Presentation on the topic "gravity". Presentation on the topic: Gravity Universal gravity Presentation on the topic gravity

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Gravity (universal gravity, gravitation) (from Latin gravitas - “gravity”) is a universal fundamental interaction between all material bodies. In the approximation of low speeds and weak gravitational interaction, it is described by Newton’s theory of gravity, in the general case it is described by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Gravity is the weakest of the four types of fundamental interactions. In the quantum limit, gravitational interaction must be described by a quantum theory of gravity, which has not yet been fully developed

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Gravitational interaction

The law of universal gravitation. In the framework of classical mechanics, gravitational interaction is described by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that the force of gravitational attraction between two material points of mass m and M, separated by a distance R, is proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance - that is:

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The law of universal gravitation is one of the applications of the inverse square law, which is also found in the study of radiation (see, for example, Light Pressure), and is a direct consequence of the quadratic increase in the area of the sphere with increasing radius, which leads to a quadratic decrease in the contribution of any unit area to area of the entire sphere.

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The gravitational field, like the gravity field, is potential. This means that you can introduce the potential energy of gravitational attraction of a pair of bodies, and this energy will not change after moving the bodies along a closed loop. The potentiality of the gravitational field entails the law of conservation of the sum of kinetic and potential energy and, when studying the motion of bodies in a gravitational field, often significantly simplifies the solution. Within the framework of Newtonian mechanics, gravitational interaction is long-range. This means that no matter how a massive body moves, at any point in space the gravitational potential depends only on the position of the body at a given moment in time. Large space objects - planets, stars and galaxies have enormous mass and, therefore, create significant gravitational fields.

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Celestial mechanics and some of its tasks

The branch of mechanics that studies the motion of bodies in empty space only under the influence of gravity is called celestial mechanics. The simplest problem of celestial mechanics is the gravitational interaction of two point or spherical bodies in empty space. This problem within the framework of classical mechanics is solved analytically to the end; the result of its solution is often formulated in the form of Kepler's three laws.

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In some special cases, it is possible to find an approximate solution. The most important case is when the mass of one body is significantly greater than the mass of other bodies (examples: the solar system and the dynamics of the rings of Saturn). In this case, as a first approximation, we can assume that light bodies do not interact with each other and move along Keplerian trajectories around the massive body. The interactions between them can be taken into account within the framework of perturbation theory and averaged over time. In this case, non-trivial phenomena may arise, such as resonances, attractors, chaos, etc. A clear example of such phenomena is the complex structure of the rings of Saturn.

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Strong gravitational fields

In strong gravitational fields, as well as when moving in a gravitational field at relativistic speeds, the effects of the general theory of relativity (GTR) begin to appear: a change in the geometry of space-time; as a consequence, the deviation of the law of gravity from Newtonian; and in extreme cases - the emergence of black holes; delay of potentials associated with the finite speed of propagation of gravitational disturbances; as a consequence, the appearance of gravitational waves; nonlinearity effects: gravity tends to interact with itself, so the principle of superposition in strong fields no longer holds.

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Gravitational radiation

One of the important predictions of General Relativity is gravitational radiation, the presence of which has not yet been confirmed by direct observations. However, there is significant indirect evidence in favor of its existence, namely: energy losses in close binary systems containing compact gravitating objects (such as neutron stars or black holes), in particular, in the famous PSR B1913+16 system (Hulse-Taylor pulsar) - are in good agreement with the general relativity model, in which this energy is carried away precisely by gravitational radiation.

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Gravitational radiation can only be generated by systems with variable quadrupole or higher multipole moments; this fact suggests that the gravitational radiation of most natural sources is directional, which significantly complicates its detection.

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Since 1969 (Weber's experiments), attempts have been made to directly detect gravitational radiation. In the USA, Europe and Japan, there are currently several operating ground-based ones, as well as a project of the space gravitational detector LISA (LaserInterferometerSpaceAntenna - laser-interferometer space antenna). The ground-based detector in Russia is being developed at the Dulkyn Scientific Center for Gravitational Wave Research in the Republic of Tatarstan.

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Subtle effects of gravity

In addition to the classical effects of gravitational attraction and time dilation, the general theory of relativity predicts the existence of other manifestations of gravity, which under terrestrial conditions are very weak and their detection and experimental verification are therefore very difficult. Until recently, overcoming these difficulties seemed beyond the capabilities of experimenters. Among them, in particular, we can name drag of inertial frames of reference (or the Lense-Thirring effect) and the gravitomagnetic field. In 2005, NASA's unmanned GravityProbe B conducted an unprecedented precision experiment to measure these effects near Earth, but its full results have not yet been published. As of November 2009, as a result of complex data processing, the effect was detected with an error of no more than 14%. Work continues.

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There is a modern canonical classical theory of gravity - the general theory of relativity, and many clarifying hypotheses and theories of varying degrees of development, competing with each other. All of these theories make very similar predictions within the approximation in which experimental tests are currently carried out.

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What will happen if gravity disappears on Earth?

