Russian names on the geographical map of the world. Russian names and titles on the world map! "Russian names on the world map"

1. Cape Litke – is located on the northwestern coast of the island of Novaya Zemlya. Named in 1913 by members of the expedition of G. Ya. Sedov in honor of F. P. Litke.

Litke Strait– is located in the south-western part of the Bering Sea in the Karaginsky Gulf between the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Karaginsky Island.

Litke Fedor Petrovich (1797-1882)- admiral, circumnavigator, one of the initiators of the creation of the Russian Geographical Society and its first leader, president of the Russian Academy of Sciences, researcher of Novaya Zemlya, Polynesia, and the northern shores of the Pacific Ocean. Litke's name appears on the map in 17 places. In 1872, the Litke Gold Medal was established, awarded for outstanding work in the field of geography.

2. Borzov Bay – located in the Barents Sea off the northwestern coast of the northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, jutting into the land between the Litke and Pankratiev straits. Surveyed in 913 by G. Ya. Sedov. He also named it the Gulf of Tsarevich Alexei. In 1946, it was renamed by the Aerogeodetic Administration expedition in honor of A. A. Borzov. A volcano in the Kuril Islands, glaciers in Eastern Siberia, the Subpolar Urals, and Novaya Zemlya are named in his honor.

Borzov Alexander Alexandrovich (1874-1939)- a prominent geographer and higher education teacher, student of D. N. Anuchin, his successor and head of the Moscow School of Geographers, one of the organizers of the geographical departments at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (MPGU), head of the geography department at MIIGAiK, editor of the famous journal "Earth Science" .

3. Pakhtusov Island is the main island in a group of islands of the same name located in the Kara Sea off the eastern coast of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. With an area of ​​about 21 sq. km, rocky, uneven surface with steeply plunging banks up to 50 m. It was discovered in 1835 by members of the expedition on the schooner “Krotov” and named in 1934 in honor of P.K. Pakhtusov. Banks in the Kara and Barents seas, a mountain on Spitsbergen, a nunatak in Antarctica, a strait near Novaya Zemlya and islands in the Kara and Japanese seas are named after him.

Pakhtusov Petr Kuzmich (1800-1835)– second lieutenant of the corps of naval navigators, researcher of the Barents, Kara Seas and the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Participated in hydrographic expeditions that carried out an inventory of the Barents Sea.

4. Ovtsyn Strait - separates the Oleniy and Sibiryakova islands, opens the passage to the Yenisei Gulf of the Kara Sea, Named in 1895 by A.I. Velkitsky after D.L. Ovtsyn.

Ovtsyn Dmitry Leontyevich (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian explorer, participant of the great Northern Expedition, who described the shores of the Kara Sea. A cape on the Yamal Peninsula and a nunatak in Antarctica bear his name.

5. Sibiryakova Island – located in the Kara Sea, in the Yenisei Gulf. Named in 1876 by A.E. Nordskiöld in honor of his friend A.M. Sibiryakov.

Sibiryakov Alexander Mikhailovich (1849-1933)– Russian entrepreneur, initiator of the development of the Great Northern Route, organizer of many expeditions. The ship "Sibiryakov", famous for its drift in the Arctic Ocean and died in an unequal battle with the German cruiser "Admiral Shir" on August 25, 1942, was named in his honor. A bank in the Barents Sea and an irrigation system in the Kara Sea were named in honor of the Siberians.

6. Ushakov Island – located in the northern part of the Kara Sea. Discovered in 1935 by the GUSMP expedition on the icebreaking steamer Sadko. At the same time, at the suggestion of N.N. Zubov, a later prominent polar explorer, he was named after the surname of the expedition leader G.A. Ushakov.

Ushakov Georgy Alekseevich (1901-1963)- famous polar explorer. Participant of V.K. Arsenyev’s expeditions in the Ussuri taiga, during the civil war he ruled the Wrangel and Herold islands. In the 1930s, he participated in mapping the coast of Severnaya Zemlya, which was begun by the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. Two capes and mountains in Antarctica are also named after him.

7. Schmidt Island – is located in the Kara Sea near Severnaya Zemlya. Discovered in 1930 by an expedition on the icebreaking steamship Georgy Sedov under the leadership of O. Yu. Schmidt. Then he was named after the name of the leader.

Cape Schmidt– located on the northern coast of the Chukotka Peninsula, at the eastern entrance to the Long Strait.

Schmidt Otto Yulievich (1891-1956)- Soviet mathematician, Arctic researcher, academician. Leader of several polar expeditions aimed at opening the Northern Sea Route and exploring the Central Arctic. In 1929-1930 he led an expedition on the Georgiy Sedov, in 1932 on the Sibiryakov, and in 1933-1934 on the Chelyuskin. Prepared and organized research at the SP-1 station with I.D. Papanin.

8. Cape Berg – is located on the northeastern coast of the island of the October Revolution of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.

Volcano Berga– is located on the island of Urup in the Kuril Islands group. Berg's name was given to a peak and glacier in the Pamirs, a cape on Severnaya Zemlya, and a glacier in the Dzungarian Alatau. Berg's name was also included in the Latin names of more than 60 animals and plants.

