Bay leaf family presentation. Laurel noble: bay leaf

Noble laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is an evergreen shrub or tree with a densely leafy crown of the Lauraceae family (Lavraceae) or a pyramidal tree. The height of some species reaches 10 - 15 m. It belongs to the laurel family. Its leaves are dark green in color, lighter on the underside, they are hard, leathery, elliptical, the edges are slightly wavy. The plant blooms with small yellowish-white flowers, collected in bunches and located in the axils of the leaves. Fruits ripen in November - black and blue ovoid drupes. The whole plant is fragrant, leaves and fruits are used as a spice from the fourth year of life, when the tree (bush) begins to bear fruit. Trunk with dark gray smooth bark and densely branched crown. The leaves are leathery, alternate, short-petiolate, entire, glabrous, simple, dark green, 6-20 cm long. The leaf blade is oblong, lanceolate or elliptical. Inflorescences are umbellate, numerous, collected mainly at the ends of branches, three in axils of leaves. The flowers are small, whitish-yellow, on short stalks. The fruit is a black-blue ovoid or elliptical drupe with a large stone. The mass of 1000 seeds is 400-500 g. "Laurel plantations are located in subtropical regions where the annual sum of effective temperatures is at least 3000 ° C, and the absolute minimum temperature does not fall below -12 ° C. The soil is previously plowed to a depth of 40-45 cm. Under plowing is done with organic (40-60 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers in full dose.Then the plot is harrowed and cultivated two or three times.Planting is carried out in autumn or early spring with a row spacing of 1-2 m, the distance between plants in a row is 1-1, 5 m.His homeland is Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.People have been growing laurel since ancient times, it was the branches of this tree that crowned emperors, heroes and athletes in Ancient Greece and Rome.In the Middle Ages, laurel meant kindness and served as protection from evil and lightning.

Characteristics and origin: this is a relict culture left from the flora of the Tertiary period. In nature, a tree lives 300-400 years.

Laurel is native to the Mediterranean coast. The plant is grown in Turkey, Greece, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Albania, Yugoslavia, Guatemala.

In our country, as a decorative and spicy aromatic culture, it is cultivated in the Crimea and the Caucasus.

People have been growing laurel since ancient times, it was with the branches of this tree that emperors, heroes and athletes were crowned in Ancient Greece and Rome. In the Middle Ages, laurel meant kindness and served as protection from evil and lightning. Noble laurel is an evergreen subtropical shrub whose leaves and fruits are a classic spice. This is a cult tree, it is primarily associated with Ancient Greece, with the mythological image of the ancient god Apollo, who is a symbol of male beauty. The famous Ovid in his Metamorphoses tells that Apollo, who lived among people, fell in love with the nymph Daphne and constantly pursued her. Once, after defeating the serpent Python, Apollo met the young god of love Eros with a bow and arrows and made fun of him: "Why do you need a bow and arrows, baby? Do you think you can surpass me in the art of shooting?" This mockery offended Eros, and he sent two arrows in retaliation. The first, the arrow of love, pierced Apollo, and the second, the killing love, hit Daphne. Since then, Daphne has always run away from Apollo. No tricks helped him. Exhausted by suffering, eternal persecution, Daphne turned to her father Peneus and the Earth so that they would take away her image from her. After these words, she turned into a laurel bush (It is curious that in Russia until the 18th century the bay leaf was called "daphnia" ("laurel" in Greek - "daphne") .. The saddened Apollo has since begun to wear a wreath on his head from evergreen laurel.

In Greece, houses were decorated with bay leaves to refresh the room. Laurel branches were placed in the mattresses so that prophetic dreams were dreamed. There was a belief that the laurel saves from a lightning strike. So, the fact is known that the Roman emperor Tiberius, during the peals of thunder, put on a laurel wreath and crawled under the bed. Laurel was considered a sacred tree; its wreaths decorated the heads of winners in ancient Greece. For several millennia, this tradition has been preserved in other countries, for example, in England.

From the word "laurel" came the word "laureate" - "crowned with laurels." Oddly enough, but the purpose of the bay leaf for a long time was somewhat different compared to modern use. It was used to flavor water intended for washing hands before meals. In the 1st century A.D. e. it was already used as a spice (leaves and black and blue fruits). In cooking, desserts, puddings were prepared with it, it was added to boiled apples, baked figs, figs.

