Parliamentary republic: examples of countries. Parliamentary republics: list

Task by law .

Point out errors in the situation and correct them.

Mikhail was not indifferent to animals and considered them subjects of law, equal members of society. He was even going to register several cats and one dog in his apartment at the place of permanent residence. However, he was so worried about the injustice against animals that on October 4 - World Animal Day - he decided to organize a solo march against discrimination against animals. Mikhail was sure that animals, like people, can have the same rights and freedoms. Having notified the city department of internal affairs about his initiative, Mikhail went to the central square of the city where he lived, with a poster in defense of animal rights. True, not having time to start his journey from the central square, Mikhail was detained there by employees of a private security company, as violating public order.

Political science assignment.

A first-year student wrote an essay about an outstanding politician who led the country of K. in a deep socio-economic and political crisis. Before his death, this politician was re-elected twice in elections with a consistently high result, during his lifetime it was very popular to call boys by the second name of this politician, and after his death, the portrait of this politician appeared on large banknotes of the national currency, the airport, the spaceport and the military were named after him. school, which he graduated from this politician long before the start of his political career. Based on these facts, the first-year student concluded that this charismatic politician created a totalitarian regime in the country. The teacher, after reading the essay, rated it as unsatisfactory. How do you think the teacher justified his decision? What are the most important factors that the student could not take into account?

Assignment in sociology.

A.B. Hoffman, analyzing such a social phenomenon as a “queue”, makes an interesting remark: “Queues are divided primarily into “living” and “non-living”. In "living" individuals bodily position themselves directly one behind the other; in "non-living" bodies of individuals are scattered in space, but mentally everyone imagines who he is behind and who is behind him. "Non-live" queues are accompanied by lists in which you need to check in from time to time, so they can also be called "listed". One of the laws of the functioning of queues is that the “non-living” queue exists longer than the “live” one. Between the two named types of queues, conflicts can arise due to differences in interests. For example, a multi-month "list" line for children's fur coats on the day of receipt of the goods is joined by a newly emerged "live" line, seeking to displace the first one. A confrontation unfolds between them, in which each side accuses the other of the illegality of its existence. Analyze the above fragment from the point of view of various concepts and categories of sociology. With the help of what sociological theories can one explain the noted feature: a “dead” queue exists longer than a “live” one? How can one consider the queue from the point of view of sociology? Briefly justify your answer.

Philosophy assignment.

One wise man died and found himself in front of the gates of the underworld, which are guarded by a vigilant guardian. Behind one door is Paradise, behind another is Hell, behind the third is Purgatory. The guard will let the sage through one of the three doors, but at the same time he strictly monitors the following rules: 1) The sage must clearly and clearly answer the question of which door the guard will let him through (you can only say one of the three words: “Paradise” , "Hell" or "Purgatory"). 2) If the answer is false, the guard will send him to Hell. 3) If the answer turns out to be true, the guard will send him to Paradise or Purgatory (but where exactly is unknown). 4) If the answer turns out to be paradoxical (paradoxical is an answer that is guaranteed to be neither true nor false), the guard will send him to Paradise. The sage gave such an answer, after which the guard was forced to let him into Paradise. 1) What exactly did the sage say? Justify your answer. 2) If a wise man wanted to be guaranteed to go to Hell, would he be able to achieve this? Justify your answer. 3) If the sage wanted to go anywhere but Purgatory, could he achieve this? Justify your answer.

Right task.

Ivan decided to buy an apartment for his one-year-old son Alexander, indicating him as a buyer in the contract for the sale of an apartment. The realtor told Ivan that Alexander could not be listed as a buyer, since, due to his youth, he did not have the right to acquire property, and therefore state registration of the transfer of ownership would be denied. The realtor believed that Ivan should purchase an apartment as his own property, and then give it to his son. Indicate who and what mistakes made. Justify the answer.

Task (for logic).