Berg Lev Semenovich (1876-1950)– the largest geographer-country specialist, biologist, limnologist, climatologist, historian - geographer. It is difficult to name any of the geographical disciplines whose most important issues would not have received deep and original development in his works. Berg is one of the organizers of the Faculty of Geography of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) University. Since 1940 - President of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

9. Shokalsky Strait – is located in the Kara Sea near Severnaya Zemlya. In 1931, the Ushakov-Urvantsev expedition established that this is a strait, beyond which the name given by the discoverers named Yu. M. Shokalsky was left.

Shokalsky Island– the first is located in the Kara Sea near the Gulf of Ob. Discovered in 1874 by the English captain D. Wiggins, he named it Cherny Island. In 1922, members of the Kom expedition sailed the sea route on the schooner Agnessa and named it in honor of the ship Agnessa. In 1926, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee named him after Yu. M. Shokalsky. The second island is located in the Barents Sea, surveyed in 1902 by a hydrographic expedition on the steamship Pakhtusov.

Shokalsky Yuri Mikhailovich (1856-1940)- an outstanding geographer, oceanographer and cartographer, president of the Geographical Society, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor at the Naval Academy and Leningrad University. He created the most famous oceanographic school with more than 2,000 students. Over 60 years of scientific work, he created many works, among which his “Oceanography” (1974) gained world fame. The textbook “Physical Geography” (1930) is well known. More than a dozen geographical objects are named in his honor: two islands, a strait, a current, a ridge, a cape, a bank, a glacier and an underwater ridge, as well as an oceanographic vessel.

10. Vilkitsky Strait – connects the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. Separates the Taimyr Peninsula and Bolshevik Island in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. Named in 1914.

Vilkitsky Boris Andreevich (1885-1961) –Russian naval officer, Arctic explorer. He led a geographical expedition on the icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Vaigach". The strait between Cape Chelyuskin and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago is named after him.

11. Cape Chelyuskin – the extreme northern tip of Asia, located on the Taimyr Peninsula, jutting into the Kara Sea. The Vilkitsky Strait was discovered and mapped in 1742 by midshipman Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin (Chelyustkin). At the suggestion of A.F. Meddendorf in 1843, the cape was named in honor of the discoverer. Islands in the Taimyr Bay and the Kara Sea, a peninsula on Taimyr, as well as the legendary steamship Chelyuskin, which sank in the ice, also bear his name. A peninsula in Antarctica and a mountain on Sakhalin Island are also named in honor of the heroic Chelyuskinites.

Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian naval officer, participant of the Great Northern Expedition. He surveyed the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, and on August 1, 1742, he was able to map the northern tip of Asia - the historical Promontorium Tobin, which later became known as Cape Chelyuskin.

12. Laptev Sea - a marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean, bounded on the west by the eastern shores of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and the Taimyr Peninsula, on the east by the meridian of 139° east longitude from the edge of the continental shelf to the northern tip of Kotelny Island, the western Lyakhovsky Islands.

Shore of Khariton Laptev- a narrow coastal strip along the northwestern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula between the Pyasina and Taimyr rivers.

Dmitry Laptev Strait– connects the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. Separates Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island from the northern coast of Asia.

Laptevs, Khariton Prokofievich and Dmitry Yakovlevich (XVIII century) –cousins. Participants of the Great Northern Expedition, who explored the Siberian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the sea in the north of our country is named after them. The strait between the mainland and Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, a cape in the Lena River delta and a cape at the mouth of the Kolyma River are named in honor of Dmitry Laptev. The coast between the mouths of the Pyasina and Nizhnyaya Pyasina rivers and two capes are named in honor of Khariton Laptev.

13. Sannikov Strait – connects the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea, separates the Lyakhov Islands and the island of Anjou. Opened in 1773 by the Yakut industrialist I. Lyakhov. In 1902, he was named a participant in the RPE 1900-1903 by F. A. Matisen, after the name of the expedition doctor, Viktor Nikolaevich, by the Katina-Yartsev Strait. Apparently in 1909, K. A. Vollosovich named it in honor of one of the first explorers of the New Siberian Islands, Yakov Sannikov Strait. In 1935 this name was legalized.

Sannikov Yakov (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian explorer, Yakut merchant, was engaged in fishing on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Described the islands of Stolbovoy and Faddeevsky. Participating in the expedition of M. M. Gedeshtrom in 1810-1811 he saw land to the north of the island, which was called Sannikov Land. Subsequently, many expeditions were sent to search for this Earth, but it was not discovered. A river on the New Siberian Islands, which received this name in 1811, is also named after him.

14. City of Bilibino - an urban-type settlement in Chukotka.

Bilibin Yuri Alexandrovich (1901-1952)– Russian geologist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Participant in the discovery of gold-bearing areas in the northeast of Russia. A nuclear power plant in Chukotka is also named after him.

15. Bering Strait – connects the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separates the Chukotka Peninsula on the Eurasian continent and the Alaska Peninsula in North America.

Bering Island– is located in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean as part of the Commander Islands east of Kamchatka.

Bering Sea– located in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the northeastern coast of Asia and the northwestern part of North America.

Bering Vitus (1703-1741)- Danish naval officer in Russian service, explorer of Asia, one of the leaders of the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), discovered the coast of Alaska. He died on the island that was later named after him.

16. Shelikhov Bay(Penzhinsky)– northeastern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Shelikhov city– since 1962, a city in the Irkutsk region, a railway station. About a dozen objects are named after him, in particular islands off the coast of North America, a strait there, a cape, a lake, a mountain, a bank.

