Raspberries: interesting types, cultivation and care, pruning. Pharmacognostic study of raspberry leaves of common raspberry. Distribution and habitat of common raspberry.

Common raspberries are one of the people's favorite berries. It can also be found in forest clearings, where it forms dense raspberry thickets, and, of course, in dachas and garden plots.

Description of the plant

Common raspberry (Latin name Rubus idaeus) is a thorny, branched subshrub plant belonging to the Rosaceae family (Latin name Rosaceae).

This plant has a perennial rhizome and numerous erect shoots 1.5-2 meters high. In the first year of life, raspberries produce green shoots, fluffy on top, and closer to the bottom covered with thin brown spines.

By the second year, these shoots become woody, the thorns on them are less frequent, flowers and then fruits form on them, after which they die, and the rhizome again throws out young shoots. Thus, raspberries have a two-year life cycle.

Raspberry leaves are alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets on long petioles, of which the upper ones are trifoliate, with stipules adherent to the petiole. Common raspberries bloom with small, discreet white or whitish-pink flowers with five petals and a gray-green pubescent calyx.

The flowers are collected in small corymbose-paniculate inflorescences, which grow from the axils of the leaves. The fruits are red or red-raspberry in color and are a complex berry consisting of many smaller drupes.

In wild raspberries, the fruits easily break down into small drupes, and in cultivated varieties they grow together, forming a dense, juicy berry up to 2.5-4 centimeters long, similar to a cap and easily separated from the conical receptacle.

Raspberry seeds are white-yellow, small, oval-round and hard. The flowering period for raspberries begins at the end of June, and by August the fruits and berries ripen.

Raspberry flowers are pollinated by insects, so the weather greatly affects the amount of harvest. Raspberries propagate by seeds, rhizomes, and cuttings.

Under natural conditions, raspberries are more often found on mountain slopes, along river banks, along ravines, in damp forests, in clearings, in clearings and clearings, where they sometimes form almost impenetrable raspberry thickets.

Common raspberry is a plant widespread not only in our country, but also almost throughout the globe. It is cultivated in garden plots and summer cottages in all regions, right up to Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

Medicinal properties of common raspberry

Common raspberry has long been famous among the people, and is recognized by traditional official medicine as an excellent medicinal plant. Raspberries owe their truly wonderful medicinal properties to their chemical and biological composition.

Fresh raspberries are rich in substances such as glucose, dextrose, levulose, fructose, and sucrose. Contains various organic acids, such as citric, malic, tartaric, formic, salicylic, caproic, ascorbic and folic acids, as well as carotene, tannins, vitamin C, B vitamins, PP, coumarins, anthocyanins, pectin substances.

Common raspberry seeds contain fatty oils, phytosterol and sitosterol, and fatty acids.

Raspberry leaves contain a lot of ascorbic acid, as well as tannins, phytoncides, ash, macroelements such as potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and trace elements - magnesium, copper, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, chromium, aluminum, selenium, nickel , strontium, lead and boron.

Common raspberries have a pronounced diaphoretic property, which is due to the presence of weak organic acids that promote a shift in pH towards an alkaline environment and the removal of uric acid salts from the body. Organic acids also promote urination and improve the entire digestive system.

The presence of salicylic acid in common raspberries causes antipyretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and diaphoretic properties. In addition, raspberry leaves and flowers have excellent antitoxic and hemostatic properties. Leaves and branches collected from a young plant and, of course, raspberries are mainly used as medicinal raw materials.

Only well-ripened berries are collected and used both fresh, dried and frozen. The berries retain their properties in the form of jam, marmalade or confiture. Young raspberry leaves are also used as a tea substitute.

Fruits and berries, young stems (shoots of the first year) and leaves are used in the form of infusions for ARVI, influenza, malaria, scurvy, rheumatism, various colds, to improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, for stomach pain, to improve appetite and for loss of strength. Fresh berries simply need to be eaten all season for eczema.

Raspberry leaves, prepared as an infusion, serve as a good medicine for gargling for sore throats; this infusion is also drunk for gastritis, diarrhea, enteritis, fever, cough, heavy menstruation and skin diseases. Raspberry flowers in the form of decoctions are an indispensable remedy for eye inflammation, skin rashes, erysipelas, acne (used as lotions). And when taken orally, this decoction alleviates the condition of patients with malaria and hemorrhoids.

Infusions and decoctions prepared from raspberry leaves are used separately and in the form of herbal preparations, as medicines for various neuroses, for neurasthenia, as a good antipyretic.

Raspberry fruits contain a large amount of purine, so for patients with gout and kidney disease, it is better to limit their intake or not take medications with raspberry fruits at all.

Preparation of medicinal raw materials

Raspberry fruits, leaves, shoots of the first year of life and rhizomes are used as medicinal raw materials.

Raspberry fruits are harvested in dry weather, after the dew has dried, carefully separating the berries from the cone-shaped receptacle.