Laurel first came to Europe as a remedy, but very soon won recognition as a spice. Avicenna, for example, claimed that the laurel leaf relieves pain in the joints, relieves tension, shortness of breath, and its bark and drupes have the ability to remove stones from the kidneys and liver. In 1652, François Pierre de la Varennes, the famous cook of the French Queen Marie de Medici, published a cookery book that became one of the best books of the time, describing the history of spices and how to use them. Being an able student in his home in Italy, he succeeded in this matter, and the material that he presented in the book largely influenced French cooking, which, as we know, reached great heights. He wrote about the bay leaf as a spice that can improve and correct the taste of the dish. Recommended to use it in desserts, puddings, etc.

Laurel came to Russia 25 centuries ago. The Greeks brought it to the Crimea along with figs, cypress, olives and grapes. Grows so far in countries with a coastal climate: in Greece, Turkey, Albania, Slovakia, France, Spain, Portugal, Guatemala, in the Crimea, on the Black Sea coast. Italy grows and exports this spice more than others. As a spice, laurel leaves are used fresh and more often dried, as well as laurel fruits (seeds) and laurel powder, which is a concentrated extract of laurel essential oils. The advantage of the bay leaf is that even with prolonged and improper storage, it does not lose its quality.

Video review: Presentation of a bay leaf, which you can buy in our online store.

Bay leaf - description

Bay leaf scientifically known as "Noble Laurel" is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to the Mediterranean regions.

The bay leaf has been a part of culinary and medicinal cultures for thousands of years, dating back to Roman times. The shape of the leaf is oval, the structure is smooth, the length is from 1 to 6 cm. The dried bay leaf is matte olive green in color.

The use of bay leaf in cooking

Selected bay leaves are used as an additive to add flavor and aroma. It is added to soups, stews with vegetables, meat, fish, poultry.

Crushed or ground leaves are used to make sauces, marinades and seasonings. It is also the basis for the preparation of Bouquet Garni.

A single bay leaf is dipped in during cooking, but removed at the end.

Useful properties of bay leaf

• Bay leaf has a strong effect on the gastrointestinal tract, as well as a stimulant, diuretic and emetic. The leaf helps reduce toxicity in the body. In addition, the organic compounds in its composition are very effective in resolving digestive disorders and soothing irritable bowels.
• Some of the more complex proteins in our modern diet are hard to digest, but the unique enzymes in bay leaves can make the process easier.
• Ready-made bay leaf oil is actively used for respiratory diseases and various respiratory diseases. Inhalation of bay leaf infusion vapors have a wonderful effect in aromatherapy, can loosen phlegm and eliminate dangerous bacteria in the respiratory system due to its antibacterial properties.
• To improve the health of hair follicles, get rid of dry skin and eliminate dandruff, brew bay leaves in water, and then wipe the scalp with infusion after washing.
• One of the main benefits of bay leaves is the ability to reduce inflammation. The leaves contain quite unique parthenolides that can quickly reduce inflammation and irritation in joints or arthritis-affected areas. This effect can be achieved with the usual consumption of bay leaves as a spice.
• Caffeic acid and rutin are important organic compounds found in bay leaves that greatly enhance heart health. Rutin strengthens capillary walls in the heart and extremities of the body, while caffeic acid can help eliminate "bad" cholesterol from the vascular system.
• The unique combination of antioxidants and organic compounds in bay leaves - phytonutrients, catechins, linalool - protect the body from free radicals that mutate healthy cells into cancer cells.
• Another widely known benefit of bay leaves is the natural calming effect. Linalool is often associated with thyme and basil, but it is also found in bay leaves. It can help reduce the levels of stress hormones in the body, especially when used in aromatherapy. An excess of stress hormones can be dangerous to your health in the long run, so bay leaves can help you calm down and stay relaxed, even in your highest anxiety moments.

Silence Anna

Scientific and practical work about the first mention of the laurel tree, about the places of growth, about different areas of application and methods of growing at home.

Download:

Preview:

GBOU secondary school №2

p.g.t. Sukhodol

municipal district Sergievsky

Samara region

District scientific and practical conference of students

"First Steps in Science"

Section "World around"

laurel tree

Completed by: Silence Anna,

3rd grade student.

Scientific adviser:

Bochkareva Tatiana

Pavlovna,

Primary teacher

classes

Sukhodol 2014

Introduction…………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. Theoretical part…………………………………………………………4

1.1.From the history of the laurel tree…………….……………………………………......4

1.2. Laurel tree in art and life..…………………………………………………….…5

1.3. Laurel tree, habitats…………………………………………..…...9

1.4. Laurel tree, application…….………………… 11

Chapter 2. Practical part………………………… 13

2.1 Acquaintance with books about the laurel tree ..……… ..13

2.2. Learning how to grow laurel in

home conditions……………………………………..14

2.3 Planting a bay tree…………………………15

Conclusion……………………………………..………16

Literature…………………………………………………17

Introduction.