Shelikhov Georgy Ivanovich (1747-1795)- Russian merchant, founder of the first Russian settlements in the so-called Russian America. Conducted significant geographical research. On the basis of the Shelikhov settlement, the Russian-American Company was formed in 1799. For his tireless work, he was called the Russian Columbus.

17. Nagaeva Bay – in the northern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in Tauyskaya Bay off the western coast of the Staritsky Peninsula.

Nagaev Alexey Ivanovich (1704-1781)- admiral, navigator, cartographer, hydrographer, explorer of the Caspian and Baltic seas. He made an inventory of the Caspian Sea, and then the Gulf of Finland. He compiled maps of Vitus Bering's voyage, compiled and corrected maps of the Baltic Sea, which were used by sailors of the Baltic Fleet for 60 years. He commanded the port in Kronstadt. He collected materials on the history of the Russian fleet, used in the 19th century by V. Berkh. Based on the materials of the expedition of the second half of the 18th century, he compiled a general map of the Caspian Sea, published after his death in 1796.

18. Atlasov Island – located in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, northern in the Kuril Islands group.

Atlasov (Otlasov) Vladimir Vasilievich (Timofeevich) (about 1652-1711)- Russian explorer, first explorer of Kamchatka. The Atlasovka River on Sakhalin Island, which flows into Aniva Bay in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, also bears his name.

19. Cape Przhevalsky – is located on the southern Kuril island of Iturup in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Przhevalsky's name was given to the city near which he died at the beginning of his last journey, and to a number of other geographical objects.

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)- an outstanding traveler and explorer of Central Asia. He photographed more than 30 thousand km of the path he traveled, astronomically determined hundreds of altitudes, collected a wealth of material about the relief, climate, flora and fauna of Mongolia, Northern and Western China, the Tibetan Plateau and the Ussuri region. Based on the materials of his five travels, detailed scientific reports were published, written in excellent literary language, which served as a model for subsequent expeditionary studies of Russian travelers.

20. Cape Dokuchaev – is located on one of the southern Kuril Islands, Kunashir, near the Nemuro Strait in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. His name was given to the Institute of Soil Science of the Academy of Sciences, and on the map the cape and the main watershed ridge on Kunashir Island in the Kuril Archipelago are named after him.

Dokuchaev Vasily Vasilievich (1846-1903)- great Russian scientist, naturalist geographer, soil scientist, geologist and mineralogist. He founded modern scientific soil science and completed the creation of the doctrine of latitudinal and altitudinal natural zones.

21. Kropotkin Ridge – located on the Olekminsko-Vitim plateau. Height up to 1647 m – Korolenko char. It is composed of crystalline rocks, granites. Discovered by geologist A. A. Voznesensky, explorer of East Asia.

City of Kropotkin– is located in the Krasnodar region, originated as the Romanovsky farm. Named in honor of V. A. Kropotkin.

Kropotkin Petr Alekseevich (1842-1921)– geographer and geomorphologist, one of the founders of paleogeography of the Quaternary period, creator of the doctrine of ancient continental glaciation, researcher of Siberia and the Amur region, author of numerous articles on the geography of Russia. At the same time, an outstanding social and political figure, revolutionary theorist of anarchism.

Russian navigators, along with European ones, are the most famous pioneers who discovered new continents, sections of mountain ranges and vast water areas. They became discoverers of significant geographical objects, took the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, and traveled around the world. So who are they, the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world learn about thanks to them?

Afanasy Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler

Afanasy Nikitin is rightfully considered the first Russian traveler who managed to visit India and Persia (1468-1474, according to other sources 1466-1472). On the way back he visited Somalia, Turkey, and Muscat. Based on his travels, Afanasy compiled the notes “Walking across the Three Seas,” which became popular and unique historical and literary aids. These notes became the first book in Russian history not written in the format of a story about a pilgrimage, but describing the political, economic and cultural features of the territories.

He was able to prove that even being a member of a poor peasant family, you can become a famous explorer and traveler. Streets, embankments in several Russian cities, a motor ship, a passenger train and an aircraft are named after him.

Semyon Dezhnev, who founded the Anadyr fortress

Cossack ataman Semyon Dezhnev was an Arctic navigator who became the discoverer of a number of geographical objects. Wherever Semyon Ivanovich served, everywhere he sought to study new and previously unknown things. He was even able to cross the East Siberian Sea on a homemade kocha, going from Indigirka to Alazeya.

In 1643, as part of a detachment of explorers, Semyon Ivanovich discovered Kolyma, where he and his associates founded the city of Srednekolymsk. A year later, Semyon Dezhnev continued his expedition, walked along the Bering Strait (which did not yet have this name) and discovered the easternmost point of the continent, later called Cape Dezhnev. An island, a peninsula, a bay, and a village also bear his name.

In 1648, Dezhnev hit the road again. His ship was wrecked in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Having arrived on skis, the sailors went up the river and stayed there for the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographical maps and received the name Anadyr fort. As a result of the expedition, the traveler was able to make detailed descriptions and draw up a map of those places.

Vitus Jonassen Bering, who organized expeditions to Kamchatka

Two Kamchatka expeditions inscribed the names of Vitus Bering and his associate Alexei Chirikov into the history of marine discoveries. During the first voyage, the navigators conducted research and were able to supplement the geographical atlas with objects located in Northeast Asia and on the Pacific coast of Kamchatka.