Before processing for medicinal raw materials, the berries must be sorted, removing spoiled berries and debris. Then the raspberry fruits are poured in a thin layer onto a litter or fine mesh and dried. You can also dry the berries in a dryer at a temperature of 55-60 degrees. Properly dried fruits do not leave colored spots when kneading them in your hands. After drying, it is necessary to remove the blackened berries.
Wild raspberries retain their shape better and are more fragrant. The smell of the finished raw material is specific, but pleasant; the dry berries taste sourish-sweet. Store finished raw materials in a dry place in boxes. The shelf life of dry berries is no more than two years.

Leaves, flowers and stems are harvested during the raspberry flowering period. Dry in the shade under a canopy, spreading a thin layer on a clean bedding or fine mesh. Finished raw materials are stored in a dry place for no more than a year. Harvesting of roots and rhizomes is carried out during the same period. The roots are thoroughly washed, cut into small pieces and dried in the same way as other raw materials. Store for no more than two years.

The use of common raspberry in folk medicine

In folk medicine, common raspberries have been used since time immemorial.

Herbal healers used various parts of this plant, preparing decoctions and infusions from them, using them as a component of herbal preparations.

Raspberry stems - used in the form of a decoction of the tops of stems with flowers and unripe fruits for influenza and ARVI.

Raspberry leaves in the form of an infusion are used for heavy discharge during menstruation, as a means of relieving postpartum pain, and also as a means of preventing miscarriage.

Also, infusions from the leaves are drunk for erysipelas, coughs, colitis or skin rashes. In the form of decoctions - for colds, coughs and sore throats (both drink and gargle), for feverish conditions, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, and stomach bleeding.

Externally, decoctions help with conjunctivitis (rinse the eyes), acne, stomatitis and other diseases of the oral cavity (rinse). Juice from fresh raspberry leaves is a good antibacterial and wound healing agent.

Raspberry color in the form of decoctions and infusions is used to treat ARVI, respiratory diseases, and as an antidote to snake and scorpion bites.

Raspberry flowers and foliage are used as an infusion for douching, lotions (tampons) for gynecological diseases and hemorrhoids. An infusion of raspberry flowers in olive oil (you can use good sunflower oil) is used for insect bites and for the treatment of dermatitis.

Raspberry leaves, flowers and berries are an excellent anti-inflammatory, anti-sclerotic, antipyretic and vitamin remedy that effectively helps with hypertension, atherosclerosis, influenza and ARVI.

Raspberries (fruits) are one of the best remedies for colds.

Raspberry roots and rhizomes are used as a decoction for ascites and as a diaphoretic.

Common raspberries are known in every home. Raspberry jam is eaten and drunk with hot tea for any colds, but not everyone knows how to use the rest of this wonderful healthy plant.

Dosage forms

• For sore throat, flu, colds drink a glass of infusion at night. The infusion is prepared as follows: take 100-120 grams of dry raspberries (preferably wild raspberries) and pour 3 glasses of boiling water, leave for 30-45 minutes, filter and drink as a diaphoretic.
• For burns, wounds, acne and skin rashes An ointment prepared from fresh juice, squeezed from raspberry leaves and mixed with petroleum jelly or fresh butter in the proportion of 1 part juice: 4 parts oil, helps a lot. Apply to affected areas of skin several times a day.
• For the treatment of colitis an infusion is used, which is prepared as follows: take 15-20 grams of dry leaves and pour a glass of boiling water, leave for 30-40 minutes. Drink 3 tablespoons 3-4 times a day before meals.
• To cleanse blood vessels make an infusion of 1.5-2 tbsp. spoons of dried raspberries, poured with two glasses of boiling water. Wrap the container with the infusion well and let it stand for 8-9 hours. You should drink this infusion half a glass 4-5 times a day.
• Herbal mixture for colds: Mix 1 table. A spoonful of dry raspberries and 1 table. l. linden flowers and pour boiling water (3 cups) all over it, put it on the fire and simmer over low heat for 5-7 minutes. Drink this decoction only warm, half a glass 4-5 times a day.
• Collection for colds– (all components in dry form) raspberry leaf 50g, strawberry leaf – 40g, cinquefoil 20g, linden blossom 40g, coltsfoot 10g, birch leaf 10g, meadowsweet 10g. Mix all ingredients well (you can chop them), then take 2-3 tbsp. l. this collection, pour into a thermos and pour half a liter of boiling water. Let it brew for 2 hours, and then you can drink half a glass throughout the day (add more honey if you have it).
• Collection for gastritis, enteritis, diarrhea- (all components in dry form) raspberry stems and leaves 50g, galangal root 20g, red root 10g, toadflax 20g, meadow china 20g, bergenia root 10g, burdock root 10g, blueberry 20g, bird cherry berries 10g., heather 10g. Mix everything, then 2 tbsp. l. Pour this mixture into a thermos and pour half a liter of boiling water. Leave for 5-6 hours and drink this volume during the day, half a glass per dose.

Contraindications

Individual intolerance to medicinal raw materials raspberries.

Common raspberry - Rubus idaeus L.

Rosaceae family

Botanical characteristics. Root shoot subshrub about 1.5 m high. Stem shoots are of two types: annual sterile and biennial fruiting. The leaves are odd-pinnate with 3-5 ovate, serrated along the edge lobes, white-tomentose underneath with pubescence. The flowers are collected in tassels in a paniculate inflorescence. The corolla is white, the stamens and pistils are numerous, on a convex receptacle. The fruit is a rounded aggregate drupe, usually red (crimson), up to 2 cm in diameter, consisting of numerous drupes and juicy pulp. Blooms in June-July, bears fruit in July-August.

