How to make a sewer system from concrete rings in a private house? Sewerage from concrete rings and its diagram How to properly make sewerage rings.

If the dacha is used occasionally - outings with barbecues and the like - then you don’t have to worry too much about comfort. One or two days can be spent in spartan conditions. But if the dacha is used as a permanent place for relaxation in the warm season, you can’t do without a certain comfort. And first of all, sewerage and water supply are required.

A simple sewer system in a dacha with your own hands can be either an ordinary cesspool with the conveniences of a traditional wooden booth somewhere in the corner of the site in the yard, or a completely civilized and modern septic tank, or even a well made of concrete rings. Let's consider various options for installing a sewer system in a country house. And most importantly: how to make a sewer system in your country house with your own hands.

Most often, there is no centralized sewerage network in summer cottages. So the owners of the site have to deal with the installation of sewage systems themselves, individually on each individual site. In some cases, it is possible to reach an agreement with the owners of neighboring plots and install one sewerage structure for all, but usually this option is not very good: disagreements arise about who drained more and, accordingly, should pay more for pumping (if the sewerage system provides for periodic pumping), and complaints may also arise regarding the piece of land allocated for the sewerage system (“I hardly use the sewerage system, but they cut off a whole hundred square meters from me!”). So, it is still optimal not to cooperate with neighbors, but to build a completely individual sewer system.

The simplest option for country sewerage is a cesspool. If there is no running water in the house, this is quite enough. However, if the volume of drains increases (for example, a family with children lives at the dacha, laundry, washing dishes, etc. are constantly required), the cesspool can no longer cope with the load.

If the family is small and, accordingly, the drains are small, then you can get by with a septic tank - its construction is quite simple and inexpensive if we are talking about small volumes.

And yet, the best option, which will always be relevant for both small and small families, and for periodic and constant use of the dacha, is sewerage in the dacha without pumping it yourself from concrete rings. This type of sewage system is durable, capable of handling fairly large volumes of waste, and can be made with your own hands, without the involvement of expensive specialists.

It should be noted that any sewerage system is divided into two types:

internal sewer system - this includes everything that is inside the house, that is, all the places where plumbing equipment is connected (sinks, toilet, bidet, bathtub, shower, etc.), as well as plumbing lines and risers; this system must end with an outlet pipe, which is usually located below, near the foundation of the house; if the sewer system is a cesspool, then, naturally, there is no internal sewerage;
external sewer system - it includes all the pipes through which wastewater leaves the house, as well as all structures intended for the accumulation and treatment of wastewater (septic tanks, wells, etc.); in the case of, for example, a cesspool, the external sewer system consists solely of the pit itself for storing wastewater.

If your task is to sew your own dacha, then you don’t need to start with purchasing materials and selecting tools. The beginning of everything is drawing up a project. Designing a sewer system is one of the mandatory stages when installing a sewer system. The project includes both internal and external sewer systems, and therefore must be tied to a specific house and a specific site.

After the project has been prepared, you can determine the size of the pipes that will make up both the external and internal systems, as well as determine the necessary material for the work (for example, insulation for pipes, etc.) and the type of collector.

It should be noted that the diameter of the pipes is easier and more reliable to determine using regulatory documents - they indicate the diameters required for different volumes of wastewater. This is a very significant point, since pipes make up the lion’s share of the cost in a country sewer system, and an error can lead to significant financial losses. So, if the diameter is insufficient, then the sewerage system will simply choke, unable to cope with the required volume of wastewater, and if the diameter is too large, then the pipes will cost more - unnecessary, unnecessary expenses.

