has not moved forward.

In 2005, as a result of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel withdrew troops from the Gaza Strip and destroyed all Jewish settlements. 4 settlements in the northern part of Samaria were also destroyed. As a result of an armed coup, power inside the zone was seized from Fatah by the radical Palestinian movement Hamas.

Second Lebanon War (in the Arab world -"July War") 2006

An armed clash between the state of Israel, on the one hand, and the radical Shiite group Hezbollah, which actually controlled the southern regions of the state of Lebanon, on the other hand, in July - August 2006.

The conflict was provoked on July 12 by a rocket and mortar attack on the fortified point of Nurit and the border settlement of Shlomi in the north, with a simultaneous attack on the border patrol of the Israel Defense Forces on the Israeli-Lebanese border by Hezbollah militants. During the ground operation, the Israeli army managed to advance 15-20 km deep into Lebanese territory, reach the Litani River and largely clear the occupied territory from Hezbollah militants. In addition, the fighting in southern Lebanon was accompanied by continuous bombing of populated areas and infrastructure throughout Lebanon. Hezbollah militants carried out massive rocket attacks on northern Israeli cities and towns on an unprecedented scale for a month.

The fighting continued from July 12 to August 14, 2006, when a ceasefire was declared in accordance with a UN Security Council resolution.

On October 1, 2006, Israel completed its withdrawal from southern Lebanon. Control over the south of Lebanon was completely transferred to units of the government Lebanese army and UN peacekeepers.

Since 2006, the situation in the Palestinian National Authority has been complicated by the intra-Palestinian confrontation between the Fatah and Hamas movements.

In October 2007, Israel declared the Gaza Strip a “hostile state” and began a partial economic blockade of it, periodically cutting off electricity supplies, stopping energy supplies, etc.

In November 2007, a meeting on the Middle East settlement was held in the American city of Annapolis, at which, in particular, a preliminary agreement was reached to hold constructive negotiations on the establishment of an independent Palestinian state within a year.

For many decades, the Arab-Israeli conflict has remained one of the most explosive among the Middle Eastern “hot spots”, the escalation of events around which could at any time lead to a new regional war, as well as significantly affect the system of international relations as a whole.

The conflict between Arabs and Jews over Palestine began even before the creation of the State of Israel. The roots of the conflict go back to the British Mandate and even earlier, when the position of Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Palestine was determined by Islamic religious law, according to which the status and rights of religious minorities were inferior to those of Muslims. Jews were then subjected to all kinds of discrimination from the local authorities, concentrated in the hands of representatives of the Arab nobility and from the local Muslim population. This situation could not but leave a mark on the relations between the two peoples.

In addition, the roots should be sought in the clash of psychologies of two peoples: the Arab population, which was committed to old religious traditions and way of life, believed in the spiritual authority of the authorities and representatives of the Zionist movement, who brought with them from Europe a completely new way of life.

Since 1917, after the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration in Palestine, relations between Jews and Arabs began to heat up and develop into a political conflict, worsening every year. The conflict was fueled by the influence of Great Britain, and later Germany and Italy, on the Arab population.

Since 1947, the war in Palestine for the creation of a Jewish national state was already in full swing. In May 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed on the basis of UN General Assembly Resolution No. 181, adopted in November 1947. Arab countries reacted extremely negatively to what was happening by not recognizing Israel, which led to an escalation of the conflict between Israel and neighboring Arab countries. During the Arab-Israeli War (1947-49), Israel managed to defend its independence and take possession of West Jerusalem and part of the territory allocated to Palestine under a UN mandate. Iran did not participate in this war, which is due to overcoming the severe consequences of World War II.

At the time of the next Arab-Israeli clash (Six Day War, 1967), Israel advanced deep into the Sinai Peninsula, captured the Golan Heights, the West Bank of the river. Jordan, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem.

However, during the 1970s, Iran continued to cooperate with Israel in terms of trade, as well as in the areas of defense and security.