Spreading. It is found more often in the European part of the country and Western Siberia, in forest, forest-steppe and mountainous areas.

Habitat. Among open forests, along the edges, in clearings, windbreaks, in the mountains after fires, among bushes, on slopes. Forms dense and large thickets everywhere.

Procurement of raw materials, primary processing, drying. The fruits are collected only in dry weather, completely ripe, without pedicels or receptacle. They are placed in small, shallow baskets or enamel buckets, topped with leaves or twigs, and delivered to the drying site as soon as possible. The collected fruits are cleaned of leaves, twigs, as well as unripe, overripe, wrinkled and spoiled fruits, which, if collected inaccurately and untimely, become crushed and spoiled.

Dry the raw materials after preliminary drying in dryers with a gradual increase in temperature (30-50-60°C), spreading them in a thin layer on cloth or paper and carefully turning them over.

Security measures. Raspberries actively reproduce by rhizomes, as well as drupes. The plant bears fruit abundantly after 3-4 years. When collecting raw materials, you should not trample or break shrubs, especially annual shoots. It is advisable to actively introduce the plant into culture, including in natural conditions. Freshly harvested raw materials are examined, separating mechanical impurities and damaged fruits.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by GOST 3525-75.

Microscopy. When examining the surface of the drupe, polygonal epidermal cells with very thin walls are visible. Hairs are of two types: glandular with a short unicellular stalk and an oval bicellular (less often spherical unicellular) head and simple unicellular, very thin-walled. There are whole, often broken, pistils with stigmas. The parenchyma cells of the fruit pulp are large, thin-walled, and contain small drusen of calcium oxalate. The mechanical tissue of the pericarp consists of stony cells arranged in layers.

Numerical indicators. Moisture no more than 15%; total ash no more than 3.5%; blackened fruits no more than 8%; fruits stuck together in lumps, no more than 4%; fruits with unseparated pedicels and receptacle no more than 2%; leaves and parts of raspberry stems no more than 0.5%; crushed fruit particles passing through a sieve with holes 2 mm in diameter, no more than 4%; organic impurities - no more than 0.5%, mineral - no more than 0.5%.

External signs. According to the NTD, the fruits are in the form of complex 30-60 fused drupes, round-cone-shaped, about 1 cm in diameter. The outside color is grayish-pink (gray-brown-crimson). The flesh is pink, the seeds are dark yellow. The smell is pleasant and characteristic. The taste is sour-sweet. The quality of raw materials is reduced by the admixture of fruits stuck together into lumps, other parts of raspberries and foreign plants, as well as mineral impurities, mold, rot, and crushedness. The authenticity of the raw materials is confirmed by characteristic morphological features.

Chemical composition. The fruits contain 2-3% organic acids (salicylic, malic, tartaric, citric), alcohols, anthocyanin cyanin, cyanidin diglycoside (coloring matter), purines, vitamins B1, B2, PP, folic acid, sitosterol, catechins, coumarins. Fresh fruits contain glucose (2.8-4.2%), fructose (1.3-8.1%), sucrose (0.5-6.5%), levulose, dextrose, pectins (0.4-2 .8%), salts of iron, potassium and copper.

The leaves contain ascorbic acid (up to 300 mg%), carotene, some B vitamins and alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins (0.3-0.28%), phenologlycosides, phenolic acids, lactones, tannins. The seeds contain up to 15% fatty oil and phytosterol.

Storage. In a dry place, preferably in drafts, protecting from pests, loosely packed in bags. Shelf life up to 2 years.

Pharmacological properties. Raspberry fruits have diaphoretic properties. Due to the presence of weak organic acids, fruits help shift the pH to the alkaline side, remove uric acid salts from the body, stimulate urination, and improve digestion. Salicylic acid contained in the fruits has an antiseptic, antipyretic, diaphoretic and anti-inflammatory effect. Currently, raspberry leaves are being actively studied, their hemostatic properties have been established. Raspberry leaf extract has a hormone-like effect on experimental animals.

Medicines. Raspberry fruits, infusion, diaphoretics, raspberry syrup.

Application. Raspberry is a valuable medicinal and food product. It is consumed fresh, dry and frozen. Dried raspberries are brewed like tea: 1-2 teaspoons per glass of boiling water. Take hot for colds as a diaphoretic. After drinking the drink, you need to go to bed. Raspberries are used as a preventive and therapeutic agent for metabolic disorders. Raspberries are used to improve appetite in diseases of the stomach and intestines. Raspberry fruits are included in many medicinal preparations. For example, raspberries are used with anise seeds, coltsfoot leaves, linden blossom, taken in equal quantities (1 tablespoon each). From this mixture, take 1 teaspoon per glass of boiling water, brew it like tea, take 3-4 glasses a day. A drink is also prepared from raspberry fruits with linden blossoms, taken in equal parts (1 teaspoon of the mixture per glass of boiling water). Raspberry fruits are combined with coltsfoot leaves (2 parts each) and oregano herb (1 part). Brew like tea, at the rate of 1 teaspoon of the mixture per glass of boiling water, take 1 glass 3-4 times a day.