The Parliament of the Thirtieth State has three factions of the same size - Yellow (who always lie), Blue (who always tell the truth) and Violet (who sometimes tell the truth, sometimes lie). Last week, parliament approved a bill to ban the wearing of yellow shoes on weekends by a simple majority. However, the president is very fond of yellow shoes and therefore vetoed this bill. According to the constitution of the Thirtieth State, the parliament can override the veto, but for this, during the second vote, the bill must be supported by at least 2/3 of the deputies. At the preliminary discussion, all the violets said they would support the bill. All the yellows said they would vote no. And the Blues said that among them, as many people would support the bill as the Purples would actually vote against it.

Right task.

When parents once again reprimanded their 15-year-old son Andrei, a 9th grade student, about the need to do homework instead of abusing spending time playing computer games, Andrei began to remember all the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen in defense of his behavior , which were called at the lesson in social studies. He pointed out that the fundamental rights and freedoms of a person are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth, and they include: the right to dignity of the individual; the right to liberty and security of person; the right to privacy; the right to secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages (Andrey played a multiplayer game, which involves oral communication and the exchange of electronic messages with other players); the right to assemble peacefully without weapons (Andrey believed that since the multiplayer game is peaceful in nature, then he and other players have such a right); the right of private property (the parents gave the computer to Andrey for his birthday, which means that he is its full owner and no one except him can use and dispose of it without his permission); the right to freely dispose of one's ability to work (Andrey believed that since there is such a right and forced labor is prohibited, then he can do homework in the subjects of the school curriculum whenever he wants); the right to housing, which is inviolable, which means that no one has the right to enter Andrei's room without his permission. Evaluate from a legal point of view the actions of Andrey's parents and the arguments stated by Andrey.

Political science assignment.

An aspiring journalist for a quality newspaper wrote an article about the 2015 parliamentary elections in country B., with a long and recognized tradition of representative and democratic government, which was won by C.'s party, with about 37% of the votes of all voters, but at the same time winning almost 51% of the seats in parliament and formed the government. Based on these results, the journalist concluded that country B is not a democracy. The editor, after reading the article, rejected the novice journalist's conclusion as erroneous and provided a short explanation, with which the journalist agreed, admitting that he was wrong. How do you think the editor justified his decision? What factors could a novice journalist not take into account? What electoral system are we talking about? What classical concept of democracy was the young journalist guided by?

Assignment in sociology.

Often educated people argue that religion is disappearing in modern society, church services and holidays have become traditions followed by a small number of people, and they are of little importance, including practical ones, for the life of modern people. The place of religion is being replaced by science and secular ideologies. However, it is obvious that the ongoing events indicate the opposite - Islam, Christianity, Judaism and other religions are experiencing a rise, a revival in many regions, there are millions of believers, they inspire various actions, including feats and crimes. Sometimes there are "interesting" people who, doing science, or being, for example, doctors, are believers, go to church, raise their children accordingly. How can you characterize and explain this contradiction with the help of sociological theories and concepts known to you? Briefly justify your answer.

There are several main forms of government in the modern world that have developed historically. This article will focus on such a political system as a parliamentary republic. You can also find examples of countries in this article.

What it is?

A parliamentary republic (you will find examples of the form of government below) is a type of government in which all power belongs to a special legislative body - parliament. In different countries it is called differently: the Bundestag - in Germany, the Landtag - in Austria, the Seim - in Poland, etc.

The form of government "parliamentary republic" differs primarily in that it is the parliament that forms the government, which is fully accountable to it, and also elects the president of the country (in most cases). How does all this work in practice? After the parliamentary popular elections, the winning parties create a coalition majority, on the basis of which a new government is formed. In addition, each of the parties receives the number of "portfolios" in accordance with its weight in this coalition. So, in a few sentences, one can describe the functioning of such an entity as a parliamentary republic.

Examples of countries - "pure" parliamentary republics - are the following: Germany, Austria, Ireland, India (these are the most classic examples). Since 1976, Portugal has been added to their number, and since 1990, the African state of Cape Verde.

Do not confuse such concepts as a parliamentary monarchy and a parliamentary republic, although they are similar in many ways. The main similarity lies in the fact that both there and there the parliament acts as the dominant authority, and the president (or monarch) performs only representative functions, that is, he is only a kind of symbol of the country. But the main difference between these forms of government is that in a parliamentary republic the president is each time re-elected by the parliament, and in a monarchy this position is inherited.

parliamentary, mixed

Today there are three types of republics. Depending on the size and breadth of powers - the president - there are presidential and parliamentary republics. The United States is always called a classic example of a presidential republic, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic and others are traditional examples of a parliamentary republic.

