In what year did Lenin become leader? Brief biography of Lenin the most important thing

Brief biography of Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (pseudonym Lenin) is a Soviet political figure on a global scale, revolutionary, creator of the Social Democratic Party and Bolshevism, one of the organizers of the October Revolution and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Lenin is also considered the creator of the first socialist state in history. In addition, he laid the foundation of Marxism-Leninism. Vladimir Ilyich was born on April 22, 1870 in the city of Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), in the family of a public school inspector.

The future revolutionary spent his childhood in Simbirsk. There he studied at the gymnasium, the director of which was F. M. Kerensky. After graduating from high school with a gold medal, Lenin entered Kazan University at the Faculty of Law, where he studied for a short time and was expelled due to his regular assistance to the illegal student movement “Narodnaya Volya”. In May 1887, his elder brother Alexander was executed due to participation in the People's Will conspiracy to assassinate the emperor. This became a great tragedy in the Ulyanov family. In 1888, Lenin returned to Kazan and joined the Marxist circle. He is seriously interested in social democratic and political economic issues. As a result, in 1897 he was sent into exile in the Yenisei region for 3 years. It was during this exile that he wrote most of his works. In 1898, he registered his marriage with his common-law wife N.K. Krupskaya so that she could follow him into exile.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Lenin began to work hard to create a new society through a socialist revolution. During the revolution, the organizer himself is in Switzerland, and many participants are arrested. As a result, the leadership of the party passes to Lenin. Despite the fact that attempts at uprising were thwarted more than once, Lenin continued to write new works and organize an anti-government revolution. Soon he becomes the head of the Council of People's Commissars, founds the Red Army and the Third Communist International. Lenin's goal was to create a new economic policy aimed at the growth of the national economy and the formation of a socialist state.

Lenin died on January 21, 1924 in the Gorki estate as a result of a sharp deterioration in health. Two days later, the leader’s body was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. On January 27, the coffin with Lenin’s embalmed body was placed in the Mausoleum on Red Square, where it is now kept. After his death, the cult of personality of this extraordinary ruler intensified even more. Many objects in cities were renamed in his honor, museums and libraries named after Lenin were opened, and monuments were erected.

Lenin is a world-famous political figure, leader of the Bolshevik Party (revolutionary), founder of the USSR state. Almost everyone knows who Lenin is. He is a follower of the great philosophers F. Engels and K. Marx.

Who is Lenin? Brief summary of his biography

Ulyanov Vladimir was born in Simbirsk in 1870. And in Ulyanovsk he spent his childhood and youth.

From 1879 to 1887 he studied at the gymnasium. After graduating with a gold medal, in 1887 Vladimir and his family, already without Ilya Nikolaevich (he died in January 1886), moved to live in Kazan. There he entered Kazan University.

There, in 1887, for active participation in a gathering of students, he was expelled from the educational institution and exiled to the village of Kokushkino.

The patriotic spirit of protest against the then existing tsarist system and the oppression of the people awakened early in the young man.

The study of advanced Russian literature, the works of great writers (Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen, Pisarev) and especially Chernyshevsky led to the formation of his advanced revolutionary views. The older brother introduced Vladimir to Marxist literature.

From that moment on, young Ulyanov devoted his entire future life to the struggle against the capitalist system, to the cause of liberating the people from oppression and slavery.

Ulyanov family

Knowing who Lenin is, one cannot help but want to find out in more detail what kind of family such a brilliant person, enlightened in all respects, came from.

In their views, Vladimir’s parents belonged to the Russian intelligentsia.

Grandfather - N.V. Ulyanov - from the serfs of the Nizhny Novgorod province, an ordinary tailor-craftsman. He died in poverty.

Father - I. N. Ulyanov - after completing his studies at Kazan University, he was a teacher at secondary educational institutions in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod. Subsequently he worked as an inspector and director of schools in the province (Simbirsk). He really loved his job.

Vladimir’s mother, M.A. Ulyanova (Blank), is a doctor by training. She was gifted and had great abilities: she knew several foreign languages ​​and played the piano well. She received her own education at home and, having passed the external exam, became a teacher. She devoted herself to children.

Vladimir's elder brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed for participation in the attempt on the life of Alexander III in 1887.

Vladimir's sisters - A. I. Ulyanova (by her husband - Elizarova), M. I. Ulyanova, and brother D. I. Ulyanov at one time became prominent figures in the Communist Party.

Their parents instilled in them honesty, hard work, attention and sensitivity to people, responsibility for their deeds, actions and words, and most importantly, a sense of duty.

Ulyanov Library. The acquisition of knowledge

During his studies (with numerous awards) at the Simbirsk gymnasium, Vladimir received excellent knowledge.

In the Ulyanovs' home family library there was a huge number of works by great Russian writers - Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev, Gogol, Dobrolyubov, Tolstoy, Herzen, as well as foreign ones. There were editions of Shakespeare, Huxley, Darwin and many others. etc.

This advanced literature of those times had a great and important influence on the formation of the views of the young Ulyanovs on everything that was happening.

Formation of personal political views, publication of the first political newspapers

In 1893, in St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ulyanov studied social democratic issues, was engaged in journalism and was interested in political economy.

Since 1895, the first attempts to travel abroad have been made. In the same year, Lenin traveled outside the country to establish good connections with the Liberation of Labor group and other leaders of European social democratic parties. In Switzerland he met with G.V. Plekhanov. As a result, political figures from other countries learned about who Lenin was.