Pharmacotherapeutic group. Diaphoretic.

Description of the plant

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Rice. 11.10. Common raspberry - Rubus idaeus L.

Raspberry fruit- fructus rubi idaei
- rubus idaeus l.
Sem. Rosaceae- rosaceae.

Root shoot prickly subshrub with biennial above-ground shoots 0.5-1.8 m high.
Escapes the first year is sterile, with spines curved down, green with a bluish bloom, the second year - fruit-bearing, woody, yellowish, with spines only on the lateral green branches.
Leaves alternate, unpaired-pinnate with 3-5 (7) ovate, serrate-edged leaflets, white-tomentose underneath with pubescence.
Flowers in axillary few-flowered racemes collected in paniculate inflorescences. The sepals are reflexed, gray-green, the corolla is white, the stamens and pistils are numerous, located on a convex receptacle.
Fetus- a crimson-red spherical-conical polydrupe up to 2 cm in diameter, consists of numerous (30-60) drupes, easily separated after ripening from the conical white fruit (Fig. 11.10).
Blooms in June - July, fruits ripen in July - August.

Raspberry composition

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Chemical composition of raspberries

• sugar up to 7.5%,
• organic acids (malic, citric, salicylic, tartaric, sorbic) up to 2%,
• pectin substances 0.45-0.73%,
• ascorbic acid up to 0.45 mg%,
• vitamins B 2, P, E,
• carotenoids,
• anthocyanins,
• flavonoids,
• catechins,
• triterpene acids,
• benzaldehyde,
• tannins and nitrogenous substances,
• sterols,
• mineral salts;

• up to 15% fatty oil;
• concentrate manganese.

Properties and uses of raspberries

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Pharmacological properties of raspberries

Raspberry fruits have

• diaphoretic action.

Due to the presence of weak organic acids, fruits contribute

• removal of uric acid salts from the body,
• stimulate urination,
• improve digestion.

Salicylic acid found in fruits, renders

• antiseptic,
• antipyretic,
• sweatshop and
• anti-inflammatory effect.

Raspberry leaves are currently being actively studied, their hemostatic properties have been established.

Raspberry leaf extract has

• hormone-like effect on experimental animals.

Application of raspberries

Raspberry fruits are used in the form of an infusion

• sweatshop and
• febrifuge

for colds, alone and as part of diaphoretic preparations.

Raspberry juice has

• diuretic and
• expectorant action.

Fresh fruit syrup used to improve the taste of medicines.

• vitamin and
• dietary product

• anemia,
• atherosclerosis,
• hypertension,
• eczema,
• to improve appetite and digestion.

Raspberry leaf infusion used in folk medicine as

• astringent,
• anti-inflammatory and
• expectorant

for diseases

• upper respiratory tract,
• cough,
• fever,
• diarrhea,
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract,
• and also as a hemostatic agent.

Spreading

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Spreading. It has a fragmented range, the main part of which is located in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia and Western Siberia.

Habitat. In the forest zone, prefers rich, moist soils. It grows along forest edges, in clearings, burnt areas, forest glades, along river banks, ravines, and in cleared forests. It is cultivated everywhere as a food and medicinal plant.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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Preparation. The fruits are collected only in dry weather, completely ripe, without stalks and a conical white stalk. They are placed in small shallow baskets or enamel buckets, topped with leaves or twigs, and delivered to the drying site as soon as possible. The collected fruits are cleaned of leaves, twigs, as well as unripe, overripe, wrinkled and spoiled fruits.

Security measures. Raspberries actively reproduce by rhizomes and also by seeds. The plant bears fruit abundantly after 3-4 years. When collecting raw materials, you should not trample or break shrubs, especially annual shoots. It is advisable to actively introduce the plant into culture, including in natural conditions.

Drying. Dry the raw materials, after preliminary drying, in dryers with a gradual increase in temperature (30-50-60 ºС), spreading them in a thin layer on cloth or paper and carefully turning them over. Dry fruits are elastic to the touch.

Standardization. GOST 3525-75.

Storage. Store in a dry, well-ventilated area, protecting it from pests, loosely packed in bags. Shelf life: 2 years.

External signs of raw materials

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Fruit– multi-druplets, consisting of 30-60 fruitlets-drupes, round-cone-shaped, about 1 cm in diameter.
Color outside grayish-pink.
Pulp pink, dark yellow seeds.
Smell pleasant, characteristic. Taste sourish-sweet.

- subshrub up to 2 m high of the Rosaceae family. Found everywhere, introduced into culture. The fruits are used in scientific medicine. In folk medicine - the whole plant.

In the summer I'm glad to be fresh
Bear berry,
And dried for stock
It cures us from colds.

Everyone enjoys eating raspberries: people, birds, and even bears. It is distributed throughout the forest zone in clearings and forest clearings.

Common raspberry- a shrub from the Rosaceae family. It has been known for a very long time as a berry crop and valuable medicinal raw material. Fruits are used as medicinal raw materials in scientific medicine, and flowers and raspberry leaves are used in folk medicine.