Once, at a lesson in the world around us, we studied the topic: “The Crimean Peninsula”. From the teacher's story about the flora of the Crimea, I heard that a tree like laurel grows there. Previously, when helping my mother cook food, I often heard: “Get some lavrushka, you need to add it to the soup ...”. I never thought about where it comes from, where it grows and why it is called that.

Problem:

Bay leaf, as a seasoning for dishes, has been familiar to me for a long time. I wanted to know about the first mention of the laurel tree, about the places of growth, about different areas of application.

Target:

Learn as much as you can about the bay tree.

Tasks:

1. Get acquainted with the history of the origin of the laurel tree.

2. Find materials about the mention of the laurel tree.

3. Collect and study material about the places of growth, about the methods of growing laurel at home.

4. Grow a bay tree at home.

5. Demonstrate the grown tree in the class, talk about its benefits and help those who wish to breed it at home.

Chapter 1. Theoretical part.

1. From the history of the laurel tree.

This is a cult tree, it is primarily associated with Ancient Greece, with the mythological image of the ancient god Apollo, who is a symbol of male beauty. The famous Ovid in his Metamorphoses tells that Apollo, who lived among people, fell in love with the nymph Daphne and constantly pursued her. Once, after defeating the serpent Python, Apollo met the young god of love Eros with a bow and arrows and played a joke on him: “Why do you need a bow and arrows, baby? Are you thinking of surpassing me in the art of shooting? This mockery offended Eros, and he sent two arrows in retaliation. The first, the arrow of love, pierced Apollo, and the second, the killing love, hit Daphne.

Since then, Daphne has always run away from Apollo. No tricks helped him. Exhausted by suffering, eternal persecution, Daphne turned to her father Peneus and the Earth so that they would take away her image from her. After these words, she turned into a laurel bush (It is curious that in Russia until the 18th centuryBay leaf called "daphnia" ("laurel "in Greek -" Daphne).

For a long time Apollo stood in front of the laurel tree.
- Let a wreath only from your greenery decorate my head! he exclaimed. From now on, decorate with your branches both my golden lyre and my quiver with arrows. May your greenery never wither, O laurel! Stay evergreen!

In ancient Rome, by the 5th century BC. the laurel wreath becomes the highest sign of military and imperial glory. The laurel symbolized the peace coming after the victory over the enemy. Messages of victory and victorious weapons were wrapped around laurel and folded in front of the image of Jupiter. The first Roman emperors decorated their heads with a laurel wreath. Julius Caesar wore a laurel wreath to all official occasions.

In early Christianity, evergreen laurel leaves were considered a symbol of eternal life or new life, which will come through the redemptive deeds of Christ, and a wreath of laurel symbolized martyrdom.

1. Laurel tree in art and life

After the French Revolution of 1789, laurel branches were included in the coat of arms of the French Republic. Since then, the laurel wreath has become a popular symbol. Today, laurel branches can be seen in the state emblems of Algeria, Brazil, Greece, Israel, Cuba, Mexico and other countries.

Coat of arms of the I French Republic 1792-1804 Coat of arms of Brazil

The following names come from the Latin laurus (laurel):
Laurel - "laurel tree", "Victory, triumph";
Lawrence - "decorated with laurel";
Laura - "crowned with laurels."

Laureate (from lat. laureatus - crowned with laurels) - a person who has been awarded a state or international award for outstanding services, achievements in production, technology, science, as well as the winner of competitions (mainly art). This term appeared in ancient Greece, and was also used in the Middle Ages (for example, in 1341 the University of Paris awarded the title of laureate to the poet F. Petrarch).

In Greece, musicians, poets and dancers, whose patron was Apollo, were awarded laurel wreaths, while athletes were crowned with olive or celery wreaths.

Laurel wreath is a frequent attribute of works of fine art. In portraiture, a laurel wreath indicates that the person depicted belongs to the artistic or literary world. So one of the most famous Italian poets Dante Alighieri was very often depicted wearing a laurel wreath.

A.S. Pushkin sketched his self-portrait in a laurel wreath on one of the drafts.

Not only artists were depicted with laurel wreaths. Images on the coins of the English kings Charles I, George I, George II, and after a while, Elizabeth II are supplemented with laurel wreaths. This wreath symbolized power and authority, as in the days of the Roman Empire.

1/2 English crown 1966 issue depicting Queen Elizabeth II

Francois Gerard. Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1804

As a symbol of superiority, the laurel was included in the emblems of such automobile companies as Alfa Romeo, Fiat and Mercedes. Today, the laurel wreath is the most popular symbol of power, victory and success; its images are actively used in the creation of monumental monuments, as well as logos of commercial organizations, greeting cards, etc.