The discovery of the Kamchatka and Ozerny peninsulas, the Kamchatka, Krest, Karaginsky bays, Provedeniya Bay, and St. Lawrence Island is also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as the Bering Strait.

The second expedition was undertaken by them to find a way to North America and study the Pacific Islands. On this journey, Bering and Chirikov founded the Peter and Paul fort. It took its name from the combined names of their ships (“St. Peter” and “St. Paul”) and subsequently became the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

On the approach to the shores of America, the ships of like-minded people lost sight of each other, due to heavy fog. "St. Peter", controlled by Bering, sailed to the west coast of America, but was caught in a severe storm on the way back - the ship was thrown onto an island. The last minutes of Vitus Bering’s life passed on it, and the island subsequently began to bear his name. Chirikov also reached America on his ship, but completed his voyage safely, having discovered several islands of the Aleutian ridge on the way back.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their “name” sea

Cousins ​​Khariton and Dmitry Laptev were like-minded people and assistants to Vitus Bering. It was he who appointed Dmitry as commander of the ship “Irkutsk”, and his double boat “Yakutsk” was led by Khariton. They took part in the Great Northern Expedition, the purpose of which was to study, accurately describe and map the Russian shores of the ocean, from the Yugorsky Shar to Kamchatka.

Each of the brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator to take photographs of the coast from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Kolyma. He compiled detailed maps of these places, using mathematical calculations and astronomical data as a basis.

Khariton Laptev and his associates conducted research on the northernmost section of the Siberian coast. It was he who determined the dimensions and outlines of the huge Taimyr Peninsula - he carried out surveys of its eastern coast, and was able to identify the exact coordinates of the coastal islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large amount of ice, snowstorms, scurvy, ice captivity - Khariton Laptev’s team had to endure a lot. But they continued the work they had started. On this expedition, Laptev's assistant Chelyuskin discovered a cape, which was later named in his honor.

Noting the great contribution of the Laptevs to the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to name one of the largest seas in the Arctic after them. Also, the strait between the mainland and the island of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky is named in honor of Dmitry, and the western coast of the island of Taimyr is named after Khariton.

Krusenstern and Lisyansky - organizers of the first Russian circumnavigation

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky are the first Russian navigators to circumnavigate the world. Their expedition lasted three years (began in 1803 and ended in 1806). They and their teams set off on two ships, which were named “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. The travelers passed through the Atlantic Ocean and entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The sailors used them to reach the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.

This trip allowed us to collect important information. Based on the data obtained by the sailors, a detailed map of the Pacific Ocean was compiled. Another important result of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained about the flora and fauna of the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, local residents, their customs and cultural traditions.

During their journey, the sailors crossed the equator and, according to maritime traditions, could not leave this event without a well-known ritual - a sailor dressed as Neptune greeted Krusenstern and asked why his ship had arrived where the Russian flag had never been. To which I received the answer that they are here solely for the glory and development of domestic science.

Vasily Golovnin - the first navigator who was rescued from Japanese captivity

Russian navigator Vasily Golovnin led two expeditions around the world. In 1806, he, being in the rank of lieutenant, received a new appointment and became commander of the sloop "Diana". Interestingly, this is the only case in the history of the Russian fleet when a lieutenant was entrusted with the control of a ship.

The leadership set the goal of the round-the-world expedition to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, with special attention to that part of it that is located within the borders of their native country. Diana's path was not easy. The sloop passed the island of Tristan da Cunha, passed the Cape of Hope and entered a port owned by the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British informed Golovnin about the outbreak of war between the two countries. The Russian ship was not declared captured, but the crew was not allowed to leave the bay. Having spent more than a year in this situation, in mid-May 1809 the Diana, led by Golovnin, tried to escape, which the sailors successfully succeeded in doing - the ship arrived in Kamchatka.

Golovnin received his next important task in 1811 - he was supposed to compile descriptions of the Shantar and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his journey, he was accused of not adhering to the principles of sakoku and was captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the team from captivity only thanks to the good relations between one of the Russian naval officers and an influential Japanese merchant, who was able to convince his government of the harmless intentions of the Russians. It is worth noting that before this, no one in history had ever returned from Japanese captivity.

In 1817-1819, Vasily Mikhailovich made another trip around the world on the Kamchatka ship, specially built for this purpose.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - discoverers of Antarctica

Captain of the second rank Thaddeus Bellingshausen was determined to find the truth in the question of the existence of the sixth continent. In 1819, he went out to the open sea, carefully preparing two sloops - Mirny and Vostok. The latter was commanded by his like-minded friend Mikhail Lazarev. The first round-the-world Antarctic expedition set itself other tasks. In addition to finding irrefutable facts confirming or refuting the existence of Antarctica, the travelers planned to explore the waters of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian.

The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. During the 751 days that it lasted, Bellingshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important of them is the existence of Antarctica, this historical event occurred on January 28, 1820. Also, during the trip, about two dozen islands were found and mapped, sketches of Antarctic views, and images of representatives of the Antarctic fauna were created.

Interestingly, attempts to discover Antarctica were made more than once, but none of them were successful. European navigators believed that either it did not exist, or it was located in places that were simply impossible to reach by sea. But the Russian travelers had enough perseverance and determination, so the names of Bellingshausen and Lazarev were included in the lists of the greatest navigators of the world.

There are also modern travelers. One of them .