And also when designing a country sewer system, it is very important to choose the right place for installing a septic tank. This is especially important given the small size of dacha plots - you have to think about how to install a septic tank in order to comply with all the necessary conditions established by the regulations, and at the same time not reduce the usable area of the plot too much.

the relief of the dacha area - in order for wastewater to flow by gravity, the slope must be from the house to the septic tank, and not vice versa, otherwise an expensive pump will have to be installed;
depth of groundwater - the septic tank should not be filled with groundwater;
the depth of soil freezing in the cold season - the septic tank must be above the freezing point, otherwise the sewer may become clogged with ice;
location of the water source or drinking water supply - in accordance with sanitary standards and regulations, the distance from the source of drinking water must be at least 30 m;
the location of fruit trees and shrubs, as well as the vegetable garden - in accordance with sanitary standards and rules, the distance from fruit trees, bushes and the vegetable garden must be no less than 3 m;
location of the house - in accordance with sanitary standards and regulations, the distance from the septic tank to the house should not be less than 5 m;
soil composition - excessively hygroscopic soil can provoke contamination of groundwater with wastewater.

It should be borne in mind that if the septic tank is located at a distance exceeding 15 m from the house, then difficulties may arise in installing the main pipeline - the installation of an inspection well will be required, the pipes will need to be buried in the ground more than usual, and the amount of excavation work will increase, and, consequently, , the complexity of the entire process of installing a country sewer system also increases.

You can begin installing an internal sewer system immediately after drawing up a plan and purchasing all the necessary materials and components. First you need to install the central riser. The optimal diameter for it is 110 mm, and it is necessary to provide for the outlet of gases. Usually, for this purpose, the upper part of the riser rises up - either into the attic or out onto the roof. Output to the roof is more preferable: it is still better for the gases to leave the house immediately rather than accumulate in the attic.

It must be taken into account that, in accordance with the regulations, the main riser must be located at least 4 m from the nearest window. Such a requirement limits the number of rooms in the country where a riser can be located, and this needs to be known before installing the system.

Pipes for the internal sewer system are selected not only by diameter, but also by material of manufacture. There are currently three options available:

PVC pipes - very affordable prices, which attracts consumers, are quite durable, lightweight, the inner surface is smooth, and water easily passes through, corrosion-resistant, does not overgrow inside, and is very easy to install. Do-it-yourself sewerage in a dacha is usually done using PVC pipes;
cast iron pipes are a time-tested classic option, the material is reliable, durable, however, it is not very corrosion-resistant, the inner surface loses smoothness over time, which prevents the passage of wastewater, installation requires special welding equipment, and the price is far from affordable;
ceramic pipes - they combine all the advantages of PVC and cast iron pipes, have excellent characteristics ranging from smoothness to resistance to chemically aggressive environments, however, they have a very high cost, which is not very good for a small dacha.

Based on the price/quality ratio, as well as taking into account the requirements for ease of installation when installing a sewer system in a country house with your own hands, PVC pipes are most often chosen - light, fairly durable, chemically resistant and inexpensive.

After the main riser has been installed, you can begin laying horizontal pipelines. In this case, it is necessary to provide for the presence of inspection hatches so that, if necessary, it is possible to monitor the sewer system, and most importantly, to clean it. Inspection hatches are usually installed above the toilet, as well as at the lowest point of the entire sewer system (this is where traffic jams most often occur).

When installing pipes, you should pay special attention to the angles of the connections: turns at right angles impede the movement of wastewater, and in this case, plugs begin to accumulate at the joints; even the famous smoothness of PVC pipes does not help. It may come to the point that it will no longer be possible to throw toilet paper into the toilet - so that it does not serve as the germ of a traffic jam before it dissolves.

Mandatory condition: each plumbing fixture, be it a toilet or a sink, must have a siphon with a water lock, otherwise unpleasant odors from the sewer network will constantly penetrate into the room.

The pipe for connecting the toilet pipe must have a diameter of at least 10 cm, and the connection is made directly. At the same time, in order to connect a sink and/or bathtub, a diameter of 5 cm is sufficient. The angle at which the pipes are laid should ensure gravity flow.

Note that usually the installation of a sewerage system is planned in advance, even at the stage of building a house, and in this case, the architectural plan immediately provides a place for the outlet of a sewer pipe through which wastewater leaves the house into a well or septic tank. This is a hole located in the foundation.