During the Yom Kippur War (1973), Iran provided small and covert support to Israel in the form of fighter jets and other military equipment. The war ended in Israel's victory, and the defeated Arab OPEC members imposed an oil embargo on countries supporting Israel and greatly inflated the price of an oil barrel, leading to a state of "oil shock" in the world.

After 1979, Iranian-Israeli relations deteriorated sharply. The key idea raised in Iran at that time was the spread and expansion of the Islamic revolution beyond the borders of the state. Israel, which has control over Jerusalem, where the al-Aqsa Mosque (Islam's third holiest site) is located, has become a stumbling block.

In 1981, Iran rejected the plan to create Palestine in the West Bank. Jordan. Iran began to declare that Palestine should be created within its previous borders and that Israel's presence there undermines the interests of the entire Islamic world. Subsequent Iranian presidents promoted a negative attitude towards Israel and built their political course in an anti-Israeli spirit. On this basis, Iran acquired allies in Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Turkey and other Arab countries.

In September 1980, the Iran-Iraq war began over the border territory, which took over all the attention of Iran. Both warring parties received colossal financial and military assistance from outside, as well as individual structures. In 1988, the war ended in a draw.

In 1995, Iran was subject to sanctions from the United States, which were expressed by a ban on arms supplies, to which Russia joined. Only by 2001 did Russia restore supplies.

In 1997, Khatami became the President of Iran, who was later replaced by Ahmadinejad. Khatami tried to bring Iran out of isolation and establish contacts with the West. However, he had to deal with religious leaders who were shaping anti-Israeli public opinion.

Against this background, in the early 2000s, the United States willingly supported Israel and drew the attention of the IAEA to Iran's actions. Iran signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons back in 1968 and ratified it in 1970. Now the IAEA called on Iran to accept the Additional Protocol to the NPT, which would allow unauthorized inspections of any facilities on Iranian territory to determine their compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty.

In December 2003, Iran signed it in Vienna at the IAEA Headquarters. From that moment on, the world community was drawn into the discussion of the Iranian nuclear program. This document gives the IAEA the opportunity to agree to the implementation of Iran's nuclear programs. Iran has demonstrated complete openness in its actions regarding international obligations.

The Iranian parliament has not yet ratified the protocol, so Iran does not consider itself obliged to report to IAEA inspectors.

While Khatami was in power, he made possible attempts to get the IAEA to stop discriminating against Iran and recognize its right to conduct nuclear research under the NPT, while pointing out that, in accordance with this treaty, Iran has the right to carry out the full nuclear cycle, including uranium enrichment . However, over time, it became clear that the more persistently Iran proved that it was right, the more irreconcilable the position of the West became, which Israel fully shared. Therefore, starting in 2005, Iran sharply tightened its position and again attracted the attention of the world community to Israel as the owner of real nuclear weapons.

In August 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad came to power in Iran. In June 2006, Ahmadinejad proposed holding a referendum not only in Iran, but also in Europe on the topic “What feelings do citizens have towards Israel?” Ahmadinejad denies that Iran has a nuclear bomb and believes that Iran has every right to develop nuclear weapons. He always focuses on the presence of nuclear weapons in other countries, especially Israel, and sees no point in worrying, because the era of nuclear weapons has passed.

Today Iran keeps the whole world in suspense. There is an open information war between Iran and Israel and the United States. New sanctions come into force, the UN receives new IAEA reports, but this only leads to increased isolation of Iran. However, Ahmadinejad is developing nuclear potential with renewed vigor. Every year the IAEA collects new evidence in favor of Iran's development of nuclear weapons. Iran continues to insist that the program is peaceful. The Iranian nuclear program is being discussed everywhere. In early 2012, Israel began discussions with the United States about invading Iran and bombing nuclear facilities. To this end, negotiations are regularly held. Israel argues its position by saying that it fears for its future fate, so it is forced to act radically.

The Arab-Israeli conflict currently involves four parallel processes: the process of restoring peace between the Arabs and Israel; the process of gradual destruction of the country of Israel; the process of intensification of the Arab-Israeli conflict; the process of global confrontation between Muslim civilization and the rest of humanity.