There is also a third type of republic - the so-called mixed. In such states, both are endowed with approximately the same powers and control each other. The most striking examples of such countries are France, Romania.

Main characteristics of a parliamentary republic

All states of a parliamentary republic have similar features that should be listed:

executive power belongs entirely to the head of government, it can be the prime minister or chancellor;
the president is elected not by the people, but by the parliament (or a special collegium);
the head of government is appointed by the president, although the candidate is proposed from among the leaders of the formed coalition by a majority;
all responsibility for the actions of the government lies with its head;
all acts of the president are valid only if they are signed by the prime minister or the relevant minister.

Parliamentary republics: list of countries

The prevalence of this form of government in the world is quite large. Today there are about thirty parliamentary republics, while it is worth noting that there is no single figure on this matter. The fact is that some countries are very difficult to attribute to one type or another. Examples of a parliamentary republic are given below (they are distributed by parts of the world):

in Europe - Austria, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Italy, Estonia, Ireland, Iceland, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Malta, Lithuania, Latvia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Finland, Slovenia and Slovakia;
in Asia - Turkey, Israel, Nepal, Singapore, India, Bangladesh, Iraq;
in Africa - Ethiopia;
in America - Dominica;
in Oceania - Vanuatu.

As we can see, parliamentary republics, the list of which includes over 30 countries, prevail in the European region. Another feature that immediately catches the eye is that most of the listed countries (first of all, if we talk about Europe) are economically developed successful states with a high level of democratic development.

If we take into account the ranking of countries in the world by the level of democracy (organizations of the Economist Intelligence Unit), we can see that out of 25 states that have been given the highest status of "full-fledged democracy", 21 countries are parliamentary republics and monarchies. Also, these countries are leaders in the IMF ranking in terms of country volumes. Thus, we can safely say that parliamentary republics are the most effective and successful form of government (at this point in time).

The list of countries above can also be displayed in the form of the following map, on which the parliamentary republics are marked in orange:

"Pros" and "cons" of this form of government

The main advantages of this political system include the following:

the parliamentary system ensures the unity of the legislative and executive branches of government;
all initiatives of the government, as a rule, receive the full support of the parliament, which ensures the stable operation of the entire system of power;
This management system fully allows to comply with the principle of popular representation in power.

There are, however, in the parliamentary republics and their shortcomings, which partly come from the merits of this political system. First of all, this is the instability of coalition alliances, which often leads to political crises (bright examples are Ukraine or Italy). Also very often the coalition government has to give up actions useful for the country in order to adhere to the ideological line of the coalition agreement.

Another significant shortcoming of parliamentary republics is the danger of usurpation of power in the state by the government, when the parliament, in fact, turns into an ordinary "punching machine" for laws.

Federal Republic of Austria

The Austrian Parliament is called the "Landtag", and its deputies are elected for a four-year term. The central parliament of the country - the Federal Assemblies of Austria - consists of two chambers: the Nationalrat (183 deputies) and the Bundesrat (62 deputies). In addition, each of the nine federal states of Austria has its own Landtag.

Only about 700 parties are registered in Austria, but only five of them are currently represented in the Austrian parliament.

Federal Republic of Germany

The German parliament is also elected for four years. It consists of two chambers: the Bundestag, which includes 622 deputies, and the Bundesrat (69 deputies). The deputies of the Bundesrat are representatives of all 16 states of the country. Each of the federal states has from 3 to 6 representatives in the state parliament (depending on the size of a particular state).

The German parliament elects the federal chancellor, who heads the executive branch and, in fact, is the main person in the state. Since 2005, Germany has been occupied by Angela Merkel - the first woman to hold the position of Federal Chancellor in the country's history.