After his trips, Vladimir Ilyich already in his homeland organized the party “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” (St. Petersburg, 1895).

After which he is arrested and sent to the Yenisei province. Three years later, it was there that Vladimir Ilyich married N. Krupskaya and wrote many of his works.

Moreover, at that time he had several pseudonyms (except for the main one - Lenin): Karpov, Ilyin, Petrov, Frey.

Further development of revolutionary political activity

Lenin is the organizer of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP. Subsequently, he drew up the charter and plan of the party. Vladimir Ilyich, with the help of the revolution, tried to create a completely new society. During the 1907 revolution, Lenin was in Switzerland. Then the leadership passed to him after the arrest of most party members.

After the next congress of the RSDLP (3rd), he was preparing an uprising and demonstrations. Although the uprising was suppressed, Ulyanov did not stop working. He publishes Pravda and writes new works. At that time, many already knew who Vladimir Lenin was from his numerous publications.

The strengthening of new revolutionary organizations continues.

After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia and led an uprising against the government. Goes underground to avoid arrest.

After the revolution (October 1917), Lenin began to live and work in Moscow in connection with the move there from Petrograd of the Central Committee of the Party and the government.

Results of the 1917 revolution

After the revolution, Lenin founds the proletarian Red Army, the 3rd Communist International and concludes a peace treaty with Germany. From now on, the country has a new economic policy, the direction of which is the growth of the national economy. Thus, a socialist state - the USSR - is formed.

The overthrown exploiting classes launched struggle and terror against the new Soviet government. In August 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin's life, he was wounded by F.E. Kaplan (a Socialist-Revolutionary).

Who is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin for the people? After his death, the cult of his personality increased. Monuments to Lenin were laid everywhere, many urban and rural objects were renamed in his honor. Many cultural and educational institutions (libraries, cultural centers) named after Lenin were opened. The mausoleum of the great Lenin in Moscow still preserves the body of the greatest political figure.

Last years

Lenin was a militant atheist and fought hard against the influence of the church. In 1922, taking advantage of the dire situation of famine in the Volga region, he called for the confiscation of church valuables.

Quite intense work and injury spoiled the leader’s health, and in the spring of 1922 he became seriously ill. Periodically he returned to work. His last year was tragic. A serious illness prevented him from completing all his affairs. Here a struggle arose between close comrades for the great “Leninist legacy.”

He was able, overcoming illness, at the end of 1922 and at the beginning of February 1923, to dictate several articles and letters that constituted his “Political Testament” for the Party Congress (12th).

In this letter, he proposed to move I.V. Stalin from the post of General Secretary to another place. He was convinced that he would not be able to use his immense power carefully, as it should.

Shortly before his death, he moved to Gorki. The proletarian leader died in 1924, on January 21.

Relations with Stalin

Who is Stalin? Both Lenin and Joseph Vissarionovich worked together along the party line.

They met in person in 1905 at the RSDLP conference in Tammerfors. Until 1912, Lenin did not single him out among many party workers. Until 1922, there were more or less good relations between them, although disagreements often arose. Relations deteriorated greatly by the end of 1922, believed to be due to Stalin’s conflict with the Georgian leadership (“Georgian Affair”) and a minor incident with Krupskaya.

After the death of the leader, the myth about the relationship between Stalin and Lenin changed several times: first Stalin was one of Lenin’s comrades-in-arms, then he became his student, then a faithful successor of the great cause. And it turned out that the revolution began to have two leaders. Then Lenin was not so needed, and Stalin became the only leader.

Bottom line. Who is Lenin? Briefly about the stages of its activities

Under Lenin's leadership, a new state administrative apparatus was formed. The lands of the landowners were confiscated and nationalized along with transport, banks, industry, etc. The Soviet Red Army was created. Slavery and national oppression were abolished. Decrees on food issues appeared. Lenin and his government fought for world peace. The leader introduced the principle of collective leadership. He became the leader of the international labor movement.

Who is Lenin? Everyone should know about this unique historical figure. After the death of the great leader, people were brought up on the ideals of Vladimir Ilyich. And the results were quite good.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is a famous Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician and statesman, founder of the Soviet Union, organizer of the CPSU. He was involved in many areas. He is considered the most legendary leader and politician in history. Moreover, Lenin organized the first socialist state. This communist figure was interested in the politics of Mark Engels, and soon continued his work. Vladimir Ilyich changed the fate of not only the Soviet state, but the whole world. Lenin is the founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. The main task of this statesman was to create a party of the working class. Such an innovation was supposed to have a positive impact on the fate of the state in the future, according to Lenin.

Portrait of Vladimir Lenin

Biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

This person is considered the most important organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia. In addition, Vladimir Ilyich - first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

Despite the huge period of time that has passed since the reign of the legendary figure, historians are increasingly paying attention to studying his policies, methods of activity and the life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He actively developed his policies at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, his form of government was not to everyone's liking. Some condemned the politician, others admired him. Despite everything, he still remains one of the most significant personalities in the field of politics.

Lenin was an ardent Marxist and always clearly defended his opinion. He is considered the founder of Marxism-Leninism. Vladimir Ilyich is the ideologist and creator of the Third Communist International. The state representative was also involved in the field of political and journalistic work. His pen includes works of various nature. For example, materialist philosophy, the theory of Marxism, the construction of socialism and communism and many others.