The most famous laurel tree - the Laurel Tree Egg (it is also called the Orange Egg) was created in 1911 by order of Emperor Nicholas II. He gave it to his mother, Empress Maria Feodorovna, for Easter.

1.3. Laurel tree. places of its growth.

Laurel noble (lat. Laurus nobilis ) - a subtropical tree or shrub, a species of the genus Laurus (Laurus) of the Laurel family.

Homeland of the noble laurel -mediterranean .

Laurel came to the territory of our country about 2500 years ago - it was brought to the Crimea by the Greeks.

On the territory of Russia, it grows in the southwestern regions of the Krasnodar Territory in the Crimea.

Laurel noble - a low evergreen tree of the laurel family up to 8-10 m tall, but can also be a tree-like shrub. Sometimes found in the foreststrees up to 18 m high. Tree trunk up to 40 cm in diameter with dark gray bark. The dense crown is usually pyramidal in shape. Leaves on short petioles, simple, alternate, leathery, shiny, have an oblong shape, pointed upwards, and narrowed towards the base. They are green above, and lighter below, with clearly visible pinnate venation, slightly wavy along the edge. They have a strong characteristic odour.

Laurel is a dioecious plant and its flowers are unisexual. On some trees, small staminate flowers are collected in axillary inflorescences of 6-12 pieces, their perianth is simple, cup-shaped, of four greenish-yellow or white leaves. On other trees, only pistillate flowers. Fruits are black-blue, juicy, fragrant drupes up to 2 cm long, ovoid or elliptical in shape, with a large stone. Blossoms in March-April, and the fruits ripen in October-November.

Laurel feels best in lighted areas, but it can also tolerate shading. It tolerates a short-term drop in temperature to 10-12 degrees below zero. Tolerates drought well. Organic and mineral fertilizers favorably affect the growth and development of laurel.

As an industrial crop, laurel has been growing in one place for about 60 years. On plantations, laurel is grown in subtropical regions. Laurel leaves are harvested from November to February from trees that have reached the age of three to four years.

Branches with leaves are cut off and dried in the shade for seven to ten days. Then the leaves are removed, sorted and placed in bags, which are stored in dry rooms. In order to obtain essential oil, the leaves are sent for processing fresh.

1.4 Laurel tree and its use:

In many countries, bay leaves have been used for a very long time in a completely different way than we do today. If we most often use it for culinary purposes, then even 2000 years ago it served to flavor water for washing and washing hands before eating.

Laurel oil was an essential ingredient in the first Alep (or Aleppo) bar soap. This was over a thousand years ago. The quality of soap was determined by the amount of laurel oil it contained.

However, already in the 1st century AD, people realized that bay leaves could be successfully used as a spice. At first they prepared fruit desserts and puddings with it, and only then they began to add it to other dishes: meat, fish, vegetables, etc.

In general, the bay leaf in many countries was used first for medicinal purposes, and only then discovered its culinary properties.

Its medicinal properties are due to the content of antioxidants, many trace elements, phytoncides, tannins, vitamins, essential oils.

Bay leaf normalizes the functioning of the digestive system, speeds up metabolism, lowers blood sugar levels, improves appetite, improves immunity. It helps with diseases of the respiratory system, this is facilitated by the presence of essential oils and aromatic substances in it. Its oily extracts are used for rubbing, inhalation and nasal instillation.

Bay leaf infusionpromotes cleansing of the body (joints and blood). It contains tannins, therefore it is used for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and bleeding, with excessive sweating, skin diseases. For joint, skin diseases, scabies, infusion or oil is recommended to be rubbed into the skin.

Bay leaf used in perfumery and in the manufacture of liqueurs.

Its aroma repels insects, so its use is effective for fighting moths.

Important: Bay leaf preparations should not be used by pregnant and lactating women, with exacerbation of diseases of the kidneys, liver and heart. Individual intolerance is possible.

Since ancient times, amulets have been made from laurel andtalismans , magical properties were attributed to this tree.

Dried leaves, the very ones that we add to food, are a talisman against accidents and troubles, therefore, putting a bay leaf in a dish, we not only improve its taste, but also charge it with protective energy. A sprig of laurel in the house is a talisman that protects against lightning, trouble, and bad events, and a sprig attached to a baby's bed preserves and protects his health. A tree planted in your garden becomes a talisman for the whole family.

Laurel amulets are worn on the body to protect against the evil eye, in a wallet to attract money, and a laurel in your pocket allows you to get the right job.