Chemical composition. The composition of the fruit includes: organic acids - citric and malic (up to 2.2%), salicylic, capronic and formic; vitamin C (up to 45 mg%), carotene (up to 0.3 mg%), traces of B vitamins; various carbohydrates (glucose up to 4.3%, fructose - up to 8%. sucrose - up to 6.5%, etc.); tannins (up to 0.3%), cyanine chloride C 21 H 31 O 6 Cl, acetoin (acetylmethylcarbinol) C 4 H 8 O 2, benzaldehyde, etc. The seeds contain up to 14% fatty oil and about 0.7% phytosterol .

Application. Common raspberry fruits were included in the State Pharmacopoeia in 1952. Dried fruits are a good diaphoretic in the form of an infusion (20.0:200.0) or tea (2 tablespoons per glass of boiling water) for colds, flu, and sore throat. In addition, the fruits have antiseptic and antipyretic properties. In folk medicine, decoctions and infusions of raspberry leaves or stems are widely used as an expectorant in the treatment of bronchitis, laryngitis, and coughs (A.F. Gammerman, I.I. Grom, 1976).

N. G. Kovaleva (1971) reports personal experience in the use of flowers, leaves and fruits of common raspberry as an anti-sclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and high-vitamin agent for hypertension, atherosclerosis and colds.

The fruits contain up to 11% sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), 1-2% organic acids (mainly citric, malic, there are also salicylic, formic, tartaric), iron, potassium, copper salts, essential oil, tannins, pectin, vitamins C , B 1 , B 2 , PP, folic acid, carotene, as well as sitosterol, which has anti-sclerotic properties.

ethnoscience many countries have been using since time immemorial raspberry fruit as an antipyretic and diaphoretic, as well as for scurvy, to increase appetite, as a stomachic, analgesic, tonic, for influenza, fever, and hemorrhoids; flowers and roots - for leucorrhoea; flowers - for washing the face for acne, for lotions for eye inflammation and erysipelas, for bites of poisonous snakes and scorpions; branches - as an antitussive, for suffocation; leaves - as an astringent and anti-inflammatory for gastritis and enteritis, for diseases of the respiratory organs, fever, as a uterine hemostatic, for rashes, boils, lichen, for gargling for sore throat, erysipelas. In folk cosmetics, a decoction of leaves with potash was used to dye hair black.

For acne, a warm infusion of leaves is recommended (1:15-1:20). A napkin moistened with raspberry infusion is applied to the skin 3 times at intervals of 10 minutes (a course of 20-25 procedures, half of which are carried out daily, the rest - every other day). To treat acne, you can also use the juice of fresh leaves mixed with a cream for any skin (1:4). In this case, the mask is applied for 40-60 minutes (initially daily, then every other day), the residue after removing the mask is removed with a napkin or cotton swab.

Fresh leaf juice can also be mixed with raw egg white (1:2). The duration of the mask is 20 minutes. The frequency and total number of procedures are the same.

Insect bites cause many unpleasant sensations in humans: itching, swelling, slight redness of the skin. Various means are used for treatment, incl. and preparations from plants. The affected areas of the skin are lubricated with a tincture of fresh raspberry flowers and leaves in alcohol or vodka (1:5). As it dries, the procedure is repeated up to 10 times in a row. You can apply a cotton swab moistened with tincture to the bite site for 10-15 minutes.

Raspberry fruit As a medicine, it is widely used in medicine even now. Dried fruits and raspberry jam are considered a strong diaphoretic and antipyretic. Fresh fruits have an antiscorbutic effect. Not only the berries, but also the tops of plants and leaves used in the form of a decoction are characterized by diaphoretic and antipyretic properties. Gargle with a decoction or fresh infusion of leaves (1:20) for coughs and sore throats. They are used internally for acute diarrhea, inflammatory bowel diseases, respiratory diseases, skin diseases (rashes, acne, dermatitis, etc.).

Raspberry leaves, along with the fruits, are included in sweatshops, are used as a substitute for tea, and with raspberry syrup they improve the taste of children's medicines. Fresh fruits quench thirst well and improve digestion, so they are often used in dietary foods, especially for children. However, due to the high content of purine bases in raspberries, it is undesirable in the diet of patients with gout and nephritis.

For internal use, raspberries are used in the form of syrup or berry decoction (30 g of berries per 200 ml of water) 2-3 cups or flower decoction (20 g per 200 ml of water) 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day. Externally, use a decoction of flowers or leaves (200 g of raw material per 200 ml of water) for rinsing or ointment from fresh juice mixed with petroleum jelly, butter or cream (1:4).

Picking berries It’s better on a sunny day after the dew has disappeared, otherwise the fragrant treasure will turn sour and lose its medicinal value. Dried raspberries will retain their natural reddish color, specific raspberry smell and will have a sour-sweet taste if, to dry, scatter them in a thin layer on a sieve and place in a cooled oven or stove. By weight they will shrink more than 5 times.

The fruits of wild raspberries are more fragrant, and when dried, they retain their shape better than the fruits of varieties of this plant cultivated in gardens.