Iran's nuclear program haunts both Israel and the entire world community.

December 19, 2012 Israel launches an air strike on several sites in Iran believed to be part of the Iranian nuclear program infrastructure. Within 30 minutes after the Israeli attack, the Iranian air force carried out a somewhat unsuccessful air raid on a number of Israeli cities - Tel Aviv, Haifa, Dimona, Beersheba. Several bombs also fall within the city limits of Jerusalem.

An armed conflict could potentially escalate into a regional or even world war, in which the United States, Arab countries, Russia, China, Great Britain and France and other countries of the world will be drawn.

If the conflict continues, colossal damage is expected due to the bombing of nuclear facilities and military operations on the territory of Iran in particular, where the civilian population will be primarily at risk. This also applies to other countries in the Middle East region, which will subsequently be involved in the conflict. It is very important now to prevent the conflict from growing to a regional scale, much less a global one.

The UN Security Council is obliged to intervene and create mechanisms to counter the deterioration of the situation in the region, as well as contribute to the speedy cessation of the armed conflict and the beginning of a peaceful settlement between the parties.

On December 19, 2012, at 6:00 am, Israel began conducting targeted strikes on some Iranian facilities, namely the Iranian nuclear facility Parchin, which is located 30 km southeast of Tehran. Parchin was not chosen as a target by chance. It was at this military base that IAEA inspectors and Israeli intelligence discovered the development of nuclear weapons. Iran began enriching uranium to 20%, which is absolutely unacceptable. This situation undermines the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program, because Enriched uranium within 5% is quite enough to maintain the operation of nuclear power plants.

In the spring-summer of 2012, satellite images of the Parchin military base were posted on the website of the Institute of Science and International Security (ISIS) for the attention of the world community. Iran once again did not allow IAEA inspectors to check the Parchin base. Based on this, Israel decided to launch preventive strikes on a nuclear facility. The United States, in turn, supported him.

Iran immediately reacts to Israeli actions. Within 30 minutes after the Israeli attack, the Iranian air force carried out an unsuccessful retaliatory air raid on a number of Israeli cities - Tel Aviv, Haifa, Dimona, Beer Sheva. Several bombs also fall within the city limits of Jerusalem.

The mobilization of American air and ground forces began. The United States is drawing its ground forces from Afghanistan and the Arabian Peninsula and its naval forces from the Persian Gulf to the borders of Iran. Now the world community is faced with the question: Do regional leaders decide to intervene in hostilities, or will it all end in the bombing of nuclear facilities, as was the case in Syria? and Iraq? How will the UN Security Council react?

A more dramatic situation is developing around Iran. Without the support of Arab countries, Iran will not be able to resist the United States and Israel. How the conflict will end is unknown. Iran is unlikely to want to give up its nuclear ambitions, as Iraq and Syria did.

The Arab-Israeli conflict today is one of the most pressing international problems, and the problems of migration (Muslims to Europe and Central Asians to Russia) in the modern world are also acute.

Sotskova V.P.

Literature

1. Rapoport M.A. Perceptions of Jewish immigration to Palestine by the Arab public, 1882-1948. - St. Petersburg, 2013. - 71 p.
2. Mesamed V. Israel - Iran - from friendship to enmity. URL: http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1266528060.
3. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/npt.shtml.
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/npt.shtml.

Druzhilovsky S.B. Iran-Israeli relations in the light of the development of the Iranian nuclear program. URL: http://www.iimes.ru/rus/stat/2006/04-05-06a.htm.

There are few countries on the planet more irreconcilable with each other than Palestine and Israel. The history of the conflict has deep roots and continues to this day. The war between Arabs and Jews can be called chronic. There is no end in sight to this confrontation...

Prerequisites for the conflict

Around the middle of the second millennium BC, the territory in question was conquered and settled by Jewish tribes. In ancient chronicles one can find such names as Canaan, Kelesyria and Palestine. The first mention of the Lands of Israel dates back to 1030 before the birth of Christ.