However, it happens that you have to install a sewer system in an already built house, where there is no hole in the foundation for laying a drain pipeline. Usually, in such cases, you have to make an extension to the house in order to place a bathroom there, so a place for the drain pipeline is laid in the foundation of this extension.

At the point where the sewer system exits the house, it is necessary to install a check valve, otherwise, under certain conditions, wastewater may flow back into the house (slight slope, overflow of the well, penetration of groundwater into the well, and so on).

Regulatory Requirements

There are a number of regulatory requirements stipulated by SNiP that must be observed when constructing a sewer system in a dacha:

pipes made of different materials cannot be used in the same pipeline system;
it is necessary to ensure complete tightness of the pipeline (you need to check the connections especially carefully);
the junction of the sewer system main and the main riser should be made only with an oblique cross or tee;
with a pipe diameter of 110 mm, the slope should be 0.2 cm per 1 linear meter; with a pipe diameter of 50 mm, the slope should be 0.3 cm per 1 linear meter;
it is necessary to ensure the drainage of sewage by gravity - one of the requirements for the sewer system of country houses is pressure-free;
The connection of the sewer system main line to the main riser can only be open; the rest of the pipeline can be installed in a hidden manner.

A septic tank is usually installed in cases where there is no centralized sewerage system in the village - then the internal sewerage system is connected directly to the septic tank.

A septic tank is a device in which wastewater is collected and then treated. Septic tanks can differ both in the material from which they are made, and in the method of wastewater treatment (for example, settling, the use of special bacteria, and so on), as well as in design.

Even at the stage of drawing up a plan for the sewer system, it is necessary to decide where the wastewater will ultimately end up. If a septic tank is chosen, then for its construction you can use various containers (plastic and metal), as well as a variety of reinforced concrete structures. It happens that the septic tank is made of brick - the most expensive and complex option.

The most common option for wastewater treatment for a country house is soil filtration in combination with biological treatment. That is, special bacteria are placed in the septic tank, which promote rapid decomposition, and then the wastewater, which has undergone primary filtration, seeps into the ground (a special field is left for this), where it is finally purified. Sometimes wastewater simply accumulates in a container, and then is pumped out and removed by sewage trucks. The construction of a septic tank with pumping capability is much simpler and cheaper than a septic tank with filtration, but the problem is that it is not always possible to order a sewer truck for a summer cottage, and in some cases it is not possible to extend a pipe to the septic tank to pump out wastewater. Therefore, you have to take the initially more expensive, but more convenient to use route - installing a septic tank with partial wastewater treatment.

A two-chamber septic tank is a tank consisting of two chambers connected by an overflow pipe.

The easiest way is to purchase the appropriate container - now there is a fairly wide selection on sale, different sizes and different materials. However, even the simplest two-chamber septic tanks are unreasonably expensive when it comes to installing a sewage system in a country house. Therefore, it is much cheaper to make such a septic tank yourself - from concrete. If you wish and have space for a sufficiently voluminous septic tank, you can make not only a two-, but also a three- and four-chamber septic tank. The more chambers, the better the wastewater treatment. Multi-chamber septic tanks are made in the same way as a two-chamber septic tank.

Mandatory condition: there should be no trees near the septic tank, as the root system can damage the walls of the septic tank.