Laurel grants wishes.

To do this, write a wish on a sheet, burn it, pour the ashes into house flowers or a flower bed.

There is a belief that dried laurel leaves under the pillow make it possible to see prophetic dreams.

To dream of a laurel tree signifies well-being and pleasure; collect bay leaves - a sign of victory over the enemy or the acquisition of an inheritance.

Laurel leaves are used as aromatic incense.

They fumigate rooms for purification, it is believed that laurel helps in removing obstacles, in achieving the desired result.

Laurel is a unique skin cleanser.

From it prepare infusions, masks, decoctions for bathing.

To do this, take bay leaves, put them in a linen bag and throw it into a hot bath.

After a while, when the water has cooled, take out the bag and take a bath.

Here he is, noble Laurus.

Chapter 2. Practical part.

2.1 Acquaintance with books about the laurel tree.

Hypothesis: I guess I can find books and magazines about the bay tree, about how to grow it, including at home.

I went to the library to look for books.

Conclusion: In the library, I managed to find many books on growing laurel at home..I learned information about the history of the laurel tree, its origin, methods of reproduction and cultivation from modern sources of information, that is, through the Internet.

2.2. Learning how to grow laurel at home.

Hypothesis : I think I can grow laurel at home as a houseplant.

Collection of information

I found out that in our area it is impossible to grow laurel outdoors due to the unsuitable climate, and I decided to find out if it is possible to grow it at home. Here is what I read:

Laurel does not require special care, it is quite unpretentious, it easily adapts to both shady places and sunny ones, but it is desirable if you allocate a place for it where sunlight falls more often. Spraying is best replaced by washing off the dust in the shower, and you need to water moderately, do not let the soil turn into lumps from drought. It is necessary to ventilate the room more often, the laurel treats drafts positively. In winter, laurel can endure zero temperatures, but it is better if it is 10-12 degrees.

Laurel should be planted in water- and breathable soil - soddy and leafy soil, peat and sand (1: 2: 1: 1), fertilize every month. Laurel can grow in a room for 12-15 years, it is recommended to transplant an adult tree once every two to three years.

Propagation: seeds, layering, root offspring and cuttings.

2.3 Planting a bay tree.

Hypothesis:

If laurel propagates by seeds, then you need to look for seeds for planting.

Search results

I visited all the flower shops in our village in order to find the seeds of a laurel tree, unfortunately, I did not find it. Laurel brooms are sold on the market, they have seeds. I tried to plant them, I didn’t wait for the sprouts, apparently the harvesting technology does not imply the safety of their germination. In the online store, with the help of my mother, I ordered laurel seeds, a month later they arrived. But even after planting them, I did not wait for sprouts.

Conclusion:

It is difficult to find seeds and grow a bay tree from seeds.

Hypothesis:

I assume that if I cannot grow a laurel from seeds, then by finding layering, root offspring or cuttings, I will definitely get the result.

Search results:

We managed to find a sapling of a laurel tree only in a store in Samara, it turns out this is a very rare plant in our area. Strange, so many useful properties, beautiful, but rare. So, after a long search, I became the owner of a laurel tree seedling.

Conclusion:

It is best to purchase a bay tree seedling from a flower shop, andthe most reliable way to purchase laurel is to buy its seedlings on the market in the Crimea or the Caucasus.

Hypothesis:

I think that soon a laurel tree will grow in our house.

Practical steps towards the goal

I had to transplant a seedling to a permanent place of residence. We bought soil for cacti (it contains the optimal composition of soil, turf and sand) and planted in a pot. The pot was placed on the western window of the house, as I read in the recommendations for growing bay trees.

	Observation result
1st week	no changes.
2nd week	no changes
3rd week	a small bud appeared
4-5 weeks	kidney growth
6 week	several pairs of leaves appeared at once, my plant grew noticeably
every 2-3 weeks	appearance of new leaves
3 months have passed, now I have a noticeably grown laurel plant.
14th week	pinched the top shoot
15th week	no changes
16th week	there was an escape from the ground, no side shoots
17th week	the shoot from the ground has a couple of leaves

Conclusion.

To achieve this goal, I completed the following tasks:

I got acquainted with literature and Internet pages about the laurel tree.

I studied material from the history of the laurel tree.

Planted bay tree seeds at home.

Planted a seedling of a young plant.

She created conditions for the growth of the plant, surrounded with attention and care.

A young plant grows in our house and makes us happy.

After pinching the top shoot, I will wait for the side shoots to form a beautiful crown.

In two or three years it will be possible to use the leaves of the bay tree for its intended purpose, we will have fresh bay leaves.