Republic of Poland

The Polish parliament is called the Sejm, it is also bicameral. It consists of two parts: the Seim itself, which consists of 460 deputies, and the Senate, consisting of 100 deputies. The Seimas is elected according to a proportional system, according to the D "Hondt method. At the same time, only those candidates who have won at least 5% of the votes in the national vote can get a deputy seat in the Seimas (the only exception is representatives of ethnic minority parties).

Republic of India

India is also a parliamentary republic, in which all power belongs to the parliament and the government, which is formed by it. includes the House of the People and the Council of States - a body that expresses the interests of individual states.

The members of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) are elected by popular vote. The total (maximum under the Constitution of India) number of members of the House of the People is 552 people. The term of one convocation of the Chamber is 5 years. However, the Lok Sabha can be dissolved by the President of the country ahead of schedule, and in some situations, Indian law also provides for the extension of the term of the Chamber for one year. The House of the People of India is led by the Speaker, who, upon his election to this position, is obliged to leave his party.

The Council of States (Rajya Sabha) is formed by indirect elections and includes 245 deputies. The composition of the Rajya Sabha is renewed by a third every two years.

Finally...

Now you have an idea of what a parliamentary republic is. Examples of countries are also given by us in this information article: these are Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland, India, Singapore, the Czech Republic and other countries (about 30 states in total). In conclusion, we can say that this political system of government has both its advantages and disadvantages. However, today the parliamentary republic is the most optimal and effective form of government in the world.

In social studies, 2.5 hours are allotted. The work consists of two parts.

Part I consists of 10 complex tasks.

1.5 hours are allotted to complete the tasks of the first part.
Read each question carefully and the suggested answers, if any. Answer only after you have understood the question and analyzed all possible answers. Complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. If a task is difficult for you, skip it. You can return to missed tasks if you have time.
Part II consists of a creative task, which takes 1 hour to complete. On one of the presented topics (at the student's choice) write an essay on social studies.
The algorithm for working on an essay:

Familiarization with the proposed topics; determination of the meaning of the proposed statements; understanding the problem in the context of historical science; formulating one's attitude to the statement; definition of historical terms, concepts and generalizations that will be required to express and justify a position at a theoretical level; selection of facts, examples from social science that convincingly substantiate one's own position conclusion

PART 1.

Exercise 1.

Tasks for rows

1. Name the general concept for the following:

1.1. Refusal of a gift, will, agreement on children, exchange agreement, issuance of a power of attorney

1.2. Realism, neorealism, liberalism, neoliberalism, neo-Marxism

2. What is extra in each row? Write down the excess and explain why you decided so.

2.1. Law, government decree, constitution, charter of an organization, verdict, presidential decree

__________________________________________________________________

2.2. small group, primary group, family, formal group, secondary group, informal group

__________________________________________________________________

2.3. Thomas Hobbes, Niccolò Machiavelli, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau

__________________________________________________________________

Task 2.

1. Tasks for choosing an answer ("yes" - if the statement is true, "no" - if the statement is false)

1.1. The influx of migrants from the countries of the near abroad will cause a decrease in the wage rate in the labor market in Moscow.

1.2. Moving from one subcultural group to another can be an example of social mobility.

1.3. Changes in the exchange rate affect the general price level in the country.

1.4. The actions of people based on the pursuit of some value that is significant to them can be considered as rational.

1.5. A firm with market power can sell a product at a price it sets.

1.6 . Niccolò Machiavelli was a staunch opponent of democracy and in his book The Sovereign gave a detailed critique of this form of government.

Task 3.Insert concept

4.1. _____________ taxes - taxes, the burden of payment of which can be transferred to the final consumer.

4.2. ___________________ is a large group of people, largely devoid of structure, united by an emotional mood or an object of attention.

4.3. ___________________ - any reaction on the part of others to the behavior of a person or group, expressing an assessment of behavior in accordance with the norms.

4.4. ___________________ - a set of ways and methods by which the normative institutions of the political system are implemented in the practice of political institutions.

Task 4. Establish a correspondence between philosophical teachings and their

main ideas: for each position given in the first column, select

corresponding position from the second column.