In the 6th century BC, the Jews were expelled by the Babylonians, but after about 60 years the indigenous inhabitants returned and restored their dominance. In the 4th century AD, the territory of modern Israel and Palestine became part of the Roman empire, and 3 centuries later the Arabs came here. The Jews were expelled. Their lands became part of the Ottoman Empire and remained there until the end of the First World War.

The Arab state was among the losers, and Great Britain, which received a mandate to oversee affairs in the Middle East, launched the process of returning Jews to their historical homeland. The basis for this was the Balfour Declaration, which justified the Zionists' claims to the territory of Palestine populated by Arabs. This document, published in 1917, can be considered the starting point of the modern conflict.

First half of the 20th century

The end of the second decade of the 20th century was marked by the massive resettlement of Jews from Europe to the banks of the Jordan. For the most part, these were peaceful people. The waters were “stirred up” by ideological Zionists. They called on the Jews to expel the Arabs from Palestine, but have not yet taken radical action. Although the Haganah military association had already been created.

In 1932, more than 200 thousand Jews lived in Palestine; by 1938, this figure doubled, and after the end of World War II it reached 620 thousand. All the prerequisites for the creation of the corresponding state already existed, and this process was supported by the winning countries.

The Jews expressed a desire to occupy the entire territory of Palestine, completely expelling the Arabs. But the UN General Assembly in November 1947 decided to create two independent states: Israel (14 thousand sq. m.) and Palestine (11 thousand sq. km.). The first was to be inhabited by Jews, and the second by Arabs. Between the countries a neutral (international zone) was supposed - Jerusalem.

This decision was approved by world leaders - the USSR and the USA, and the main participants in the process - Jews and Arabs - were not against it. In 1948, a new state appeared on the map - Israel. It seemed that the conflict had come to its happy conclusion.

Second half of the 20th century and today

But hopes for the best did not come true, and the phrase “Israel versus Palestine” continued to be on everyone’s lips. The story of the conflict is not over. Radical Zionists did not want to recognize the independence of the Arab power in Palestine, laying claim to this part. They engaged in militant rhetoric and organized terrorist attacks. For its part, the Arab world (Lebanon, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen) did not recognize Israel’s independence and declared “jihad” against it.

The number of Jews increased every year, and they managed to create an army of 30 thousand. But the Arabs had 40 thousand soldiers. The Muslim army was led by the King of Jordan, and at first it was lucky. But in 1948, the Jews went on the offensive and occupied almost the entire territory of Palestine, forcing about a million Arabs to emigrate.

The UN has repeatedly called on both sides for peace, but the conflict continues to this day. It either subsides or flares up more intensely. At the moment, there is a state of Israel with a population of more than 8 million people and a territory of 22 thousand square kilometers.

Palestine, although it was declared a state back in 1988, has still not received recognition from many countries. Therefore, it is impossible to talk about its sovereignty. It occupies the territory of the West Bank, as well as the Gaza Strip, which Israel continues to encroach on. More than 4.5 million Arabs are waiting for the moment when their homeland will become a full-fledged state and the war will finally end. But no one has yet agreed to even name an approximate date for the end of the conflict.

Background to the conflict between Israel and Palestine.

In order to understand why the conflict between Israel and Palestine arose, first of all, let's consider its background. Palestine is a territory located near the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle East. The history of this small piece of land goes back centuries. The roots of today's conflict between Israel and Palestine lie in the past in the territorial and ethnic struggle between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. But, it must be said that such a tense situation between the two peoples was not always there.

For a long time, Arabs and Jews lived peacefully as neighbors in Palestine. Palestine was considered part of Syria during the Ottoman Empire. The population in Palestine at that time was dominated by Arabs. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, Jewish settlements began to appear in Palestine, and mainly around the city of Jerusalem. But we must admit that the colonization of Palestine by Jews proceeded very slowly. According to statistics, in 1918 the population of Palestine was Arabs, with a total population of 93%. The picture began to change dramatically when, after the First World War, Britain gained the right to rule Palestine. This mandate came into force in September 1923.