Russian names on the world map are milestones on the difficult path of Russian discoverers - explorers and sailors. Boats, schooners, and ships of brave Russian sailors crossed the Arctic Ocean, the Great or Pacific Ocean, and then the Atlantic. Russian people climbed the mountain ranges of the Pamirs and Altai, and were the first to draw maps of the coast of North America. Their path was not always marked by Russian names, since the first explorers sought to preserve local names if they already existed. Some Russian names are buried in a series of renamings, usually made by subsequent explorers of new lands who came from other countries. Even a quick glance at the world map, at the dotted line of Russian words, will allow you to imagine a historical map of heroic journeys, discoveries, settlements, and subsequently, sorrowful migrations in search of a better life.

The ancient Slavs of Kievan Rus paved the famous path “from the Varangians to the Greeks” - from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Afanasy Nikitin walked “across three seas.” The name of the legendary Sadko, who sailed on boats to distant countries, has also been preserved in people's memory. The descendants of the Novgorodians - the Russian Pomors - already knew the northern seas - the White and Barents Seas - in the 15th century. And on the map of the North we find names - Cape Starostin, Cape Dezhnev, Bering Strait, Cape Chelyuskin, Laptev Sea.

Ivan Starostin lived sedentarily on Grumant (this is the old name of the island of Spitsbergen), his ancestors knew this island since 1426. Brave Pomors swam for walrus tusks and lard; by the 16th century, about 3,200 miles of the polar regions were described in sailing directions. This history of the discovery and development of the northern seas is behind the name Starostin, but the name itself, like the Russian flag, stands on the map. Cape Dezhnev. This name recently appeared on world maps. On June 26, 1648, S.I. Dezhnev together with F.A. Popov with 90 Cossacks left the mouth of the Kolyma on seven kochas. Semyon Dezhnev sets off across the Arctic Ocean and in September rounds Cape Bolshoi Kamenny Nos, as Dezhnev himself called it. Thus a discovery was made: Asia and America are separated by a strait. This was a great geographical discovery, but Dezhnev himself did not know this, and his report on the voyage lay in the Yakut archive for almost a hundred years. In 1664 Dezhnev visited Moscow. The royal decree is known: “For her, Senkina, service and for the mine of a fish tooth, for a bone and for wounds, make atamans.” And one more important piece of evidence. The world map (atlas), compiled in 1784 in Nuremberg, marks the “Dezhnev Strait”. And yet Dezhnev's discovery remained in the shadows. Peter I, to establish the truth, sends an experienced sailor Vitus Boring. And in 1728 the strait was named after Bering. And only in 1898, on the initiative of the Russian Geographical Society, Dezhnev was also honored. Cape Bolshoi Kamenny Nos was renamed Cape Dezhnev. Nowadays, at the extreme north-eastern point of our country, the Russian name stands like a flag - Dezhnev.

Pronchishcheva Shore, Pronchishchevoy Bay, Cape Chelyuskin - these names not only mark geographical points, but can also be a symbol of fidelity, friendship and love. On the ship “Yakut”, brave sailors made their way through the ice and reached the maximum northern latitude at that time (1736) (77˚29 ׳, taking into account imperfect instruments, 77˚55 ׳ is possible). At the end of the difficult journey back, Vasily Proinchishchev died, and a few days later his accompanying wife, Maria Pronichishcheva, also died. The expedition was led by Lieutenant Semyon Chelyuskin. Such names on the map of Taimyr as the Pronchishchevo Bank and Pronchishchevoy Bay should evoke deep reverence and gratitude. Through their efforts, the map of the Arctic Ocean coast that we see today acquired its general appearance, and which has become the property of all mankind. The memory of the heroes of the Arctic is imprinted in the names of the Laptev brothers - the Dmitry Laptev Strait, the Khariton Laptev Shore (the work of plotting and labeling these geographical objects on a contour map).

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Russian names and notable historical events.

At the beginning of the 20th century, an expedition of two ships “Taimyr” and “Vaigach” made a new geographical discovery - they discovered an unknown land. On September 4, 1913, the Russian flag was raised among the ice. And only in 1930, a new expedition on the ship “Sedov” explored the unknown land. A name appears on the map - the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago of four islands: October Revolution, Bolshevik, Komsomolets, Pioneer. These names, which appeared in the Arctic Circle, reflected the new life of the country. The proper names of the discovered and explored lands became the key words of our Soviet era - words that characterized our time, our social conquests, new relationships between generations of fathers and children.

There are names of a different kind that affirm new ideas and achievements of the Soviet Union. This is the ridge of Marx and Engels, mountain peaks - the peaks of Lenin, Voroshilov, Kalinin, Kirov and, finally, Victory Peak, opened in 1943 as a sign of victory over fascism, as a reminder of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (work on the contour map)

In the waters of the South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, a number of Russian names - the names of the islands mark the path of the Russian ships "Mirny" and "Vostok", which explored these waters for the first time. These are the islands of Annenkov, Leskov, Zavadovsky, Vostochny, Sredny, Zapadny, Mikhailov, Vostok, Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Peter I Island and, finally, the Alexander Coast. It was the Alexander Coast, named after the Russian Tsar, that, according to the tradition that existed at that time, was the sought-after land - Antarctica. The successful expedition lasted from July 1819 to February 1821, it was led by F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lavrov. In memory of this voyage, the southeastern part of the Great, or Pacific, Ocean was subsequently named the Bellingshausen Sea.