a pit 3 m deep is dug in the planned location, the dimensions of the pit are calculated in advance (the planned volume of wastewater is taken into account);
a sand cushion (up to 0.15 m high) is placed at the bottom of the pit;
formwork is installed (usually made of boards, but it can also be made of chipboard);
fittings are installed (metal rods and steel wire);
in the planned places, holes are punched in the formwork for the entrance of the sewer pipe of the external system, as well as for the subsequent installation of an overflow pipe; pipe cuttings are inserted into the holes in such a way that these holes are preserved even after concrete is poured;
Concrete is poured into the pit and distributed evenly, it is recommended to do the pouring at a time - this ensures the solidity of the structure;
the first compartment of the future septic tank is completely filled with concrete, the bottom is also concreted - this compartment is designed to settle wastewater, and water from it should not enter the soil; anaerobic bacteria are subsequently placed in the same compartment;
in the second compartment there is no bottom - from it wastewater, which has undergone primary treatment, enters the ground for final treatment; this compartment can be made in the same way as the first one - by pouring concrete into the formwork, or it can be made of concrete rings (the diameter of each ring is at least 1 m), a gravel cushion is placed at the bottom of the compartment, which serves as a filter for wastewater;
after both compartments of the septic tank are constructed, they are connected by an overflow pipe, which should be installed in the upper third of the compartments at an angle (to ensure gravity flow) of about 0.3 m per 1 linear meter of pipe;
the last stage is the installation of the septic tank; it can be made of concrete (poured into formwork) or from ready-made reinforced concrete slabs; the ceiling must have a hatch to control the filling of sections, as well as an exhaust hood to prevent gases, which may be flammable, from accumulating in the sections.

If the sewer system is actively operated, then not all wastewater has time to go through the full treatment cycle and enter the ground already clarified - most of it remains in the septic tank. In this case, you have to periodically clean the septic tank, but such cleaning is required no more than once every two to three years.

The simplest and cheapest option is to construct a two-chamber septic tank from concrete rings, rather than pouring concrete into the formwork. In this case, you will have to worry about sealing the joints of the rings with each other, but the structure itself is more reliable if both sections of the septic tank are wells made of rings, one of which has a sealed bottom, and the second has a sand and gravel filter pad.

It should be noted that in the presence of clayey soil, as well as when groundwater is close to the surface, installing a septic tank-well is not possible. In this case, you will have to install some kind of sealed container in the pit. Typically, tanks are purchased for this purpose.

An external sewer system is a pipeline that extends from the house and leads to the septic tank. Mandatory requirement: the presence of a sufficient slope so that water can drain by gravity (usually the slope angle is about 2º). You should know that increasing the diameter of the pipes leads to a decrease in the angle of inclination. Another mandatory requirement: the pipes must be buried in the soil below the freezing point of the soil. If this is not possible (for example, the depth of soil freezing is very large, or the groundwater comes too close to the surface, or there is a monolithic slab, rocky soil, and so on), then the pipes need reliable thermal insulation.

In the climate of Central Russia, it is usually enough to deepen the pipeline by 1 m; in warm regions, the depth of the trench can be no more than 0.7 m, but in cold regions it is necessary to deepen the pipeline by 1.5 m, or even more.

A sand cushion is placed at the bottom of the trench, which serves as protection against ground movements (during sudden temperature changes, heavy rains, and so on).

It is optimal if it is possible to lay the highway in a straight line directly to the collector, but in small areas it is often necessary to make turns. In the place where the turn is made, an inspection well is installed.

For laying the external main, both PVC and cast iron pipes are used. If the sewer system is made by hand, then it is better to use PVC pipes - they are easy to install, which cannot be said about cast iron pipes. In addition, PVC pipes are resistant even in the event of icing - an ice plug can lead to swelling of the pipe, but almost never to its rupture, but a cast iron pipe with a good ice plug can burst.

The external sewerage pipeline installed in the trench is covered with sand - the sand should surround the pipes on all sides, and then with soil previously removed from the trench.

Regular pumping of wastewater from a septic tank can be a problem in a summer cottage, so it is optimal to install a septic tank of a design that does not require pumping.

A two-chamber septic tank is quite suitable for this, but for more reliable cleaning and if there is space, you can install a three-chamber one. How to make such a septic tank with your own hands is described above.

It should be taken into account that the first tank, which is a septic tank, is made the largest (for a two-chamber septic tank, the size of the first tank is ¾ of the total volume of the sections, and for a three-chamber septic tank - 0.5).