Widespread propaganda began for the settlement and colonization of Palestine by Jews. This idea was put forward in 1917 by British Foreign Minister A. Balfour, writing a letter to the Zionist leader. The letter announced the establishment of a national home for Jews. The letter later became known as the Balfour Declaration.

At the beginning of the 20th century in the 1920s, the military organization “Hagana” was created, and already in 1935 the Jews created an organization of extremists - “Irgun Zvai Leumi”. True, it should be noted that at first the displacement of Arabs from Palestine was peaceful.

After the Nazis came to power and the World War began, the emigration of Jews to Palestine increased sharply. So in 1932 there were 184 thousand Jews in Palestine, in 1938 there were already 414 thousand people, and by the end of 1947 there were more than 600 thousand Jews, that is, at that time a third of the population of Palestine. Many people say that the ultimate goal of Jewish emigration in Israel is the conquest of Palestinian lands and the creation of a Jewish state. The idea of ​​​​creating the state of Israel goes back a long time, but only after the Second World War did the implementation of this idea become possible. The idea of ​​creating a Jewish state was supported by the world community; the Holocaust played a major role in strengthening this idea. In November 1945, the situation in Palestine was tense to the limit. The conflict between Palestine and Israel was brewing.

In addition to the fact that Palestine was shaken by clashes between Arabs and Jews, during this period the movement of Zionist terror intensified, which was directed against the British authorities. Great Britain was unable to solve this problem on its own and submitted a decision on the future of Palestine in 1947 to the UN General Assembly.

At that time, there were two solutions to the future of Palestine. A special committee for Palestinian affairs at the UN was created, which, consisting of 11 people, signed a letter recommending the creation of two independent independent states on the territory of present-day Palestine: Jewish and Arab. And leave between them an international zone - the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was to receive international status. The plan for the division of Palestine was discussed for a long time and was approved in November 1947. Among the countries that recognized and approved this division into Palestine and Israel were the USA and the USSR.

According to resolution No. 181/11 of November 29, 1947, Palestine was divided into two independent states - Jewish with an area of ​​14.1 thousand square kilometers, which is 56% of the total area of ​​Palestine, and Arab, with an area of ​​11.1 square kilometers, which is 43% of the total area of ​​Palestine, and Jerusalem - the international zone - 1% of the total territory.

Before August 1, 1948, British troops had to be withdrawn from the country. As soon as the decision to create an independent Jewish state of Israel was proclaimed, the Zionists began a real, undeclared war. And even before the official declaration of Israeli independence, 250 thousand Arabs were simply forced to leave Palestine. At the same time, many Arab countries did not recognize the independence of Israel and declared “jihad”—a holy war—on the new state. In May 1948, a military conflict began in Israel.

The news of Israeli independence in Palestine instantly spread throughout the world. The countries of the Arab League, immediately after Israeli Prime Minister Ben-Gurion declared the independence of the State of Israel, began military operations. Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, having united all their efforts, unanimously declared war on the newly created state of Israel. This is where the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine began.

The Arab League troops numbered 40 thousand soldiers, while the Israeli troops numbered 30 thousand. The Arab League troops were commanded at that time by the King of Jordan. In 1948, the United Nations called on the conflicting parties to a truce, but the truce plan that was proposed was rejected by the parties as unacceptable to both sides.

At first, the military conflict between Israel and Palestine developed in favor of the Arab League, but the course of the war changed dramatically in the summer of 1948. Within 10 days, the Jewish army, confronting the larger and better armed army of the Arab League, launched a decisive offensive and neutralized the Arab offensive onslaught. In the final offensive of the Jewish army, which took place in 1949, the Israelis occupied the entire territory of Palestine, pushing the enemy back to the very borders.

More than 900 thousand Arabs were expelled from the Palestinian territory, which Israel conquered, at that time. They settled in different Arab countries. At the same time, more than half a million Jews were expelled from Arab countries and began to live in Israel.

The history of the Israel-Palestine conflict lies quite deep. The two sides must understand this issue, because as the history of Israel and Palestine says, two peoples can live amicably on the same territory.