I learned what to do cultivation at home is a very interesting activity. Such a growing plant cangive it any shape you want. In some countries there are parks that contain evergreen animals, figurines, hedges, all made from laurel bushes. In your house or apartment, you can also create any shapes from a laurel bush. You just need to cut the plant as often as possible.

I pinched the top shoot and wait for the shoots to appear and try to give an interesting shape to my tree, but for mom it will be an excellent, freshest seasoning for dishes.

Literature

1. Magazine "Flowers in the House" No. 5/2002.
2. N.S. Lover "ABC flower grower" Ed. Paradox 2000.
3. E.Ya.Ilyina, E.I. Sterligov "Indoor plants and their use in the interior" Ed. Ural University 1991
4. S.O. Gerasimov, I.M. Zhuravlev "Indoor floriculture" Ed. Niva of Russia 1992
5. Oktyabrina and Alexander Ganechkin "Favorite home flowers" Ed. Onyx 2006
6. G. Kizima "Garden in the apartment, a vegetable garden on the windowsill" Ed. Peter 2011
7. Boof John "Faberge" Ed. White City 2005
8. Internet (sites about the laurel tree).

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

The etymology of the word. The origin of the Russian word “spice” is trivial - from the word “pepper” - the first spice known in Russia ( feathery(peppered) - spicy – spice). By the way, the word gingerbread has the same origin - 7-8 types of spices are used in gingerbread dough.

Spices are various parts of plants that are added to food in small doses for various purposes, mainly to improve taste, and have a specific, more or less stable aroma and taste.

Student's report. Attachment 1 ."History of spices".

Spices are food supplements of exclusively vegetable origin. Various parts of plants can be used as spices: leaves, stems, inflorescences, roots, fruits and their parts - bark, skin.

According to the classification proposed by V.V. Pokhlebkin, spices are divided into two groups: classic or exotic spices and local spices.

Classical spices are used (at least in those regions where they do not grow) in a dry form;
local spices can be used both dry and fresh. There are no local spices in our region.

The difference between spices and seasonings is, in general, that spices are not used separately and are not actually a full-fledged dish (although some, for example, fresh herbs or root crops, can be consumed separately), while seasonings can be used separately to a certain extent. , although not all.

Spices, unlike seasonings, only emphasize the overall taste of the dish, introduce new nuances, while seasonings themselves are a component of the dish as a whole, create its taste; spices are not used separately and are not actually a full-fledged dish

Classic spices include:

1. Star anise, aka star anise (fetus).

They are infructescences, usually consisting of 8, and sometimes of 7, 9, 10 and 12 fruitlets, interconnected in the form of a multi-beam asterisk. Each fruit, or clove, has the shape of a dark brown boat, hard, woody to the touch. When ground, star anise is a coarse-grained powder, in places yellow-brown, in places with a reddish burgundy tint. The taste of star anise is sweetish bitter.

Student's report. Annex 2."Useful properties and application of star anise".

2. Vanilla(fetus). natural vanilla- a very expensive product, so we use vanillin powder when cooking, which is obtained by chemical means.

Student's report. Annex 3.“Vanilla: origin, application”

3. Carnation. Dried unopened flower buds (buds) Carnation has a burning taste and a peculiar strong aroma. Moreover, the pungency and aroma are concentrated in different places of the bud. The cap gives the most delicate aroma, and the burning part is located in the petiole. The petiole of the clove after fermentation should become elastic and leave an oily trace of the essential oil on the paper when pressed. Ground cloves relatively quickly lose their consumer qualities and are hardly acceptable for consumption.

Student's report. Annex 4.“Production, application”

The study of a natural sample: appearance, smell, color.

4. Ginger (root).

Ginger is one of the most famous spices in the world. Ginger is native to Southeast Asia.
Ginger comes in two varieties - white and black. Black ginger is called ginger, which has not undergone any processing, while white has previously been peeled off the outer rough peel.
Of the whole plant, only the rhizome is used, it is it that contains many essential oils, trace elements, and vitamins. That is why ginger is not only a fragrant spice loved by culinary experts all over the world, but also an extremely popular food supplement. He is credited with a lot of miraculous properties.
Currently, ginger is widely used in cooking. It improves the taste and aroma of dishes, increases their energy value and makes them extremely healthy.

Student's report. Annex 5."The use of ginger".

5. Cardamom(fetus). Cardamom fruits are three-chamber boxes, they are harvested slightly unripe, dried in the sun, sometimes ground and used to flavor flour and confectionery products.

Student's report. Annex 6."Production, properties, application".