Now Antarctica has become a base for scientists around the world. Scientific research work has reached a special rise in the International Geographical Soviet stations conducting scientific research are named in memory of the discoverers of Antarctica - the Russian expedition - after the ships "Mirny" and "Vostok". They also receive new understanding, echoing the aspirations of all modern humanity - The name of the Russian ship “Mirny” turned out to be a symbol coming from ancient times and characterizing the aspirations of Russian and Soviet scientists. Let us pay attention to one more phenomenon related to proper names on the map. We see names given in honor of a certain specific person. Wed: “I named this island in southern latitude 54˚51 ׳, western longitude 37˚13 ׳ Annenkov Island in honor of the second lieutenant on the sloop Mirny,” the head of the expedition, Bellingshausen, wrote in his diary on December 5, 1819. This was the first geographical discovery of the Russians on the approach to Antarctica. But now we may not even know who Annenkov is. The Russian sound of the name itself becomes the main function of the geographical name.

Two more names on the sea map are the Golovin Strait and the Miklouho-Maclay coast. In 1812, a new strait was marked on the map in the ridge of the Kuril Islands, named after the Russian captain V.M. Golovin. During a geographical expedition, Golovin was captured by the Japanese and remained in captivity from 1811 to 1813. It was the captivity of a real scientist, a Russian man, even whose captivity became a definite starting point in history by Japan and Russia. V.M. Golovin taught the Japanese the basics of the Russian language. Note that after a visit to Nagasaki in 1853, the Russian language began to penetrate into Japan, and the first Russian language textbooks for the Japanese were compiled. But the very first teacher was captain-geographer V.M. Golovin.

N.N. was a kind of “teacher of life” for the Papuans. Miklukho Maclay. Miklouho-Maclay proved with his observations that the cultural level of any people is determined not by its biological characteristics, but by the historical development of the people themselves.

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The Miklouho-Maclay coast on the northeastern coast of the island of New Guinea is a memory of the years the scientist lived among the Papuans (1871-1872) and left behind a grateful memory of himself. Mikuho-Maclay introduced the aborigines to the life and culture of a different stage of development, and introduced into their everyday life words from the Russian language that expressed new concepts still unknown to the local residents. We know how detailed and precise the interpretation of each word denoting a particular object (knife, bottle, beads) was, how the value of the object and the meaning of its name were learned (work on a contour map).

Russian names are used to mark mountain ranges, peaks, and glaciers. On maps of different countries we will read the word Przhevalsky: the Przhevalsky Ridge in China, Przhevalsky Island in the Kuril Islands, Cape Przhevalsky on Lake Bennett in Alaska. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky walked 33 thousand kilometers across Asia, studying ridges, deserts, flora and fauna. Przhevalsky's students, geographers of the world, inscribed his name on the world map, and his students' students continued this tradition of memory. This is how the names of Potanin, Fedchenko, Kozlov, Pevtsov, Matusovsky, Obruchev appeared on the map (outline map).

Names A.P. and O.A. Fedchenko, G.N. and A.V. Potanin's works are associated with the mountain ranges and glaciers of the Pamirs, Tien Shan and Altai. The largest glacier in the Pamirs is named after Fedchenko; the largest branch in the glacial cluster of the Mongolian Altai is named after G.N. Potanin, and its right tributary is named Alexandrin in honor and memory of Potanin’s wife and constant companion, Alexandra Potanina, who supplemented his research with observations of flora. These names - Fedchenko and Potanin - seem to remind us of the asceticism of scientists, loyalty to science, and mutual devotion. To these names one cannot help but add the names of Ivan Dmitrievich and Marfa Pavlovna Chersky, explorers of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and Lake Baikal, who made an unprecedented trek from Verkhnee-Kolymsk to Nizhne-Kolymsk (1891). The husband who died on the expedition was replaced by his wife and completed the planned task. The Chersky Ridge in Zaboykayle keeps their memory.

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Russian names on the map of the USA and Canada.

There are about 400 on the map of the USA, and on the map of Canada there are more than 200 Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian names. The names Russia, Russian and Russian Land are common (in the states of Ohio, Massachusetts, North Dakota, California, Texas, Illinois). The first settlers in America gave their villages names with a transparent internal form: Russian Fort. The illusion of proximity to the Motherland was created: the Russky fort, the Slavyanka River, later renamed the Russian. Thirteen towns and localities bear the name Moscow. The largest American Moscow is in the state of Oydokha. Interestingly, the new cities might not resemble their older brothers at all. So, St. Petersburg in the state of Florida is the antipode of the Russian city. Instead of the fogs of “Northern Palmyra,” American St. Petersburg offers numerous tourists the sun and the absence of cloudy days. Therefore, St. Petersburg in Florida is called the “sunny city.” No less contrast to the Black Sea Odessa is Odessa in the state of Texas. This is a city of oil fields, bare, in no way reminiscent of the green Black Sea Odessa. Such a contrast, the lack of external similarity, especially emphasizes the meaning of the word and its national-local shades, which constitute the essence of the name - the geographical name.

The native name has acquired an attractive force for emigrants. Industrial entrepreneurs took this into account, naming cities and towns with names that evoked memories of the Motherland. Thus, during the wave of Ukrainians migrating to America, Odessa arose in Florida, and Moscow in the state of Arkansas. The Pacific Railway Company made the right calculation: the name of the settlement will attract Russian emigrants and ensure an influx of workers.