Vladimir Lenin and his sister Maria

Millions consider Vladimir Ilyich Lenin to be one of the most famous political figures in world history. This is due to the methods of his government and the nature of his activities. The staff of the popular Time magazine added Lenin to the list of the hundred most significant revolutionary figures of the twentieth century. This Russian leader was included in the category "Leaders and Revolutionaries". It is also known that the works of Vladimir Ilyich annually lead in the lists of translated literature. Printed works rank third in the world after the Bible and works Mao Zedong.

Childhood and youth of Vladimir Ulyanov

The real name of the great Russian leader is Ulyanov. Vladimir Ilyich was born in 1870 in Ulyanovsk (Simbirsk today) in the family of an inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Vladimir's father Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was a state councilor. Previously, he taught in secondary educational institutions in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod.

Vladimir Lenin in childhood

Mother of Vladimir Ulyanov, Maria Alexandrovna, had Swedish and German ancestry on her mother’s side and European ancestry on her father’s side. Maria Ulyanova passed the exams for the position of teacher as an external student. However, she later finished her career and devoted all her free time to raising her children and housekeeping. In addition to Vladimir, the family had older children - son Alexander and daughter Anna. A few years later, two more children appeared in the family - Maria and Dmitry.

As a child, young Ulyanov received Orthodox baptism and was a member of the Simbirsk religious Society of St. Sergius of Radonezh. During school, the boy received high grades according to God's law.

Little Vladimir was a very developed child. At the age of five he could already read and write perfectly. Soon he entered the Simbirsk gymnasium. There he was attentive, diligent and devoted a lot of time to the educational process. For his hard work and efforts, he constantly received certificates of commendation and other awards. Some teachers often called him a “walking encyclopedia.”

Vladimir Lenin in his youth

Vladimir Ulyanov was very different from other students in the level of his development. All his classmates respected him and treated him like an authoritative friend. During his school years, the future leader read a lot of advanced Russian literature, which soon influenced the boy’s worldview. He preferred the works of V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev and especially N. G. Chernyshevsky and others. In 1880, a schoolboy received a book with gold embossing on the binding: “For good behavior and success” and a certificate of merit.

In 1887 He graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal; in general, his grades were at a high level. Then he entered the Faculty of Law of Kazan University. The leaders of the gymnasium, F. Kerensky, were extremely surprised and disappointed by the choice of Vladimir Ulyanov. He advised him to continue his studies at the Faculty of History and Literature. Kerensky argued for this decision by the fact that his student was truly successful in the field of Latin and literature.

In 1887, a terrible incident occurred in the Ulyanov family - Vladimir’s older brother Alexander was executed for organizing an assassination attempt on the Tsar. Alexandra III. From that moment, Ulyanov’s revolutionary activity began to develop. He started attending an illegal student group "Narodnaya Volya" headed by Lazar Bogoraz. Due to this, he was expelled from the university already in his first year. Ulyanov and several dozen other students were arrested and sent to the police station. The situation with his brother affected his worldview. Vladimir Ulyanov seriously protested against national oppression and tsarist policies. It was during that period that the guy began his revolutionary activities against capitalism.

Vladimir Lenin in his youth

After expulsion from Kazan University, he moved to a small village called Kukushkino, located in the Kazan province. There he lived for two years in the Ardashevs’ house. In connection with all the events, Vladimir Ulyanov was included in the list of suspicious individuals who must be carefully monitored. Moreover, the future leader was prohibited from resuming his studies at the university.

Soon Vladimir Ilyich became a member of various Marxist organizations that Fedoseev created. Members of these groups studied the essays Karl Marx and Engels. In 1889, Vladimir’s mother, Maria Ulyanova, acquired a huge plot of more than a hundred hectares in the Samara province. The whole family moved into this mansion. The mother persistently asked her son to manage such a large house, but this process was not successful.

Local peasants robbed the Ulyanovs and stole their horse and two cows. Then Ulyanova could not stand it and decided to sell both the land and the house. Today, the house-museum of Vladimir Lenin is located in this village.

Lenin abroad

In 1889 The Lenin family changed their place of residence. They moved to Samara. There, Vladimir’s connections with the revolutionaries resumed again. However, after a while, the authorities changed their decision and allowed the previously arrested Vladimir to begin preparing for exams to study jurisprudence. During his studies, he actively studied economic textbooks, as well as zemstvo statistical reports.

Participation of Vladimir Lenin in revolutionary activities

In 1891 Vladimir Lenin entered the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University as an external student. There he worked as an assistant to a sworn lawyer from Samara and defended prisoners. In 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg and devoted much time to writing works related to Marxist political economy. During the same period of time, he created the program of the Social Democratic Party. Among Lenin's popular and surviving works is “New Economic Movements in Peasant Life.”

Vladimir Lenin with a newspaper

In 1895 Lenin went abroad and visited several countries at once. Among them are Switzerland, Germany and France. There Vladimir Ilyin met famous personalities such as, Georgy Plekhanov, Wilhelm Liebknecht and Paul Lafargue. Later, the revolutionary figure returned to his homeland and began to develop various innovations. First of all, he united all Marxist circles into the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” Lenin began to actively spread the idea of ​​fighting the autocracy.

For such actions, Lenin and his allies were arrested again. They were in custody for a year. Next, the prisoners were sent to the Shushenskoye village of the Elysee province. During this period, the statesman actively established relations with Social Democrats from various parts of the country, namely from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, and Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1900 he was free and visited all the cities of Russia. Lenin devoted a lot of time to visiting various organizations. In the same year, Lenin created a newspaper called "Spark". It was then that Vladimir Ilyich first began to sign the name “Lenin”. A few months later he organized the congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In connection with this event, a split occurred into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Lenin became the head of the Bolshevik ideological and political party. He tried with all his might to fight the Mensheviks and took radical measures.

Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin

Since 1905 Lenin lived in Switzerland for three years. There he carefully prepared for an armed uprising. Later, Vladimir Ilyich returned illegally to St. Petersburg. He tried to attract the peasants to him so that they would be one strong team to fight. Vladimir Lenin called on the peasants to actively fight and asked them to use everything that was at hand as a weapon. It was necessary to attack civil servants.

Role in the execution of the family of Emperor Nicholas II criticism and accusations

As it became known, on the night of July 16-17, 1918, the family of Nicholas II and all the servants were shot. This incident occurred by order of the Ural Regional Council in Yekaterinburg. The resolution was headed by the Bolsheviks. Lenin and Sverdlov had a certain number of sanctions that were used for execution Nicholas II. These data have been officially confirmed. However, historical experts and other specialists are still actively discussing Lenin's sanctions for the execution of the family and servants of Nicholas II. Some historians acknowledge this fact, others categorically deny it.

Initially, the Soviet government decided that it was necessary to try Nicholas II. This issue was discussed in 1918 at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, which took place at the end of January. The Party Collegium officially confirmed such actions and the need for a trial of Nicholas II. This idea, accordingly, was supported by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and his allies.

Speech by Vladimir Lenin

As is known, during that period, Nicholas II, his family and servants were transported from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. Most likely, this move was connected with all the events taking place. M. Medvedev (Kudrin) provided confirmation that it was not possible to obtain sanctions for the execution of Nicholas II. Lenin argued that the tsar needed to be transferred to a safer place to live. On July 13, a meeting was held at which issues related to the military review and the careful protection of the Tsar were discussed.

Wife of Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Krupskaya said that on the night of the murder of the Tsar and his family, the Russian leader was at work all night and returned only early in the morning.

Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky

Personal life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Krupskaya

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin tried to carefully hide his personal life, like other professional revolutionaries. His wife was Nadezhda Krupskaya. They met in 1894 during the active creation of an organization called "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". At that time, a Marxist meeting took place, where they met. Nadezhda Krupskaya was admired by Lenin's leadership qualities and his serious character. She, in turn, interested Lenin in his analytical mind and development in many areas. Government activities brought the couple much closer together and a few years later they decided to tie the knot. Vladimir Ilyich’s chosen one was restrained and calm, extremely flexible. She supported her lover in everything, no matter what. Moreover, the wife helped the Russian revolutionary in secret correspondence with various party members.

However, despite Nadezhda’s wonderful character and loyalty, she was a terrible housewife. It was almost never possible to notice Krupskaya in the process of cooking and cleaning. She did not do housework and cooked extremely rarely. However, if such cases did occur, then Lenin did not complain and ate everything that was given to him. Let us note that once in 1916, on New Year's Eve, there was only yogurt on their festive table.

Vladimir Lenin and Nadezhda Krupskaya

Before Krupskaya, Lenin admired Apollinaria Yakubova, however, she rejected him. Yakubova was a socialist.

After they met, love broke out at first sight. Krupskaya followed her lover everywhere and participated in all the actions of Vladimir Ilyich. Soon they got married. Local peasants became best men. The rings were made for them by their ally from copper coins. The wedding of Krupskaya and Lenin took place on July 22, 1898 in the village of Shushenskoye. After this, Nadezhda truly loved her husband. Moreover, Lenin got married, despite the fact that at that time he was an ardent atheist.

In her free time, Nadezhda went about her business, namely theoretical and pedagogical work. She had her own opinions regarding many situations and did not completely submit to her abusive husband.

Vladimir was always cruel and callous towards his wife, but Nadezhda always bowed to him, loved him faithfully and helped him in all areas. In addition to Nadezhda, there were many other women in Lenin’s life, even after marriage. Krupskaya knew about this, but proudly restrained the pain and endured the humiliating attitude towards herself. She forgot about feelings of pride and jealousy.

Vladimir Lenin and Inessa Armand

There is still no reliable information about the children of Vladimir Lenin. Some claim that they were infertile and had no children at all. And other historians say that the famous Russian leader had many illegitimate children. There is also information that Lenin has a child named Alexander Steffen from his beloved Inessa Armand. Their romance lasted for five years. Inessa Armand was Lenin's mistress for a long time and Krupskaya knew about everything that was happening.

They met Inessa Armand in 1909 while in Paris. As you know, Inessa Armand is the daughter of a famous French opera singer and comic actress. At that time, Inessa was 35 years old. She was completely different from Nadezhda Krupskaya neither externally nor internally. She was distinguished by beautiful features and unusual appearance. The girl had deep eyes, beautiful long hair, an excellent figure and a beautiful voice. Krupskaya, according to Anna Ulyanova, Vladimir’s sister, was completely ugly, had eyes like a fish, and did not have beautiful expressive facial features.

Inessa Armand She had a passionate character and always expressed her emotions clearly. She loved to communicate with people and had good manners. Krupskaya, unlike Lenin’s French chosen one, was cold and did not like to express her emotions. They say that Vladimir, most likely, had simply a physical attraction to this lady, he did not experience any feelings for her. However, Inessa herself loved this man very much. Moreover, she was radical in her views and categorically did not understand open relationships. Armand was also an excellent cook and always took care of housework, unlike Nadezhda Krupskaya, who was almost never involved in these processes.