To avoid the need for pumping, it is necessary to construct a filtration field - a place around the septic tank where clarified wastewater leaks. You need to know that garden crops and fruit bushes cannot be planted on the filtration field. In such a place it is only possible to plant decorative flowers - but nothing edible!

The only thing this type of septic tank requires is periodic maintenance to remove insoluble sediment. For this purpose, a fecal or drainage pump is usually used.

How to determine the size of a septic tank

The size of the septic tank is determined at the stage of drawing up the sewer system plan and depends on the planned volume of wastewater, which, in turn, is determined by the number of people permanently living in the house. In accordance with regulatory documents, the water consumption rate for one person is 200 l/day. To avoid mistakes, it is recommended to add another 20% to the standard indicator. If the house is often visited by guests (except for permanent residents), then it is recommended to increase the estimated number of residents by 1-2 people when determining the size of the septic tank - it is better if the capacity is larger than if it overflows.

Concrete rings are an excellent material for making a septic tank for a sewer system in a country house. They are inexpensive, and even a non-specialist can work with them, which significantly reduces the cost of all sewer installation work.

The main advantages of a septic tank made of concrete rings:

low cost of raw materials;
ease of operation;
durability;
Possibility of self-installation of the entire device.

The disadvantages of such a septic tank usually include:

unpleasant odor near the septic tank - a septic tank of this kind is not completely sealed, so the smell seeps in; in a small summer cottage this can be a very significant negative factor;
the need to periodically clean wells from insoluble sediment - the frequency of cleaning is reduced when using anaerobic bacteria.

How to build a septic tank from concrete rings is described above. The only caveat: it is recommended to order equipment to construct a pit - this significantly speeds up the work than digging a pit manually. However, it is not always possible to use the services of an excavator - the street in the holiday village is too narrow, the area is too small, and so on. In this case, you have to use traditional shovels.

There may also be problems with installing the rings. This task can be done manually by digging under the bottom ring, but this method is quite difficult.

To ensure that the tightness of the wells is not compromised in the event of any ground movement, it is recommended to fasten the rings together not only with a solution, but also with metal brackets or plates.

After the rings are installed and firmly connected to each other, the outer surface of the wells is treated with waterproofing. Typically, either coating or built-up waterproofing is used.

Often, to reduce the cost of country sewerage and facilitate installation, both plastic and metal barrels are used instead of concrete rings. The only requirement for barrels is their tightness. You should also take into account the low corrosion resistance of metal barrels, so they must be treated accordingly, which increases the cost of the sewer system.

The advantages of plastic barrels include the following factors:

a large assortment of different plastic barrels, from which you can choose a container of the required volume;
high resistance of plastic to aggressive chemical environments and biologically active environments;
the low weight of plastic barrels, which greatly simplifies the process of constructing a sewer system;
no need for anti-corrosion treatment, which saves not only effort and time, but also a significant amount;
durability.

The disadvantages of plastic barrels include what is considered a plus – their light weight. The fact is that spring floods or frosts in winter can lead to the barrels being simply squeezed to the surface. Therefore, it is not enough to simply install the barrels on the base; they must be secured to this base with cables.

Metal barrels are considered more durable, so they are often used to install country sewer systems. However, it should be noted that the service life of such a sewer system is short - due to the low corrosion resistance of metal containers, appropriate treatment improves the situation, but does not completely solve the problem. The typical service life of metal barrels, even those treated with anti-corrosion compounds, is about 4 years. The only reliable option: stainless steel containers, but they are extremely expensive and clearly unprofitable for a summer residence.

A sewerage system made from concrete rings is one of the most popular among those that can be made on the site with your own hands. However, in order for it to work with maximum efficiency, it is important not to make mistakes at the main stages:

determining the required volume,
choice of design,
choice of installation location,
installation of sewer system and communications.