Native names were expressions of patriotic feelings. Moscow appeared in Michigan during the Napoleonic Wars. At that time, Moscow was the center of attention as a symbol of resistance to Napoleon.

Residents of Cactwell Bridge (Atlantic Coast, Delaware) renamed their city in 1855, choosing the name Odessa. It was the time of the Crimean War, and Odessa was a symbol of resistance to the enemy. There are American and Canadian Kyiv, New Kyiv, Poltava, Galich. Numerous villages bear the names of Russian rivers: Volga, Oka, Kama, Danube, Dnieper.

A special group consists of geographical names - the names of outstanding Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian figures in the history of our state: Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Khmelnitsky, etc., which are also filled with special meaning. Tolstoy is not only an outstanding writer, but also a people’s defender, who organized the departure of dispossessed peasants from Tsarist Russia using funds from his literary earnings.

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The names of the first settlers make us understand the history of the settlement of the lands, their resilience, and inexhaustible energy: Marko, Vasil, Fedor, Sadko, Anton. But time erases the specificity of these names. From the proper names of certain persons they turn into symbols. And here the Slavic sound of the name, the generalized national coloring, comes to the fore. But such a generalized perception of a name can contribute to forgetting the history of one’s own geographical name from the own name of a particular person. In the name-word, the inner form awakens. The name is constantly assimilated, the personal is lost, the name approaches a common noun, which has become a geographical name. And then the translation of a proper name arises, similar to the translation of a common noun. In a proper name, the etymological meaning is revived and comprehended. So, in Alaska there is Morozov Bay - Morozovskaya Bay, now the name has been translated into English: Cold Bay, which already means “cold bay”. The name has become a common noun, defining the characteristic features of the bay.

The awakening of the internal form, the movement from one’s own name to a common noun, often fades from memory the social aspect of the name, the socio-historical meaning of the name.

There are names, although they are common nouns in origin, but the national, so-called connotative element, formed in everyday life, developed by tradition, sounds in the meaning of the word so clearly that it makes it difficult to translate into another language, holding the name without translation and transformation: Zadok, Babina Dolyna, Hlebodarivka.

The connection with the native land reflected in the geographical name is very unique. Thus, the name Rusland speaks of the difficult fate of the Germans, initially settlers on Russian lands, then immigrated to America, but preserving the memory of the land that sheltered their ancestors. A name that is alien to the Russian language, but exists on the territory of Russia, can also become native, or rather preserving the memory of its native land. Thus, the name Inkerman is clearly not a Slavic name, but it was brought to America by immigrants from Russia.

Some of the names are indeed characteristics of a new place, but given in the native language. These are the already mentioned names Zelena, Gory, as well as Fertile, Tselina, Kanava. The last names reflect the impressions received by the migrants in their new life in a new place. Here they had to both raise virgin soil and drain the swamps. The external surrounding world was reflected in the word-name.

Ilcheva Maria, Bezhentseva Alina

The geographical map has absorbed a thousand-year history of people, discoverers, thoughts, and heroes. On the map of Russia we read the names of Russian scientists and travelers. The work is devoted to the biography of Russian travelers. The authors consider geographical objects on the map of Russia named after them.

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“Names of Russian travelers on the map of Russia” Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 6 of the Central district of Volgograd 2013

Laptev Sea The Laptev Sea is a sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean. Most of the year it is covered with ice. The sea is named after the brothers Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, Russian polar explorers.

Dmitry Laptev Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev is a Russian Arctic explorer, vice admiral. From 1736 he led one of the northern detachments of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. As a result of voyages and land campaigns of 1739-1742, inventories of the northern sea coast were carried out.

Khariton Prokofievich Laptev is a Russian military sailor, commander of a detachment of the Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition, who described the previously unknown coast of the Taimyr Peninsula in 1739-1742. The northwestern coast of Taimyr, which was photographed directly by Khariton Laptev, is called the Khariton Laptev Coast. Khariton Prokofievich Laptev

Bering Sea The sea in the North Pacific Ocean is covered with ice in winter. Air temperature up to +7, +10 °C in summer and −1, −23 °C in winter. Named in honor of Vitus Bering, a navigator, officer of the Russian fleet, Danish by birth.

Vitus Bering Vitus Jonassen Bering is a navigator of Danish origin, captain-commander of the Russian fleet, leader of the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which laid the foundation for scientific research of the Russian coasts. Vitus Bering was born in 1681 in the Danish city of Horsens, graduated from the cadet corps in Amsterdam in 1703, and entered Russian service in the same year.

The northernmost point of Russia and the Eurasian mainland, Cape Chelyuskin (77°43" N and 104°18" E), is named after the polar explorer Semyon Chelyuskin

Semyon Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin - Russian polar explorer, captain of the 3rd rank (1760). Member of the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. In 1741-42 he described part of the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, reaching the northern tip of Eurasia. Chelyuskin was born in the Kaluga province in the Peremyshl district in the village. Borishchevo.

Cape Dezhnev (formerly Cape Kamenny Nos) is the easternmost point, the easternmost continental point of Russia and all of Eurasia.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack ataman, as well as a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, passed the Bering Sea strait separating Alaska from Chukotka.

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Russian names and titles on the world map!