Social statuses of the individual Types of status

1) marginal A) acquired

2) Ukrainian B) prescribed

3) chairman of the trade union

4) woman

5) 30 year old man

Task 5. Below are the statements of famous thinkers of the past regardingthe same concept

(in the text it is designated as […]; variations of the changed parts of this word are possible).

"Best […] there is one that makes itself superfluous” (Wilhelm von Humboldt).

"The greatest […] -yu is possessed by the one who has […] over yourself" (Seneca).

“[…] can be defined as the realization of intended goals” (Bertrand Russell).

« […] loses all its charm if it is not abused” (Paul Valéry).

“Small errors seem big if they are found in the behavior of those who are entrusted […] "(Plutarch).

Answer_____________________________________________________________________

Task 6. Analyze in terms of law.

1. Ivan decided to purchase an apartment for his one-year-old son Alexander, indicating him as a buyer in the contract for the sale of an apartment. The realtor told Ivan that Alexander could not be listed as a buyer, since, due to his youth, he did not have the right to acquire property, and therefore state registration of the transfer of ownership would be denied. The realtor believed that Ivan should purchase an apartment as his own property, and then give it to his son.

Indicate who and what mistakes made. Justify the answer.

___________________________________________________________________________

2. When investigating the murder, the employees of the Investigative Committee received operational information, according to which one of the suspects is citizen M., and that the specified citizen was on confession with priest K the next day after the murder. To check the version of the involvement of citizen M. in the murder, K. was summoned for questioning as a witness.

Is K. obliged to testify? Justify the answer.

Answer: _____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Task 7. What modern concept unites the following views of famous thinkers?

Aristotle:

Correct legislation should be the supreme authority, and officials - whether one or more - should be decisive only in cases where laws cannot give an exact answer.

S. L. Montesquieu:

If the innocence of citizens is not protected, then freedom is not protected either. Information about the best rules that should be followed in legal proceedings is more necessary for humanity than anything else in the world ... This information has already been acquired in some countries and should be assimilated by others.

I. Kant:

In fact, since every right consists only in limiting the freedom of everyone else by the condition that it is compatible, according to some general law, with my freedom, and public law (within the framework of the generality) is nothing but a valid one, in accordance with this principle and legislation connected with power, by virtue of which all belonging to one people as subjects are in a certain legal state (status iuridicus) in general, namely, in a state of equality of action and opposition of the mutually limited arbitrariness of people in accordance with the universal law of freedom (which state is called civil) - then all in this state, in exactly the same way, have an inborn right (that is, which belongs to them before the commission of any legal action whatsoever) to compel everyone so that the exercise of his freedom constantly remains within the boundaries of agreement with my freedom.

N. M. Korkunov:

Each individual body of state power, he emphasized, has power only within the limits of the law.

Answer:_______________________________________________________________________

Task 8. Demand and supply of labor are given by the equations LD=1000–W,
LS=(–100)+W, where LD and LS - the magnitude of the demand and supply of labor, W - wage rate. How will the number of employees change if the government sets the minimum wage at 500?

Solution:________________________________________________________

_____________________ _____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Task 9. There are several theories of separation of powers. One of the theories distinguishes three types of power: legislative, executive and federal.

C. State which powers should not be shared and why.

D. In what case, according to this theory, the people are granted the right to use force against the authorities?

D. The author of the theory recognizes the right of the supreme body of executive power to convene and dissolve the body of legislative power. How does he explain why such a power does not violate the principle of the separation of powers?

Task 10. "Parliament" (logical task)

In the parliament of the thirtieth state, consisting of 100 deputies, there are only three factions: truth-seekers, truth-phobes and money-makers. Truth-mongers always tell the truth, truth-phobes always lie, and money-makers sometimes tell the truth, sometimes they lie. To the question "Which faction is the most numerous?" 70 deputies answered that the majority are truth-phobes, 29 said that truth-mongers predominate, and one said that there are equal numbers of truth-tellers and truth-phobes. Determine how many truth-seekers, truth-phobes and money-makers are actually in this parliament?