Vladimir Lenin

Information was also known that Nadezhda Krupskaya suffered from infertility. It was this fact that argued for the absence of children from the couple for many years. Later, doctors stated that the woman had a terrible illness - Graves' disease. It was this disease that was the reason for the absence of children.

In the Soviet Union, information was not disseminated about Lenin’s infidelities and the couple’s lack of children. These facts were considered shameful.

Nadezhda's parents loved Vladimir Ilyich very much. They were happy that she connected her life with an intelligent young man, very educated and discreet. However, Lenin’s family was not very happy about the appearance of this girl. For example, Vladimir’s sister - Anna, hated Nadezhda and considered her strange and unattractive.

Nadezhda knew everything about her husband’s infidelities, but she behaved with restraint and never said anything to him, much less to Inessa. Everyone around him knew about this love triangle, since the famous revolutionary did not hide anything and did it in plain sight. Inessa Armand was always present in the life of the couple. Moreover, Inessa and Nadezhda tried to maintain friendly relations and communicate.

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

Lenin's French mistress helped him in everything; she went with him to party meetings throughout Europe. The woman also translated his books, articles and other works. Let us note that Nadezhda kept a photograph of her husband’s mistress in her bedroom and looked at her competitor every day. Nearby there were photographs of Vladimir and Nadezhda’s mother.

Nadezhda endured her husband’s humiliation and betrayal until the very end, and, it would seem, had already come to terms with Vladimir’s mistress. However, at some point she could not stand it and invited her husband to leave. He did not agree and left his mistress Inessa Armand. In 1920, Inessa died from a terrible disease - cholera. Nadezhda Krupskaya also came to her rival’s funeral. She held Vladimir's hand the whole time.

Lenin's French fiancee left two children from her first marriage, who became orphans. Their father also died earlier. Therefore, the couple decided to take care of these children and look after them. Initially, the children lived in Gorki, but later they were sent abroad.

Vladimir Lenin in the last years of his life

Death of Vladimir Lenin

After the death of Inessa Armand, Lenin's life went downhill. He also began to get sick often; the Russian leader’s health condition deteriorated significantly due to all the events taking place. He soon passed away on January 21, 1924 at the estate Gorki Moscow province. There were many versions of the man's death. Some historians suggest that he died due to syphilis, which could have been transmitted to him by his French mistress. As is known, he took medications for a long time to treat such diseases.

However, according to official data, Lenin died from atherosclerosis, which he had suffered from recently. Vladimir Ilyich's last request was bring Inessa's children to him. At that time they were in France. Krupskaya fulfilled this request of her husband, but they were not allowed to see Lenin. In February 1924, Nadezhda proposed burying Vladimir next to the ashes of Inessa Armand, but Stalin categorically denied this proposal.

Funeral of Vladimir Lenin

A few days after the death of the world-famous leader, his body was transported to Moscow. He was placed in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. For five days, farewell was held in this building to the Russian leader, political and statesman, to the head of the Soviet people.

January 27, 1924 Lenin's body was embalmed. A Mausoleum was specially built for the body of this legendary personality, which is still located on Red Square to this day. Every year the issue of reburial of Vladimir Lenin is raised, but no one does it.

Lenin Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow

Creativity, writings and works of Lenin

Lenin was a famous successor Karl Marx. He often wrote works on this topic. Thus, hundreds of works belong to his pen. In Soviet times, more than forty “Lenin collections” were published, as well as collected works. Among Lenin's most popular works are “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” (1899), “What to Do?” (1902), “Materialism and Empirio-Criticism” (1909). Moreover, in 1919-1921 he recorded sixteen speeches on records, which testifies to the oratorical abilities of the people's leader.

Cult of Lenin

A real cult began around the personality of Vladimir Lenin during his reign. Petrograd was renamed Leningrad, many streets and villages were named after this Russian revolutionary. In every city of the state a monument to Vladimir Lenin was erected. The legendary man was quoted in many scientific and journalistic works.

Revolutionary Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

A special survey was conducted among the Russian population. More than 52% of respondents claim that the personality of Vladimir Lenin has become one of the most important and necessary in the history of their people.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is a world-famous Russian revolutionary, the main leader of the Soviet people, politician and statesman. He was involved in the field of journalism; hundreds of works belong to the pen of this legendary man. Over the past decades, many poems, ballads, poems have been published in his honor. In almost every city there is a monument to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose reign will be talked about for decades to come all over the world.

Studied for 3 months at Kazan University.

Lenin (real name - Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich - the largest Russian Soviet politician, statesman, publicist, Marxist, founder of Marxism-Leninism, one of the organizers and leaders of the October Revolution of 1917, founder of the Communist Party, creator of the first socialist state, the Communist International, one of the leaders of the international communist movement. Ulyanov was from Simbirsk, where he was born on April 22 (April 10, O.S.), 1870. His father was an official, an inspector of public schools. During the period 1879-1887. Vladimir Ulyanov successfully studied at the local gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. Until the age of 16, being a baptized Orthodox, he was a member of the Simbirsk religious Society of St. Sergius of Radonezh.

The turning point in the biography of V. Lenin is considered to be the execution in 1887 of his elder brother, Alexander, who took part in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Alexander III. Although the brothers did not have a particularly close relationship, this event made a huge impression on the whole family. In 1887, Vladimir became a student at Kazan University (Faculty of Law), but participation in student unrest resulted in expulsion and exile to Kokushkino, his mother’s estate. He was allowed to return to Kazan in the fall of 1888, and exactly a year later the Ulyanovs moved to Samara. Living in this city, Vladimir, thanks to active reading of Marxist literature, begins to become acquainted with this teaching in the most detailed way.