Sewerage for a private house made of concrete rings has undeniable advantages:

durability of the structure,
mechanical strength and rigidity,
relatively low cost of material,
resistance of concrete to corrosion processes under the influence of moisture and chemically active substances,
quick assembly.

When choosing, you should take into account the disadvantages:

Concrete has good hygroscopicity, therefore tank walls need waterproofing. Otherwise, untreated water will partially seep into the ground.
Due to the large mass of the rings For installation it is necessary to use special equipment, which will require additional costs.

Sewerage made from concrete rings is carefully waterproofed inside and out, this applies not only to the joints, but also to the entire surface

Installation and its nuances

The characteristics of the material are directly related to some installation nuances that are characteristic of all types of sewage systems in this category, regardless of the chosen design.

Read what characteristics they have in a separate article. There is information about their types, sizes and prices.

You can talk about vacuum pumps for sewage. The types and main characteristics of the units are described.

Operating principle of various designs

Depending on the conditions in which the sewerage system made from concrete rings is used, a scheme that is optimally suitable for them is selected.

Single chamber models often chosen for a summer cottage or country house with seasonal residence. They require periodic cleaning using a sewer machine.
Frequency of pumping out two-chamber structures noticeably less. Such options are often considered universal. With the correct choice of volume and proper installation, they provide a fairly high degree of cleaning, while such models require less space on the site than three-chamber ones; it is easier for them to find a place that meets all sanitary requirements.
Three-chamber Country sewerage made from concrete rings is also suitable for private houses with permanent residence, as well as for country houses where, in addition to a washbasin and toilet, there is a shower, a full bath, and a washing machine. A system of this type is capable of providing high quality cleaning for mixed (organic substances and chemical components, including detergents) contaminants. Among septic tanks with three chambers, a distinction is made between energy-dependent ones (the wastewater in them is purified due to the activity of aerobic bacteria) and energy-independent ones. The former are characterized by a shorter processing cycle and efficiency, the latter by the absence of operating costs.

Calculation of sewerage volume and standard sizes of rings

The total volume of the treatment plant depends on the average daily water consumption of all residents of the house. This, in turn, can be calculated by points of consumption (shower, washbasin, etc.), but it is much easier to use the accepted value - 200 liters per day for each person.

The water purification cycle lasts approximately three days, during which the waste must be collected in the sewer system. Thus, for a family of three people the required volume is calculated as follows:

3 (persons) x 200 (liters) x 3 (days) = 1800 liters (or 1.8 cubic meters).

When choosing a single-chamber model, the entire volume falls on a single container.
In a two-chamber design, the storage tank makes up 3/4 of the total volume, and 1/4 is in the second chamber.
In a three-chamber septic tank, the storage tank makes up 2/3 of the volume, and 1/3 falls on the second and third chambers in total (most often they have the same dimensions).

Many homeowners use only one size ring for all sewer tanks.

During installation, three concrete rings are usually installed on top of each other. A smaller quantity is impractical due to insufficient capacity; a larger quantity may reduce the reliability of the design.

Since standard concrete rings have the same height - 900 mm, the volume is determined by their diameter. Many enterprises offer the production of concrete products with any parameters to order, however, such rings will cost more and increase the total cost of the structure. It is permissible to use rings with an internal diameter from 700 to 2000 mm for constructing tanks, however, in most cases, preference is given to the two most common standard sizes: KTs-10 (KS-10) and KTs-20 (KS-20). The numbers in the marking indicate the size of the internal diameter in decimeters.

Elements of a sewerage scheme

A septic tank or sewage treatment plant is the main element of the structure, but this is not the only sewerage system made of concrete rings - the scheme also includes other elements that should be discussed separately.

The sewer pipes supplying wastewater to the storage tank must have a slope of 2 cm per meter if the liquid is transported by gravity, without the use of a pump.

SNiP strictly regulates the installation of inspection wells along the entire length of the pipeline:

at the junction of lines,
when changing parameters (slope of communications or their diameter),
when turning the pipeline.