Justify your answer:

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

PART 2. Essay

1. “Representative government is an instrument that only excellent musicians can play, it is so difficult and capricious” (K. Metternich)

2. “Man has become a commodity and regards his life as a capital to be invested profitably. If he succeeded in this, then his life makes sense, and if not, he is a loser ”(E. Fromm)

3. “Patriotism, as a feeling, is a bad and harmful feeling; how teaching is stupid teaching, since it is clear that if every nation and state will be considered make themselves the best of peoples and states, then they will all be in a gross and harmful error.()

4. “Don't rely on public opinion. This is not a lighthouse, but wandering lights.(A. Morua)

5. “It doesn't matter who is in front of you: a crowd of academicians or a crowd of water carriers. Both are a crowd"(G. Lebon)

6. “If there were no such points at which the interests of all would converge, there could be no question of any kind of society” (J.–J. Rousseau)

7. “A beautiful thing is the love of one's fatherland, but there is an even more beautiful thing - this is the love of truth. Love for the fatherland gives birth to heroes, love for truth creates wise men ”()

8. "You cannot achieve economic prosperity by raiding the state treasury"(G. Hoover)

9.“Only two incentives make people work: the thirst for wages and the fear of losing it”(G. Ford )

10. “Laws are useless both for good people and for bad ones: the former do not need laws, the latter do not get better from them” (Democritus)

BARCELONA, September 28 - RIA Novosti. Political forces in favor of separating Catalonia from Spain receive an absolute majority in the local parliament, which will allow them to begin the "process of declaring independence", while less than half of the voters voted for them (47.8% of the vote).

Exit poll: independence supporters win elections in CataloniaAccording to the exit poll, the Junts pel Si coalition, which includes Catalan President Artur Mas, gets 63-66 mandates. It is followed by the National Unity Candidate (CUP) with 11-13 seats. For the absolute majority, 68 seats are needed.

According to the results of counting more than 95% of the votes, the Junts pel Si coalition (it includes the Catalan Democratic Convergence Party (CDC) and the Catalan Republican Left) receives 62 seats. If you sum them up with 10 seats won by another pro-independence party, the Popular Unity Candidate (CUP), they have 72 seats out of 135 seats.

This means that they can implement their plan and start the process of declaring independence in the Catalan legislature.

Among the supporters of the preservation of the territorial integrity of Spain, the Citizens party is leading with 25 mandates. Socialist Party of Catalonia - 16 mandates. Spain's ruling "People's Party" receives 11 mandates. Catalunya Si que es Pot, which proposes a referendum (Podemos is a member of this coalition), will get 11 seats.

The elections had a very high turnout - about 77% of voters took part in them, the highest result since 1980.

Hundreds of supporters of the secession of Catalonia from Spain gathered in front of the El Born cultural center to celebrate their victory. Mas himself, speaking to the audience, said: "We won!" he said in Catalan, Spanish, French and English.

"Today we have a double victory: "yes" and democracy won. As democrats, we demand that others recognize the victory in Catalonia, the victory of "yes". We have a democratic mandate and we will not fail. We won. And this gives us strength and legitimacy. We will carry out this mandate with honor,” the Catalan leader said.

"We worked for many years to get a mandate for the independence of Catalonia, and tonight we succeeded. In front of society and the world, the movement in support of independence has won, and we have a majority to continue this project," said the leader of the "Left Republicans of Catalonia" Oriol Junqueras.

Number one on the Junts pel Si list, Raul Romeva stated that "no one can now say that there are no legal grounds to do what we are going to do."

"There is no alternative. The dam has been broken. We are starting to work," he said.

The Catalan government, led by Artur Mas, declared Sunday's elections "plebiscitary". That is, in the case of an absolute majority in parliament of parties that support independence, they will begin the "process of secession from Spain" - they will form a government, develop legislation, and adopt a constitution. According to their plan, independence can be declared in 18 months. The Spanish authorities do not recognize the "plebiscitary" nature of the elections and say that we are talking about ordinary elections to the parliament of the autonomous community.

1. "Yes" or "no"? If you agree with the statement, write “yes”, if you disagree, write “no”. Enter your answers in the table (maximum - 10 points).

1.1. Monarchy and democratic regime are incompatible.

1.2. Rules of law exist only in written form.

1.3. The extensive way of development of the economy is based on resource-saving technologies and increasing labor productivity.