Having graduated from the law department of St. Petersburg University as an external student in 1891, Lenin moved to this city in 1893 and worked as an assistant to a sworn attorney. However, he is not concerned about jurisprudence, but about issues of government. Already in 1894, he formulated a political credo, according to which the Russian proletariat, having led all democratic forces, must lead society to a communist revolution through open political struggle.

In 1895, with the active participation of Lenin, the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” was created. For this he was arrested in December and then more than a year later he was sent to Siberia, the village of Shushenskoye, for three years. While in exile, in July 1898 he married N.K. Krupskaya due to the threat of her being transferred to another place. For the rest of his life, this woman was his faithful companion, comrade-in-arms and assistant.

In 1900, V. Lenin went abroad and lived in Germany, England, and Switzerland. There, together with G.V. Plekhanov, who played an important role in his life, started the publication of Iskra, the first all-Russian illegal Marxist newspaper. At the Second Congress of Russian Social Democrats, held in 1903 and marked by a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, he led the former, subsequently creating the Bolshevik Party. He found the revolution of 1905 in Switzerland, in November of the same year, under a false name, he illegally came to St. Petersburg, where he lived until December 1907, taking over the leadership of the Central and St. Petersburg Committees of the Bolsheviks.

During the First World War, V.I. Lenin, who was in Switzerland at that time, put forward the slogan about the need to defeat the government and turn the imperialist war into a civil war. Having learned from the newspapers the news about the February Revolution, he began to prepare to return to his homeland.

In April 1917, Lenin arrived in Petrograd, and the very next day after his arrival he proposed a program for the transition of the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one, proclaiming the slogan “All power to the Soviets!” Already in October he was one of the main organizers and leaders of the October armed uprising; at the end of October and beginning of November, detachments sent by his personal order contributed to the establishment of Soviet power in Moscow.

The October Revolution, the repressive first steps of the government headed by Lenin, turned into a bloody Civil War that lasted until 1922, which became a national tragedy, claiming the lives of millions of people. In the summer of 1918, the family of Nicholas II was shot in Yekaterinburg, and it was established that the leader of the world proletariat approved of the execution.

Since March 1918, Lenin's biography has been connected with Moscow, where the capital was moved from Petrograd. On August 30, he was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt, the response to which was the so-called. red terror. On Lenin's initiative and in accordance with his ideology, the policy of war communism was pursued, which in March 1921 was replaced by the NEP. In December 1922, V. Lenin became the creator of the USSR - a new type of state that had no precedent in world history.

The same year was marked by a serious deterioration in health, which forced the head of the Soviet Union to curtail his active activities in the political arena. In May 1923, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow, where he died on January 21, 1924. The official cause of death was problems with blood circulation and premature wear of blood vessels, caused, in particular, by enormous loads.

IN AND. Lenin is one of the individuals whose assessment of their activities ranges from harsh criticism to the creation of a cult. However, no matter how his contemporaries and future generations treated him, it is quite obvious that, being a politician on a global scale, Lenin, with his ideology and activities at the beginning of the last century, had a colossal influence on world history, setting its further vector of development.

Vladimir Lenin was a politician on a global scale. He managed to create a completely new state. On the one hand, he was able to win a political and triumphant victory. On the other hand, historically Lenin found himself in the camp of losers. After all, his cause, based on the principles of violence, was doomed from the very beginning. Despite this, it was Vladimir Ulyanov who determined the vector of development of world history of the twentieth century.

A complete biography of Lenin is contained not only in Soviet encyclopedias. Numerous books are dedicated to his life. There is a biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin on Wikipedia. It exists on various sites dedicated to the history and biography of famous people. We studied the biography and personal life of Lenin, briefly presenting the information in the article.

Roots

The biography of Vladimir Lenin began in the mid-spring of 1870 in Simbirsk. His dad worked as a school inspector; he did a lot for public education. Ilya Nikolaevich lost his father early and his older brother took care of his upbringing. At that time he was a clerk at one of the city firms. Nevertheless, Lenin's father received a good education. He was a hardworking man - the leader of the proletariat inherited his colossal capacity for work from his father. Thanks to the merits of Ilya Nikolaevich, the Ulyanovs were even given hereditary nobility.

On his mother’s side, Lenin’s grandfather Alexander Blank was a doctor and medical inspector at the hospitals of the arms factory in Zlatoust. At one time he married a German girl, Anna Grosskopf. Later, my grandfather retired and received the rank of nobility. He even became a landowner, purchasing the Kokushkino estate.

Lenin's mother was a home teacher. She was considered an emancipated woman and tried to adhere to leftist views. She was known not only as an excellent and hospitable hostess, but also as a caring, fair mother. She taught her children the basics of foreign languages ​​and music.

There is still debate about Lenin's nationality (the biography contains a lot of contradictory information). Many are documented, but most are unsubstantiated. Lenin himself considered himself Russian.

Childhood

Lenin's life (his biography confirms this) was not initially distinguished by originality. He was a smart boy. When Volodya was five years old, he began to read. When Vladimir entered the Simbirsk gymnasium, he was considered a real “walking encyclopedia.” The future leader of the state was not interested in exact sciences. The young man loved history, philosophy, statistics, and economic disciplines.