Raspberries contain potassium, copper, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins.

Since ancient times, dry raspberries and jam have been prepared in Rus' to treat colds as a diaphoretic and antipyretic. An infusion of leaves and branches is used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory for hemorrhoids, gastritis, enteritis, cough, sore throat, acne, rashes, diathesis in children; a decoction of the roots is used for hemorrhoids and asthma. An infusion of flowers is used externally for eye lotions, for erysipelas of the skin.

Raspberries contain a large amount of sterols, which are cholesterol antagonists, so eating berries prevents the development of atherosclerosis.

To prepare the infusion, pour a tablespoon of dried raspberries into 2 cups of boiling water and leave overnight. Take 1/2 cup 3-4 times a day. In folk medicine of Belarus, berries and a decoction of branches are used for colds. Berries are eaten for flu and loss of strength. A decoction of flowers and roots is drunk for leucorrhoea. The branches are used for coughs. Branches and berries are used as a diaphoretic and antipyretic at high temperatures (Ges, 1976).

Dry fruit tea- for sore throat, loss of strength, headaches, to improve digestion, stomach pain, anemia.

An infusion of leaves has an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect. It is recommended to be taken for gastritis, enterocolitis, stomach bleeding and various diseases of the respiratory organs. It improves metabolism, so it is recommended for rashes, acne and other skin diseases. The infusion is used to gargle with a sore throat and is drunk as a hemostatic agent.

To prepare the infusion, pour a tablespoon of leaves into a glass of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter and drink warm in one sitting (Kuchina, 1992).

In folk medicine boiled from raspberries syrup, which is used for stomach pain, to improve heart function, and increase appetite. A decoction of flowers is used to treat hemorrhoids, erysipelas, and inflammation of the eyes (Grinkevich, 1988).

Raspberry leaves have an astringent, antitoxic effect. An infusion of leaves is drunk for diarrhea, heavy menstruation, and cough. It stimulates the smooth muscles of the intestines and uterus (Zhukov, 1983).

In Ukraine, berries, flowers, and leaves are used for chronic rheumatism, measles, and fever (Popov, 1973).

In Eastern Transbaikalia, raspberry fruits, leaves, and stems were used for neurasthenia and other nervous diseases (Fruentov, 1974).

Raspberry juice taken as a hypoglycemic agent for diabetes mellitus (Sokolov, 1984).

Raspberry leaves are used for women's diseases and as an anti-sclerotic agent for sclerosis and hypertension (Kovaleva, 1971).

An ointment made from the juice of the leaves and Vaseline or butter is used for acne (Shpilenya, 1989).

In Tibetan medicine, raspberry leaves and wood are used for acute and chronic infectious diseases, neuritis, and neurasthenia.

In the Czech Republic, raspberries are used to treat diarrhea and dysentery.

In Armenia aqueous leaf extract used as a means of stimulating the central nervous system. Raspberry flower tincture is used as an antidote for snake and scorpion bites (Gorodinskaya, 1989).

Raspberry fruits are considered an excellent remedy for bronchitis, laryngitis and as an expectorant (Murokh, 1990).

A decoction of raspberry fruits quenches thirst and has a sobering effect (Alexandrov, 1973).

Methods of preparation and use

1. Two tablespoons of crushed dry raspberry leaves are brewed with 2 glasses of water, boiled for 10 minutes, filtered and administered hot orally for 1-2 hours (as a diaphoretic).

2. With a decoction prepared as described above, rinse your mouth and throat for sore throat.

3. Two tablespoons of dried berries are poured with 2 cups of boiling water, left for 2 hours, and filtered. Prescribe 1-2 tablespoons 3 times a day.

Raspberry tea drink for scurvy (Sviridonov, 1992).

In Bulgaria raspberry root decoction used for ascites. Leaves - for hemorrhages, dermatitis (infusion with olive oil).

The fruits are used as expectorant for pneumonia, anemia, conjunctivitis (“Plant Resources”, 1987).

Raspberry mousse: Rinse 4 cups of raspberries in a sieve under the tap and wipe. Pour the marc with a liter of water, boil, strain, add a glass of granulated sugar and a tablespoon of gelatin, bring to a boil and combine with the pureed berries, pour into cups, cool.

Raspberries with cream: for 2 cups of raspberry juice, take half a cup of powdered sugar, 2 cups of cream. Pre-whip the cream and sugar. Pour into glasses, adding a few raspberries.

Cream "Northern": Put ice cream (1/2 volume), a tablespoon of cranberries, the same amount of raspberry syrup into glasses and top up with sparkling water. Serve without mixing.

Tea with raspberry leaves: during a cold, take 2 tablespoons of leaves and twigs on which the berries (tops) have been removed. Brew, let stand for 30 minutes. Drink in portions throughout the day.

Common raspberry ( Rúbus idaeus) is a deciduous subshrub and belongs to the class Dicotyledons, order Rosaceae, family Rosaceae, genus Rubus.