The study of a natural sample: appearance, smell, taste.

6. Turmeric (root). Tints dishes in a pleasant pale yellow color. It is especially important in commercial curry mixes, where a particular color must be maintained to characterize the seasoning.

7. Saffron. The dried stigmas of saffron sativus flowers are used as an orange food coloring.

The study of a natural sample: appearance, smell, taste.

8. Bay leaf.

Noble laurel is an evergreen shrub or tree with a densely leafy crown of the Laurel family or a pyramidal tree. The height of some species reaches 10–15 m.

Laurel was considered a sacred tree; its wreaths decorated the heads of winners in ancient Greece. For several millennia, this tradition has been preserved in other countries, for example, in England. From the word "laurel" came the word "laureate" - "crowned with laurels."

Laurel is native to the Mediterranean coast. The plant is grown in Turkey, Greece, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Albania, Yugoslavia, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus.

Laurel leaves are used fresh and more often dried, as well as fruits (seeds) of laurel and laurel powder, which is a concentrated extract of laurel essential oils.

Taste and aroma: Suspiciously sweet, resinous smell and bitter taste.

Application:

Bay leaf is indispensable for marinades, for broths and jellied fish, sauces and soups, boiled meat. It can be cooked together with the main product, but preferably not for very long. In the first dishes, the bay leaf is placed 5 minutes before readiness, in the second - 10 minutes before. And don't forget to take it out afterwards. Laurel powder can be added to sauces when they have cooled to a warm state.

Bay leaf is laid at the rate of 1 leaf per 1 liter of liquid.

The study of natural samples of bay leaves: appearance, smell, taste. Studying the labeling on the package of bay leaves.

9. Nutmeg. A drupe-like fruit of the fragrant nutmeg. It has a pungent-spicy taste and a peculiar aroma. The main component of nutmeg is essential oil, protein and starch. Contains 7 to 15% essential oil.

Nutmeg is used in cooking and the food industry, as well as to obtain essential oils used in medicine (mainly in Eastern countries), in perfumery, aromatherapy and tobacco production.

Nutmeg has psychoactive properties.

The study of natural samples of nutmeg whole and powder: appearance, smell, taste. Studying the labeling on the packaging of ground nutmeg.

10. Black pepper.

Obtained from the unripe fruits of the plant.

In order to clean them and prepare them for drying, the fruits are quickly scalded in hot water. Heat treatment destroys the cell wall of the pepper, speeding up the enzymes responsible for browning.

The fruits are then dried in the sun or by machines for several days. During this time, the fruit shell shrinks and darkens around the seed, forming a thin wrinkled black layer. Dried in this way, the fruits are called black peppercorns.

Black pepper is used both in whole peas and ground - as a separate seasoning, and in a variety of mixtures. It is widely used in the food industry as a spicy-flavoring plant. As a spice in the diet, it promotes digestion and improves appetite. Used for soups, gravies, sauces, vegetable salads, marinades, cooking all kinds of meat, fish, tomatoes, canned vegetables.

Pepper is called the king of spices.

Chemical composition.

Pepper contains resin (1–2%), fatty oil (6–12%), and a lot of starch. The pungent substance of pepper is the alkaloid piperine (5–9%), and the smell is due to the presence of essential oil (0.9–2.5%).

The study of a natural sample: appearance, smell, taste.

11. White pepper is a mature black pepper seed, devoid of pericarp.

The study of a natural sample: appearance, smell, taste.

12. Allspice- dried unripe fruits of an evergreen tropical tree - medicinal pimento.

These fruits are berries: at first blue-green in color, after drying - rough brown peas 2-3 times larger than those of black pepper, containing up to 4% essential oil.

Allspice has a spicy smell, a pungent taste, and resembles a mixture of black pepper, cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon.

It goes on sale in the form of peas and ground. Whole peas are added to meat soups, marinades, sauces for meat (less often in fish dishes) and removed from the dish before use; it adds flavor to roasted meats, especially game. Allspice is slightly soluble in water.

In ground form, allspice is added only to confectionery dough (gingerbread, cookies, muffins) as one of the components of spice mixtures.

The study of a natural sample: appearance, smell, taste.

13. Rosemary(bush leaves).

It has a strong, fragrant, sweetish and camphoric smell, reminiscent of the smell of pine, a very pleasant and slightly spicy taste.

The use of rosemary in cooking

In cooking, young rosemary leaves are used as a spice, collected from the upper third of the branches of the plant and dried.

Most often, rosemary is used in crushed form.

This fragrant spice goes great with different types of meat: pork, lamb, rabbit, poultry. Rosemary has the ability to give the meat of domestic animals the smell of game.