He was a diligent, careful and gifted student. Teachers repeatedly presented Ulyanov with certificates of merit.

According to classmates, young Lenin had great authority and respect. In addition, the head of the gymnasium, F. Kerensky, the father of the future head of the Provisional Government, at one time also gave a rather high assessment of Lenin’s abilities.

The beginning of the revolutionary path

In 1887, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose biography we are considering, completed his gymnasium education, receiving a gold medal. At the same time, he learned that his older brother Alexander was arrested. He was accused of attempting to assassinate the Russian autocrat. Before this, Sasha was a university student in the Northern capital. He learned the basics of biology, was considered a talented young man and planned to become a scientist. He didn’t have any radical ideas then. But, be that as it may, at the beginning of May 1887 he was executed.

Meanwhile, his younger brother Vladimir also became a student. He studied in Kazan and in his first year began to participate in the student revolutionary movement. After some time, he was completely expelled from the university. Soon the young revolutionary was sent into exile in the same province.

A year later, Ulyanov was allowed to return to Kazan. A little later, he and his family moved to Samara. It was in this city that the young man began to become thoroughly acquainted with the postulates of Marxism. He also became a member of one of the Marxist circles.

After some time, Ulyanov managed to pass exams as an external student in a law faculty course at the University of St. Petersburg. The next year, the young lawyer became an assistant attorney. However, he was unable to fully prove himself as a specialist and soon finally parted with jurisprudence. Vladimir moved to the Northern capital and became a member of the Marxist student circle organized at the Technological Institute. In addition, he began to create a program for the Social Democratic Party.

As the biography tells - Russian), in 1895 he went abroad for the first time. Vladimir visited countries such as Germany, Switzerland and France. It was there that he managed to meet not only the leaders of the international labor movement V. Liebknecht and P. Lafargue, but also his political idol G. Plekhanov.

Emigration

When Vladimir Ulyanov returned to the capital, he attempted to unite all the disparate Marxist circles into one organization. We are talking about the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class”. Of course, members of this organization have already tried to implement their plan to overthrow the Russian autocracy.

A short biography of V.I. Lenin contains information that he actively promoted this idea. As a result, the revolutionary was arrested. For a long time he was in a prison cell. And after that, in the early spring of 1897, he was deported to Siberia, to the village of Shushenskoye. The term of exile was determined to be three years. Here Ulyanov communicated with other exiles, wrote articles, and did translations.

As a brief biography of Vladimir Lenin tells, in 1900 he decided to emigrate. He lived in Geneva, Munich, London.

It was during these years that Vladimir created the political publication Iskra. On these pages, for the first time, he signed his articles with the party pseudonym “Lenin”.

After some time, he became one of the initiators of convening the Congress of the RSDLP. As a result, the organization was split into two camps. Ulyanov managed to lead the Bolshevik Party. He began to launch an active struggle against the Mensheviks.

In 1905, he continued to prepare an armed uprising in the Russian Empire. There Vladimir learned that the First Russian Revolution had begun in the country.

First blood

A short biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin suggests that he could not remain indifferent to the events in Russia. He arrived in his homeland for a short time. A little later, Lenin found himself in Finland. During this time, Ulyanov tried in every possible way to attract people to his side. He encouraged them to arm themselves and attack officials.

In addition, he proposed boycotting the first State Duma. Note that Lenin later admitted his mistake. He also supported the bloody Moscow uprising and from exile gave advice to the rebels.

Meanwhile, the revolution finally ended in failure. In 1907, at the fifth congress, all parties were already opposed. This factional struggle reached its climax at the party conference in 1912. This happened in Prague.

In addition, during the same period, Ulyanov managed to organize the publication of a legal Bolshevik newspaper. Note that initially this publication, in fact, was created by L. Trotsky. It was a non-factional newspaper. In 1912, Lenin, by and large, became the main ideologist of the publication. And Joseph Dzhugashvili was chosen as editor-in-chief.

War

After the defeat in the revolution, Ulyanov began to analyze the mistakes of the Bolsheviks. Over time, these failures turned into victories. The Bolsheviks rallied like never before and a new wave of the revolutionary movement began.

And in 1914, Lenin was in Austria-Hungary. It was here that he learned that the First World War had begun. The future head of the Soviet state was arrested. He was accused of spying for the Russian Empire. The consequences could have been more than disastrous, but the Austrian and Polish Social Democrats stood up for their associate. As a result, Lenin was forced to move to neutral Switzerland. It was during this period that the revolutionary made a call to overthrow the Russian government and turn the imperialist war into a civil war.

This position initially led him to complete isolation even in Social Democratic circles. In addition, when the war was going on, Ulyanov’s ties with the Motherland were almost completely severed. And the Bolshevik Party itself inevitably broke up into several separate organizations.

February 1917

When the February Revolution came, Lenin and his comrades received permission to come to Germany and from there go to Russia. Once in his homeland, Lenin was given a solemn meeting. He spoke to the people and called for a “social revolution.” He believed that power should belong to members of the Bolshevik Party. Of course, many people did not share this position at all.

Despite this, Lenin spoke at rallies and meetings literally every day. He tirelessly called for people to stand under the banner of the Soviets. By the way, at that time Stalin also supported the theses of the Bolshevik leader.

In early July, the Bolsheviks were once again accused of espionage and treason. Now - in favor of Germany. Lenin was forced to go into hiding. He and his associate Zinoviev ended up in Razliv. After some time, Lenin secretly moved to Finland.