For straight-line communications, the distance between inspection wells is determined by the diameter of the pipeline:

up to 150 mm – 35 meters,
200 mm – 50 meters.

In summer cottages, sewerage is installed not too far from the house, so the number of wells is rarely more than 1-2.

For energy-dependent modifications, a ventilation pipe is required, as well as one, which is better to choose with the ability to regulate performance and with a timer.

In a dacha sewer system made of concrete rings, a bottom filter is not suitable for effective drainage of purified water in all cases. Dense soils (clayey and loam) do not have good water permeability, which reduces the drainage rate. As an auxiliary device, perforated pipes can be used, which come out of the lower part of the chamber with purified water (second or third, depending on the design), have plugs at the ends and are located parallel to the surface of the earth at a shallow depth. Such devices increase the drainage area.

In case of very high clay content in the soil, it is preferable to have a sump pump that will transport purified water to a drainage ditch or watering tank. In the second case, the water quality requires testing in a laboratory.

Another option for arranging sewerage on the site is. You can find out how to do it in another article.

For those who are planning to build an outdoor toilet, our article may be of interest. This option is environmentally friendly and simple.

We told you how to run a water supply from a well.

Septic tank placement

It may seem that to ensure the slope of the sewer pipeline it is easier to install concrete rings for sewerage in a lowland, however, in this case, rain and melt water will enter the tank, overflowing it.

Reservoirs must be installed no closer than 5 meters from a residential building, and also maintain a distance to sources of drinking water (30-50 meters) and 30 meters to open bodies of water.

Installation of concrete rings for sewerage video

How to make a sewer system from concrete rings is demonstrated in the video.

Comfortable living in a country or private house is impossible without the provision of all infrastructure elements. If it is not possible to connect to the central water supply and wastewater disposal, then it is necessary to install an autonomous sewer system.

The simplest and most reliable type of such structures is a septic tank assembled from concrete elements. Most often, such structures include several cameras. The dimensions of concrete rings for sewerage, their number and installation pattern may vary depending on the total volume of the septic tank, its location on the site, as well as the specifics of the soil and the height of groundwater.

General view of the structure

Most often, a septic tank made of concrete elements consists of three separate wells. If the groundwater depth is sufficient and the height of the structure can be increased, the number of chambers is sometimes reduced to two.

Essential elements

The general layout of a septic tank can be represented as follows:

receiving chamber - a well into which all wastewater from the house flows;
a secondary settling tank that performs the function of additional purification of light wastewater;
a filter well through which almost completely purified water returns to the ground.

The installation of the first two chambers of the treatment plant is carried out on a concrete base, followed by sealing of all seams, which protects the area from leakage of untreated wastewater. For a filtering sewer well, installation is carried out with the installation of a drainage layer for the gradual removal of treated wastewater.

All chambers are interconnected by connecting pipes, and in the first well an additional hole is prepared for the entrance of the sewer pipe from the house. During installation, heavy hatches and additional rings with hatches are installed in the upper part of all three compartments, providing technical access to the wells.

Advantages of the structure

The advantages of such septic tanks include:

reliability and strength of the structure;
ease of installation and maintenance;
low cost of the entire structure.

But it should be noted that when installing such a treatment plant in a private house, it is worth taking into account several nuances. A concrete septic tank is not sealed, so odors can spread from it. And even if the groundwater depth is insignificant, this option may not be effective.

Calculation of the future septic tank

When drawing up a scheme for a future sewer system, several factors must be taken into account:

number of permanent residents;
volume of the selected type of reinforced concrete ring;
The minimum period for wastewater treatment is 3 days.

It is in setting the number of inhabitants of a private house or cottage that the main mistakes most often occur. It must be remembered that the calculation must be made based on the largest number of people, including those temporarily present. After all, if the septic tank is designed for the needs of a family of three, and guests come to them, then the system may not be able to cope with the volume of wastewater.