1.4. The concept of political power is identical to the concept of state power in terms of content and power.

1.5. The constitutional obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation are contained in Chapter 2 of the Russian Constitution "Rights and freedoms of man and citizen".

1.6. By definition, people are considered unemployed if they are unemployed and not looking for work.

1.7. A budget deficit can be observed with an increase in the gross national product (GNP).

1.8. The principle of separation of powers in a democratic constitutional state implies the division of power into three independent branches.

1.9. All personal qualities of a person are determined by his genetic code.

1.10. Catholics and Protestants are Christians.

Answers:

2. The budget is the most effective way of government regulation of the economy. Fill in the table by choosing from the list the numbers of positions corresponding to its columns (maximum - 10 points)

Maintenance of the state apparatus
Loans from the public and banks
Servicing the public debt
taxes
Nature Conservation (ecology)
Maintaining defense capability
Trade in natural resources
External loans
Privatization
Preservation of cultural and historical heritage

The state budget
Income	Expenses

3.1. Complementary question for the crossword. Give examples of changes in the life of society (or nature) associated with the definitions proposed in tasks No. 6, 12, 19. What do you see as the main criterion that distinguishes these definitions? (5 points = 1 point each for the correct example + 2 points for defining the criterion)

Horizontally

1. Stable, regular connections of objects and phenomena, that is, what must necessarily happen in these conditions

5. A special kind of human activity aimed at improving the world and oneself.

9. The process of a person entering the social environment in which his life activity takes place; in other words - familiarization with the system of norms and values accepted in society

11. Development characterized by movement from lower to higher forms, from less perfect to more perfect

12. A radical, qualitative revolution in the social structure.

13. Process opposite to that described under No. 11 in the crossword puzzle

15. A theory that gives priority to reason as the basis of human knowledge and behavior, as opposed to sensationalism.

16. Man with his socially conditioned qualities. A person becomes it, an individual is born.

19. Gradual changes (from Latin - "deployment"). Used as a synonym for development (in a broad sense). The opposite of what you identified under #12

Vertically

2. The unity of elements interacting on the basis of interconnection

3. A part of the world isolated from nature, but closely related to it, including the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their associations

4. Experienced and perceived need for something is the motive of activity

6. Transformation of any aspect of the life of society, not affecting its foundations

7. Theory of knowledge (in Greek)

8. One of the main activities that ensure the existence of people

10. Possibility to choose activities according to your needs, goals and desires

14. The primary stage of sensory knowledge. Reflection of individual properties and features of an object in the mind of a person.

17. A biosocial being with the gift of thinking and the ability to create tools.

18. Correspondence of the received knowledge with reality

20. The most difficult stage of rational (logical) thinking. Reasoning, during which a new judgment is derived (conclusion, conclusion).

Answer (for an additional question) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Eliminate the excess. In each of the five tasks below on the topics “Man” and “Society”, TWO of the given terms fall out of the general series. Identify them and write down the letters under which they are indicated in the table.(up to 10 points)

4.1. Natural human needs:

a) biological

b) physiological

c) social

d) organic

e) ideal

e) natural

4.2. Interpersonal relationships:

a) business

b) personal

c) political

d) formal

e) informal

e) sustainable

g) situational

g) economic

4.3. Concepts characterizing social dynamics:

a) progress

b) structure

c) evolution

d) revolution

e) stratification

4.4. Personality definitions:

a) the subject of relations and conscious activity

b) a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual

c) the subject of knowledge and change of the world

d) man as part of wildlife

e) man as a separate representative of the human race

f) a person with his socially conditioned and individual qualities

4.5. Features of a post-industrial society:

a) based on machine production

b) information plays a decisive role

c) production is focused on consumer needs

d) an extensive path of economic development prevails

e) the service sector prevails over the production of goods

Answers:

5. Below are the statements of famous writers and thinkers of the past concerning the same concept (marked in the text […]; possible variations of the modified parts of the word) (up to 5 points).