And at the very end of the summer of 1917, the Kornilov performance began. The Bolsheviks were against the rebels and thus they managed to rehabilitate themselves in the eyes of socialist organizations.

Meanwhile, in mid-autumn, Lenin arrived illegally in the revolutionary capital. At party meetings, he and Trotsky managed to achieve the adoption of an official resolution related to the armed uprising.

October Revolution

Ulyanov acted harshly and quickly. The biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Wikipedia also contains this information) says that on October 20, 1917, he began to lead the direct uprising. On the night of October 25-26, the Bolsheviks arrested members of the Provisional Government. A little later, decrees on peace and land were adopted. In addition, SovNarK was formed, headed by Ulyanov.

A truly new era has begun. Lenin had to deal with urgent issues. So, the head of state began to create the Red Army. He was also forced to conclude a peace treaty with Germany. In addition, the development of a program for the formation of a socialist society began. Thus, the Congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers became a government body. And the capital of the proletarian state moved to Moscow.

However, several unpopular steps of the new government - such as the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly - led to a complete break with representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionary movement. As a result, a rebellion began in July 1918. This action of the Left Social Revolutionaries was brutally suppressed. As a result, the political system became a one-party system and acquired totalitarian features. Taken together, all this caused discontent. Events resulted in a fratricidal civil war.

Civil War

During the war, Ulyanov was forced to monitor the progress of urgent mobilization into the Red Army. He was closely involved in issues related to weapons. He managed to organize the work of the rear. Actually, these measures subsequently influenced the outcome of the war.

In addition, Lenin was able to exploit the obvious contradictions in the white camp. He managed to create a 10-fold advantage of the proletarian army over the enemy. He also attracted royal military specialists to the work.

Unfortunately, at the very end of the summer of 1918, an attempt was made on the life of the leader of the state. As a result, the “Red Terror” began in the country.

War communism and new politics

Having recovered from his wounds, Ulyanov began economic reforms - the construction of so-called military communism. He introduced it by directive throughout the country. Lenin at that time did not have a clear economic program, but nevertheless he introduced food appropriation, natural exchange and banned trade. A little later the industry was nationalized. As a result, the production of goods practically ceased.

Ulyanov tried to save the situation. That is why he decided to introduce compulsory labor service. Her evasion was punishable by execution.

However, the economic situation continued to deteriorate. Then, in 1921, Lenin announced a course towards a “new economic policy” in the country. The War Communist program was finally cancelled. The government allowed private trade. As a result, a long process of rebuilding the economy began. But Vladimir Ilyich was not destined to see the fruits of the new policy course.

Last years

Due to his failing health, Lenin was forced to step down from power. Joseph Dzhugashvili became the sole leader of the new state of the USSR.

Ulyanov continued to fight the disease with amazing courage and tenacity. To treat the leader, the authorities decided to involve a number of domestic and Western doctors. He was diagnosed with cerebral vascular sclerosis. This disease was caused not only by enormous overloads, but also by genetic reasons.

Everything was in vain - in Gorki on January 21, 1924, Vladimir Lenin died. After some time, the body of the founder of the USSR was transported to the capital and placed in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions. For five days there was a farewell to the leader of the country.

On January 27, Ulyanov’s body was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum, which was specially built for this purpose.

Let us note right away that after the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1991, the issue of reburial of the head of the proletarian state was repeatedly raised. This topic is still being discussed.

Personal life of the leader

Ulyanov met his future wife Nadezhda Krupskaya back in 1894. Krupskaya's father was a tsarist officer. His daughter, Nadezhda, was a student of the famous Bestuzhev courses. At one time, she even corresponded with Leo Tolstoy himself.

When the woman began to live together with Ulyanov, she became not only her husband’s main assistant, but also a like-minded person. She always followed her husband and took part in all his activities. The woman also followed him when Lenin found himself in exile in Shushenskoye. It was here that the lovers got married in the church. The best men were peasants from this village. And an associate of Lenin and Krupskaya made wedding rings. They were made from copper nickels.

Lenin had no children. Although some historians believe that the leader had an only son. His name was Alexander Steffen. According to rumors, his associate gave him a child. They say that this relationship lasted almost five years.

The reader already knows briefly about the most important thing from Lenin’s biography. It remains only to highlight some interesting facts from the life of the leader of the proletariat:

1. At the gymnasium, Ulyanov studied mostly with straight A's. In the certificate he received the only four - in the discipline “logic”. Nevertheless, he graduated with a gold medal.
2. In his youth, the future head of the Soviet state smoked. One day his mother said that tobacco was too expensive. And there wasn't much money. As a result, Ulyanov gave up the bad habit and never smoked again.
3. Ulyanov had about 150 pseudonyms. The most common are Statist, Meyer, Ilyin, Tulin, Frey, Starik, Petrov. The origin of the famous pseudonym “Lenin” is still not precisely known.
4. Ulyanov could be among the Nobel Prize winners. In 1918, his candidacy was considered and they wanted to award him the Peace Prize. But a fratricidal civil war began. As a result, it was these events that were able to deprive Lenin of the prestigious Nobel Prize.
5. A number of new names were invented in honor of Lenin: Varlen, Arvil, Arlen, Vladlen, Vladilen, Vilen, etc.
6. Ulyanov was considered a great gourmet. However, his wife was not a fan of cooking. Therefore, the Ulyanovs specially hired a cook.