Regulatory data

The standard water consumption per person per day is 200 liters. Thus, the number of people is multiplied by 0.2 m3 and then tripled. If the system must withstand the water consumption load of 5 people, then the daily discharge can reach 1 cubic meter, and the required volume reserve for three days involves increasing the septic tank wells to 3 m3.

The number of concrete rings is calculated based on the volume of the chambers. A standard ring holds 0.6 - 0.62 m3, so the required volume of the septic tank must be divided by the capacity of the ring. In addition, three rings should be added to create technical chambers.

It should be remembered that even with a small number of people, the height of the well must be at least 1.2 meters (2 rings). For normal sedimentation of solid particles from primary wastewater, the water column above the solid sediment must be at least 1 m.

Installation of a septic tank made of concrete elements

After carrying out the basic calculations, it is necessary to develop a layout diagram of the sewer system. According to existing standards, the septic tank must be located at least 5 m from the boundaries of the site, 10 m from the house to prevent erosion of the foundation, and also 30 m from the nearest surface reservoir.

Do not forget that the maximum distance from the water supply source is also required. If there is a slope on the site, the septic tank must be located below the drinking water collection point. After choosing a location, installation of a treatment plant for a private house or cottage is carried out in several stages.

Soil development

When installing a septic tank that includes several chambers, it is best to prepare one common pit. To carry out all the work, it is more economically feasible to hire special equipment. In this case, soil development will take no more than 2–3 hours.

Installation of the receiving chamber and settling tank must be carried out on a concrete base to prevent the flow of untreated wastewater. Therefore, the bottom of the pit in the places where these wells are installed is compacted, a layer of roofing material is laid as waterproofing, and a small pedestal is poured.

At the site where the filtration well is installed, the soil is not compacted; part of it is replaced with a crushed stone cushion, the height of which must be at least 50 cm. Such a filter made of coarse aggregate will allow water to flow freely into the ground, and will also serve for final purification of water.

Creating cameras

When installing the rings, you will also need special lifting equipment, for example, a small truck crane or manipulator. First, the skeleton of each well is assembled by installing the estimated number of rings. For better connection, the rings can be laid on mortar or special glue.

The places where the rings connect to each other and to the base are carefully sealed with mortar. For additional waterproofing, liquid glass can be added to the mixture at the rate of 10 g of additive for every 1 kg of cement.

For additional protection of the well, it is better to treat the joints of the elements with mastics or painting composites for waterproofing from the outside and inside. Such finishing will not interfere with the entire body of the well.

Special reinforced concrete covers with holes for a hatch and ventilation pipe are installed on top of each chamber.

Connecting cameras into a single system

After installing the rings, it is necessary to connect all the elements of the septic tank into a single structure. To make pipe routing easier, it is best to order rings with side holes. Otherwise, niches for the pipeline can be prepared using a special concrete bit with a diameter of at least 114 mm or manually.

It must be remembered that a septic tank made of rings is designed for independent movement of wastewater, so the installation of pipes must be carried out very carefully. The sewer pipe must be laid in the receiving chamber with a slope of 2 cm for each meter of length. That is why you should not move the sewer too far from the house.

The connecting pipes between the chambers must be located below the level of the entrance of the main drains, otherwise the flow will become cyclic and the septic tank will stop working. The entry points of all pipes must be carefully sealed with mortar and additionally treated with waterproofing and sealing compound.

Backfilling the septic tank

After installation of all elements of the system, the pit is backfilled. For these purposes, it is also best to hire special equipment, because manual labor will require no less payment than renting a tractor with a bucket or a loader.

The septic tank must be backfilled with soil removed during the construction of the pit. If the clay content is high, you can add a little sand, which can be more evenly distributed around the structure. After backfilling is completed, the septic tank is ready for use.

With proper calculation and installation, a septic tank made of concrete rings can become a very effective and inexpensive treatment system for a country or private home, which will serve its owners for at least 50 years.