Common raspberry - description and characteristics

Raspberry is a perennial plant with a very developed and sinuous rhizome, on which many adventitious roots are formed. Aboveground shoots are erect, 1.5 to 2.5 meters high, in the first year of growing season they are green, with a barely noticeable bluish bloom, herbaceous and covered with thin thorns. By the second year of life, raspberry shoots become woody, acquiring a bright brown color. After the fruiting period they die, but a new shoot-stem grows from the same root bud in the spring.

On the stem of the common raspberry there are complex oval leaves, consisting of 3-7 dark green ovoid leaves, each of which is covered with hairs below and has a whitish tint.

Raspberry flowers are white, with many stamens and pistils, with a subtle honey aroma, collected in miniature racemose inflorescences, which are located on the tops of the shoots or in the axils of the leaves.

Common raspberry fruits

Sweet and very aromatic raspberries are numerous, small-sized drupes, fused into a complex fruit. Interestingly, the color of the fruit can vary from light pink and burgundy to yellow, orange and even almost black.

Where do raspberries grow?

This subshrub is distributed throughout almost the entire territory of Europe and the countries of America. In Russia, ordinary raspberries are found in the middle zone and in the south, in the cold climate of Siberia and the Urals, and also grow in the mountainous areas of Kazakhstan, Bashkiria and Kyrgyzstan.

Raspberry is often called a pioneer plant because of its unpretentiousness to soil indicators: it is the very first to appear in the place of burnt-out forest clearings, and feels comfortable both in dry zones and along the edges of swamps.

Wild (forest) raspberries are mentioned in chronicles dating back to the 3rd century BC. This plant became known as a garden crop only in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Types, varieties, classification of raspberries

A huge number of raspberry varieties can be divided into the following groups:

• by berry size (large, medium, small);
• by color (yellow, red, black, orange);
• by ripening period (early ripening, mid-early, mid-ripening, mid-late, late ripening);
• by resistance to cold (winter-hardy, not winter-hardy).

Separately, it is necessary to distinguish standard and remontant raspberries.

Standard raspberry— a feature of the species are thick, powerful, branched, erect shoots, which, after pinching, resemble a small tree, most often not requiring garter.

Remontant raspberry- a type of raspberry that bears fruit in summer and also in autumn.

Below are some varieties of raspberries:

Yellow raspberry varieties

• Yellow sweet tooth

A mid-early, productive raspberry variety produces 3.5 - 4 kg per bush. The elongated berries, weighing 3-6 g, are distinguished by a pale yellow color and a bright aroma; the ripened fruits do not crumble for a long time.

• Golden autumn

The mid-late remontant raspberry variety is distinguished by its golden-yellow fruit color with slight pubescence. Raspberries are sweet, large, have a bright aroma, and are well transported.

• Morning dew

A remontant raspberry variety with golden-yellow fruits. The shoots of this variety are tough, about 1.5 meters in height, covered with a large number of thorns. The berries are large, spherical in shape, hard, weighing up to 5 kg. It is grown mainly in home gardens and a little on plantations. Raspberries of the Morning Dew variety are suitable for transportation.

• Yellow giant

Semi-remontant, winter-hardy variety of yellow raspberries, bearing fruit until frost. It has a high yield (up to 6 kg per bush) and unusually large, very sweet berries, weighing up to 8-10 g.

• Orange miracle

The remontant raspberry variety got its name due to the non-standard, golden-orange hue of the fruit. Raspberries are large, weighing 5-6 g; there are specimens weighing up to 10 g. The berries are characterized by sweetness with a slight sourness and a delicate aroma. The variety has excellent productivity and does not tolerate severe frosts and heat.

Varieties of standard raspberries

• Tarusa

The slender bush is highly decorative and has no thorns at all. The yield of one “raspberry tree” is more than 5 kg. The bright red berry with small seeds weighs up to 10 g. The aroma of raspberries is intense, but the taste is not expressed, so the Tarusa raspberry variety is more suitable for preparations. The variety has a mid-early ripening period; a temperature drop below 25 degrees can be detrimental to young shoots.

• Firebird

A productive variety of standard raspberries with a medium ripening period, it begins to bear fruit at the end of July. The berries are large, red, shiny, weighing from 12 to 15 g. The taste of raspberries is excellent, the berries are sweet, juicy, and do not crumble even when fully ripe. The winter hardiness level of the variety is 23-25 ​​degrees, drought resistance is high.

• Sturdy

A consistently fruit-bearing variety of standard raspberries with medium ripening period. The fruits are red, weighing up to 10 g, very tasty and aromatic, easily separated from the stalk, but do not fall off for a long time. One bush can produce up to 4 kg of berries. The variety does not respond well to snow-white winters and sudden temperature changes.

Black raspberry varieties

• Cumberland

The early-ripening variety of black raspberries has increased winter hardiness and unpretentiousness. The fruits are round, medium-sized, weighing 2-4 g, initially red, becoming glossy black as they ripen. The berry is dense, sweet, with a slight sourness and blackberry flavor. The yield of a raspberry bush is 3-4 kg.

• Bristol

The most popular black raspberry variety of a new promising selection. It is characterized by late ripening and produces extremely stable yields. Round raspberries weighing 3-5 g have a black color with a blue coating, a pleasant sweet taste and aroma. The Bristol variety does not tolerate severe cold and is not resistant to anthracnose, a fungal disease of stems.