““The best […] is that which makes itself redundant” (Wilhelm von Humboldt)
“The one who has […] over him possesses the greatest […]” (Seneca)
“[…] can be defined as the realization of intended goals” (Bertrand Russell)
“[…] loses all its charm if it is not abused” (Paul Valéry)
“Small errors seem big if they are found in the behavior of those who are entrusted […]” (Plutarch).

5.1. What is this concept?

Answer ________________________________________________

5.2. The statement of which of these thinkers seems to you the most important and interesting? Justify your answer (2-3 sentences)

6. Insert instead of gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words and word combinations from the proposed list. Words and combinations of words are given in the list in the singular. The same words and combinations of words can be omitted in the text more than once. Please note: in the list of words and word combinations there are those that should not occur in the text(10 points)

“A role is an expected _____ associated with a particular _____. The set of roles corresponding to a given _____ is called _____. Our roles are defined by the expectations of others _____. Some of these expectations, like laws, are _____, and others, like table manners, are _____. When a person's _____ meets role expectations, they receive social _____ (such as money or _____).”

7. Below are well-known images-signs. Please indicate what these symbols mean. (up to 7 points = 5 - for determining the sign + 2 for the correct division base).

7.1. Divide the signs into two groups so that one group has three signs and the other two, indicate the basis for such a division. In the group line, enter the appropriate numbers.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Group 2.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Tasks 2 rounds.

8. Read the text. This is an excerpt from an essay on different types of economic systems. The author could not distinguish between the signs of two different economic systems. Do it on your own (up to 10 points). For this

1) head the columns in the table, identifying the types of economic systems in question;

2) enter in them the serial numbers of sentences that reflect the characteristics of each of the types of economic systems you have identified.

1. This is an economic system based on traditions fixed in the minds of people based on the experience of generations. 2. It is characterized by centralized directive planning. 3. Economic power is concentrated in the central government, in the bureaucracy. 4. Customs determine the use of rare limited natural resources. 5. Enterprises act in accordance with the planned targets brought to them from the upper echelons of management. 6. Such a system is often based on totalitarian regimes, it is contrary to democratic principles of governance. 7. This is, as a rule, the economy of subsistence farming, serving itself at the expense of its own resources and forces. 8. The leading role belongs to distributive, command methods. 9. This system fundamentally impedes the development of a free market, competition, and entrepreneurship. 10. It functions on the basis of traditional patriarchal, semi-feudal hierarchical ties between people.

Answer:

9. Solve a logical problem (8 points = 4 for the correct answer + 4 for revealing the logic of reasoning).

There are three equal factions in the Parliament of the Thirtieth State - Yellow (who always lie), Blue (who always tell the truth) and Purple (who sometimes tell the truth, sometimes lie). Last week, parliament approved a bill to ban the wearing of yellow shoes on weekends by a simple majority. However, the president is very fond of yellow shoes and therefore vetoed this bill. According to the constitution of the Thirtieth State, the parliament can override the veto, but for this, during the second vote, the bill must be supported by at least 2/3 of the deputies. At the preliminary discussion, all the violets said they would support the bill. All the yellows said they would vote no. And the Blues said that among them, as many people would support the bill as the Purples would actually vote against it.

9.1. Will the bill be able to overcome the president's veto under such conditions? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.2. If the Yellows said that the same number of people among them would support the bill as among the Purples, would that necessarily increase the overall percentage of MPs who supported it? Justify your answers.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Dear participants! Here are the statements of famous thinkers. Choose the one that will be the topic of your essay. Your task is to formulate your own attitude to the problem raised in this statement and substantiate it with the arguments that seem to you the most significant. (up to 15 points).

Society is more oppressive than government. (T. Granovsky)
In order for power to become stronger, it must be limited. (L. Berne)
I'm not interested in politics and it takes up a lot of my time. (E. Lets)
Poverty breeds rebellion and crime. (Aristotle)
In a country that is well-ruled, poverty is ashamed. In a country that is badly ruled, riches are ashamed. (Confucius)
Competition is the life of commerce and the death of merchants. (E. Hubbard)
A healthy nation also does not notice its nationality, like a healthy person does not notice his spine. (B. Shaw)