Elena Glinskaya became the first female ruler in the history of Muscovy and, admittedly, far from the worst

On the night of December 3-4, 1533, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Ioannovich died, recorded in the historical register as Vasily III (although he himself, of course, did not use any numbers, and would not have tolerated it). The Grand Duke's second wife, Elena Glinskaya, became regent for his three-year-old son-heir Ivan - the future Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Although it is known that Vasily, being on his deathbed, categorically did not want to say goodbye to his wife.

Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya: reconstruction of her appearance from the skull by forensic expert S. Nikitin

The circumstances of the death of the still young and quite physically strong sovereign today might be considered suspicious. Having gone hunting, he suddenly fell ill, which at first seemed not too serious: according to sources, some kind of pimple appeared on his left thigh and developed into an abscess. The case, in general, is common for those who spend a lot of time in the saddle - horse sweat and all that. Of course, there were no antibiotics used today, but even the medicine of that time, especially court medicine, made it possible to solve this problem, so to speak, with little effort. However, it didn’t work out.

The official version of what happened is extremely vague; it is only known that Vasily III, poisoning the air with a heavy stench, died in terrible agony from a purulent disease, the nature of which was never figured out by the foreign doctors who used him, and they knew a lot about such ailments! Perhaps everything is banal, but one should not discount the fact that by that time the Byzantine tradition of “harassing” the ruling people had successfully taken root in Moscow soil. The speedy departure of the sovereign to another world, precisely in the specific circumstances of that time, was very suitable for a number of powerful boyar clans, who received a completely unreasonable heir to the throne, in whose name they could comfortably rule the state for at least a dozen years. And no one could guess what would happen next; after all, the heirs are also mortal.

And it’s no secret that the boyar clans did not consider the young Ivan not only a legitimate heir, but even a legitimate one. Not only because, according to the church canons of that time, Vasily’s second marriage was considered illegal, but also because the boyar nobility did not recognize Glinskaya’s son as a child conceived by the sovereign. And for good reason! So the role of Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya herself as regent was then seen simply as a screen. She was given the honorable role of presiding over the Boyar Duma and listening to the reports of the boyars, but all real power was in the hands of the guardian council.

Already dying, Vasily Ioannovich entrusted direct custody of Elena and two sons (the youngest, Yuri, born in 1632) to his closest and devoted assistants - boyars Mikhail Yuryevich Zakharyin and Mikhail Lvovich Glinsky - his wife's uncle, and the butler Ivan Yuryevich Shigone-Podzhogin . To help this ruling triumvirate, Vasily added several more well-born boyars, members of the Boyar Duma, including two brothers of the Shuisky princes. They all took an oath to serve the princess and heir faithfully. As the chronicle reported, the young widow, being “in great distress under the Grand Duke Vasily,” withdrew from power, declaring to the boyars around her: “As it will be more convenient, you should do so.” It didn’t work out well; the interests of the boyars differed too much, so the guardian council could not exist with its current composition for any long time. And what kind of long-term prospects are there if the future guardians of young Ivan started an ugly quarrel even at the deathbed of the Grand Duke, naturally almost getting into a fight?

But no one expected what the young widow did already in December 1633: Elena Glinskaya, relying on her favorite lover Prince Ivan Fedorovich Ovchina (Telepnev-Obolensky), actually carried out a coup d’etat, eliminating the guardianship council and subjugating Boyar Duma! By order of Elena, the appanage prince Dmitrovsky Yuri Ivanovich, the second son of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and the brother of the late Vasily III, was captured, put in prison, where he was killed. By order of Elena, her uncle, Prince Mikhail Glinsky, was arrested and thrown into prison. Other members of the guardianship council were also imprisoned - princes Ivan Fedorovich Belsky and Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky. Voivode Ivan Vasilyevich Lyatskoy, together with the boyar Prince Semyon Fedorovich Belsky, fled to Lithuania in the summer of 1534. So Elena Glinskaya actually became the first female ruler in the history of Muscovy, the first empress and, admittedly, far from the worst. She ruled, of course, together with her lover, Prince Ivan Ovchina (Telepnev-Obolensky). However, other historians are inclined to believe that the power of Ovchina, as well as Glinskaya, in fact served as a screen for that boyar clique that actually managed affairs in the state, not at a loss to itself.

Nevertheless, we will give credit to Elena herself: it was through her diligence that the outstanding monetary reform of 1535 was carried out - the first in Muscovy to unify the monetary system. The Novgorod kopeck was taken as a basis, a hundred of which now constituted a ruble. The state finally had a single currency, which certainly contributed to the centralization of the country. Besides this, there were other achievements, especially in foreign policy. Thus, Glinskaya’s diplomats managed to obtain from the Polish king and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund the Starodub Peace Treaty, which was beneficial for the Moscow state. And with Sweden they managed to conclude an agreement on free trade and benevolent neutrality, agreeing that it would not help the Livonian Order and Lithuania.

But by the end of the fourth year of the Grand Duchess’s regency, the competing boyar clans managed to find a common language, and the regent became redundant. Therefore, on April 3, 1538, she suddenly died, although she had not been ill before. Elena Glinskaya died in terrible convulsions and agony, so that no one even doubted that she was poisoned by the boyars. They buried the empress on the same day, actually not allowing the relatives to say goodbye to the deceased. Moreover, they were in such a hurry that the Metropolitan did not even perform the funeral service for her! Were the signs of poisoning so obvious that the traces of the crime had to be hidden as quickly as possible? And a week later it was the turn of her lover: they took Prince Ovchina “and put him in a chamber behind the palace near the stables and killed him with hunger and iron burdens.”