14. Coriander- cilantro seeds.

The name "coriander" comes from the Greek word "koris", which means bug, because in its immature state the plant emits a disgusting smell of a bug.

Coriander is used as a spice in cooking and to give a pleasant smell in> perfumery, cosmetics, soap making.

Student's report. Annex 7."Application".

The study of a natural sample: appearance, smell, taste.

15. Cumin (seeds).

Cumin fruits have a strong spicy aroma and a burning bitter-spicy taste. Essential oil is used in the perfumery, cosmetics and alcoholic beverage industry, fatty oil - in technical production.

Cumin is used to prepare spicy and pickled herring, anchovy, sprat, pickles of cucumbers and tomatoes, sauerkraut. It is part of the spicy mixture for flavoring smoked sausages. The spice is added to curd masses, pickled cheeses of Transcaucasia.

In our country and abroad, cumin is used in the baking industry. The persistence of the aroma of this plant allows it to be used in special spicy compositions.

The spice goes well with many products, but more often it is used with pork and lamb, cabbage and potato dishes, and dairy products. Cumin is one of the few spices that flavor homemade cakes: pies, flat cakes, cheesecakes. It is added to the dough, and to the fillings of meat, offal, potatoes, onions, cottage cheese.

The rate of laying cumin per serving depends on the composition of the products, cooking methods and national cuisine, but on average it is 0.1–0.25 g. The fruits are laid 15–20 minutes before readiness.

The study of a natural sample: appearance, smell, taste.

16. Cinnamon (bark).

The dried bark of the tree is also called cinnamon.

Cinnamon-spice comes on sale sometimes in the form of pieces of bark rolled into a tube, and more often in ground form.

It is mainly used in cooking as a condiment or flavoring. It is used in the preparation of a number of desserts, chocolate, hot candies and liqueurs. Cinnamon is used in canning, especially in marinades.

Cinnamon has a high antioxidant effect.

The study of natural samples: ground cinnamon and pieces. The study of labeling.

17. Mustard.

Student's report. Annex 8."Application".

Storage of spices.

Preservation of spices in a dry form is not difficult: in dark glass jars with ground cork, store in a dark place. Spices can be frozen in the freezer, pre-cut and then slightly dried, in small separate portions. Some spices can be preserved with salt, but not all and for a short time. A short preservation of a fresh bunch of herbs is done by placing this bunch in a low glass, where a little water is poured - no more than 1/3 of a glass.

"The structure of flowering plants" - Fruit. Biology, 7th grade. What plant organ produces a fruit? Flowering plants. What plants are called flowering plants? Shoot - a plant organ consisting of a stem with leaves and buds. What is inside the fetus? The external structure of a flowering plant. The seed is the reproductive organ of seed plants.

"Reproduction of angiosperms" - Question number 4. Flower grafting. Double fertilization. artificial pollination. Reproduction of angiosperms. Question number 1. Kidney vaccination. Question number 2. tissue culture. Self-pollination. In which part of the seed does the ovule cover develop after fertilization? Wind pollination. Ovule. Sexual reproduction.

"Angiosperms" - Department of Angiosperms. Why angiosperms? The embryo has two cotyledons. Flowers triangular. Onion family. Tap root system 11. Homework. Classification (example). Families: Cruciferous Rosaceae Nightshade Moth Compositae, etc. The number of flower parts is a multiple of 3. Stamens.

"Cotyledons" - Monocots. Dicotyledonous. From the pistils of the raspberry flower, juicy drupes are formed - elements of the fruit - a polydrupe. There are plants by the number of cotyledons. The fruit is a berry (nightshade, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers). Reed. The fruit is a box (datura). The fruit is a box (tobacco, fragrant tobacco, petunia, henbane). Inflorescence - brush.

"Biology Grade 6" Angiosperms "" - Order. Systematics of plants. View. Compositae. Headed cabbage. Characteristics of families. Rosaceae. A family of plants from the class of monocots. Dicotyledonous. Systematics of representatives of families. Systematics of angiosperms. Systematic units. Nightshade. Puzzle questions. Cereals. Cruciferous.

"Department of angiosperms" - 2) Rosaceae. 3) Legumes. Tsvetkov's classification. Banksia Ipomoea. Ch(5)l(5)t5p1. Class Dicotyledonous. 4) Nightshade. Department of Flowering Plants. Sea ​​buckthorn. FAMILY: Cereals O(2) + 2T3P1 - wheat Lily O6T6P1 - tulip Palms. Food Medicinal Feed Decorative Construction Technical Fuel Poisonous.