• Ember

An early ripening variety of black raspberries. The berries weighing up to 2 g are dense, black, and do not fall off when ripe. The taste is sweet and sour, the berries are perfectly stored without losing their taste and presentation. From one bush you can collect up to 5.5 kg.

Varieties of large-fruited raspberries

• Hercules

A remontant high-yielding raspberry variety, distinguished by large fruits weighing 5-8 g. Individual specimens weigh 15 g. The first harvest is harvested in mid-July, the second from the end of August until frost. Under cover it is possible to ripen 2 weeks earlier. The cone-shaped berries have a bright ruby ​​color, a pleasant, sweet and sour taste and excellent presentation.

• Patricia

An early, winter-hardy, productive raspberry variety with velvety, red, conical berries weighing from 4 to 12 g. The yield reaches 8 kg per bush. The variety is characterized by a non-standard shape of fruits prone to deformation. Patricia raspberries have an excellent taste, but do not tolerate transportation and storage well.

• Senator

Mid-season raspberry variety with berries weighing 7-12 grams, in some cases 15 grams. The oblong fruits are burgundy-orange in color, have a glossy shine, velvety pubescence and a rich, sweet and sour taste. The variety is characterized by increased winter hardiness and tolerates frosts down to -35 degrees without damage.

Raspberry varieties for the middle zone

• Unattainable

A consistently high-yielding variety of remontant raspberries with red berries weighing up to 6 g. The elongated fruits have a sweet taste and delicate aroma. With proper care, the yield is 5 kg per bush. The bushes do not freeze even in the most severe frosts.

• Indian summer - 2

A remontant, productive raspberry variety is noted for abundant fruiting, early ripening and excellent quality of berries. The fruits are small, weighing up to 3g, have a sweet taste with a slight sourness, are well stored and do not fall from the bush.

Raspberry varieties for Siberia

• Diamond

The variety is distinguished by increased winter hardiness, as well as resistance to damping and desiccation. Raspberries are bright scarlet in color, medium-sized, weighing 2.5-3 g, aromatic, sweet and sour. Ripens in early July and does not fall off when overripe.

• Zorenka Altai

A raspberry variety of medium ripening, frost-resistant, large-fruited, high-yielding. The berries, weighing from 3 to 5 g, are red, have a pleasant, sweet and sour taste and excellent transportability.

• Ruby

The mid-late variety is valued for its exceptional resistance to frost and drought, bringing a stable harvest in the conditions of the Altai Territory. Red raspberries, berries with a light bluish bloom, weighing up to 5.5 g, have excellent taste and quality characteristics.

How to grow raspberries

While wild raspberries can grow even on unfavorable soils, cultivated raspberry varieties require care and proper planting. When choosing a place for a plant, give preference to an open sunny area, or plant it in light partial shade. The soil must be enriched with humus and have good air and moisture permeability. It is advisable to plant in mid-autumn, deepening the raspberry seedlings 4-5 cm strictly vertically. For proper development of bushes and an excellent harvest, ordinary raspberries are fed with minerals, and the rows are mulched with organic fertilizer. Before wintering, two-year-old bushes are removed at the root, freeing the area from them.

Useful properties of raspberries. What diseases does raspberry treat?

Raspberries are a tasty, aromatic and healthy berry that helps treat a large number of diseases. This is why raspberry bushes can be found in many garden plots these days. According to statistics, this berry is considered the third most common in our country, behind only strawberries and currants. Common raspberry fruits are eaten fresh, fragrant jams, jams and compotes are made from them, marmalade and marshmallows are prepared, frozen, dried, and used in the production of wine and liqueurs. Raspberry flowers are used in cosmetology to make lotions and creams.

The benefits of raspberries are indeed very significant. As raspberries ripen, they acquire a unique composition. The fruits of this shrub contain a lot of vitamins, acids and beneficial microelements. For example, any raspberry variety is endowed with:

• healthy sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose);
• malic, citric and salicylic acids;
• vitamins A, C and B;
• minerals and salts;
• microelements (iron, zinc, copper, calcium);
• provitamin A.

It is worth noting that there is much more iron and vitamin C in raspberries than in other fruits and berries. That is why it is actively used to treat a large number of diseases. Raspberries are widely used in medicine as a diaphoretic and antipyretic for various colds. Raspberries are a unique berry because they can be safely taken for illnesses along with medications. In this case, the fruits will only contribute to a speedy recovery, and will also provide the body with vitamins and beneficial microelements. This “tasty” medicine is enjoyed not only by adults, but also by children, who know very well about the benefits of raspberries.

Raspberry jam, tea with dried raspberries or eating fresh berries can speed up the treatment of diseases such as:

• colds, flu;
• gastritis;
• severe cough with sore throat;
• atherosclerosis;
• scurvy;
• anemia.

• Pliny was involved in raspberry cultivation in Ancient Rome, having accidentally eaten this berry on the island of Crete.
• A handful of raspberries is an excellent antidepressant and will easily relieve depression: the copper it contains will quickly put your nervous system in order.
• Red raspberries are healthier than yellow ones. But the most useful type is black raspberry.