Let's forget about all the laws of physics for a moment and imagine that one fine day the gravity of planet Earth will completely disappear. This will be the worst day on the planet. We are very dependent on the force of gravity; thanks to this force, cars drive, people walk, furniture stands, pencils and documents can lie on the table. Anything that isn't attached to something will suddenly start flying through the air. The worst thing is that this will affect not only furniture and all the objects around us, but two more very important phenomena for us - the disappearance of gravity will affect the atmosphere and water in oceans, lakes and rivers. As soon as the force of gravity ceases to act, the air in the atmosphere that we breathe will no longer linger on the earth and all the oxygen will fly away into space. This is one of the reasons why people cannot live on the moon - because the moon does not have the required gravity to maintain an atmosphere around it, so the moon is practically in a vacuum. Without an atmosphere, all living beings will immediately die, and all liquids will evaporate into space. It turns out that if the force of gravity on our planet disappears, then there will be nothing living left on Earth. And at the same time, if gravity suddenly doubled, it would not bring anything good. Because in this case, all objects and living beings would become twice as heavy. First of all, this would all affect buildings and structures. Houses, bridges, skyscrapers, table supports, columns and much more were built taking into account normal gravity, and any change in gravity would have serious consequences - most structures would simply crumble. Trees and plants would also have a hard time. This would also affect power lines. Air pressure would double, which in turn would lead to climate change. All this shows how important gravity is to us. Without gravity, we would simply cease to exist, so we cannot allow the force of gravity on our planet to change. This must become an undeniable truth for all humanity.

Let's imagine that we are going on a journey through the solar system. What is the gravity on other planets? On which ones will we be lighter than on Earth, and on which ones will we be heavier?

While we have not yet left the Earth, let’s do the following experiment: mentally descend to one of the Earth’s poles, and then imagine that we have been transported to the equator. I wonder if our weight has changed?

It is known that the weight of any body is determined by the force of attraction (gravity). It is directly proportional to the mass of the planet and inversely proportional to the square of its radius (we first learned about this from a school physics textbook). Consequently, if our Earth were strictly spherical, then the weight of each object moving along its surface would remain unchanged.

But the Earth is not a ball. It is flattened at the poles and elongated along the equator. The equatorial radius of the Earth is 21 km longer than the polar radius. It turns out that the force of gravity acts on the equator as if from afar. That is why the weight of the same body in different places on the Earth is not the same. Objects should be heaviest at the earth's poles and lightest at the equator. Here they become 1/190 lighter than their weight at the poles. Of course, this change in weight can only be detected using a spring scale. A slight decrease in the weight of objects at the equator also occurs due to the centrifugal force arising from the rotation of the Earth. Thus, the weight of an adult arriving from high polar latitudes to the equator will decrease by a total of about 0.5 kg.

Now it is appropriate to ask: how will the weight of a person traveling through the planets of the solar system change?

Our first space station is Mars. How much will a person weigh on Mars? It is not difficult to make such a calculation. To do this, you need to know the mass and radius of Mars.

As is known, the mass of the “red planet” is 9.31 times less than the mass of the Earth, and its radius is 1.88 times less than the radius of the globe. Therefore, due to the action of the first factor, the gravity on the surface of Mars should be 9.31 times less, and due to the second, 3.53 times greater than ours (1.88 * 1.88 = 3.53 ). Ultimately, it constitutes a little more than 1/3 of the Earth's gravity there (3.53: 9.31 = 0.38). In the same way, you can determine the gravity stress on any celestial body.

Now let’s agree that on Earth an astronaut-traveler weighs exactly 70 kg. Then for other planets we obtain the following weight values (the planets are arranged in ascending order of weight):

Pluto 4.5

Mercury 26.5

Saturn 62.7

Venus 63.4

Neptune 79.6

Jupiter 161.2

As we can see, the Earth occupies an intermediate position between the giant planets in terms of gravity. On two of them - Saturn and Uranus - the force of gravity is somewhat less than on Earth, and on the other two - Jupiter and Neptune - it is greater. True, for Jupiter and Saturn the weight is given taking into account the action of centrifugal force (they rotate quickly). The latter reduces body weight at the equator by several percent.

It should be noted that for the giant planets the weight values are given at the level of the upper cloud layer, and not at the level of the solid surface, as for the Earth-like planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and Pluto.

On the surface of Venus, a person will be almost 10% lighter than on Earth. But on Mercury and Mars the weight reduction will occur by 2.6 times. As for Pluto, a person on it will be 2.5 times lighter than on the Moon, or 15.5 times lighter than in earthly conditions.

But on the Sun, gravity (attraction) is 28 times stronger than on Earth. A human body would weigh 2 tons there and would be instantly crushed by its own weight. However, before reaching the Sun, everything would turn into hot gas. Another thing is tiny celestial bodies such as the moons of Mars and asteroids. In many of them you can easily resemble... a sparrow!

It is quite clear that a person can travel to other planets only in a special sealed spacesuit equipped with life support devices. The weight of the spacesuit the American astronauts wore on the lunar surface is approximately equal to the weight of an adult. Therefore, the values we have given for the weight of a space traveler on other planets must be at least doubled. Only then will we obtain weight values close to the actual ones.

View document contents
“Presentation “Gravity around us””

I wonder how this happens?

The earth is round, and even rotates around its axis, flies in the endless space of our Universe among the stars,

and we sit quietly on the sofa and don’t fly or fall anywhere.

And penguins in Antarctica generally live “upside down” and also do not fall anywhere.

And, jumping on a trampoline, we always come back, and do not fly far into the blue sky.

What makes us all calmly walk on planet Earth and not fly anywhere, but all objects fall down?

Maybe something is pulling us towards the Earth?

Exactly!

We are pulled by gravity

or in other words - gravity.

Gravity

(attraction, universal gravitation, gravitation)

(from Latin gravitas - “heaviness”)

The essence of gravity is that all bodies in the Universe attract all other bodies around them.

Earth's gravity is a special case of this all-encompassing phenomenon.

The earth attracts to itself all bodies located on it:

people and animals can walk safely on the Earth,

rivers, seas and oceans remain within their banks,

air forms our atmosphere

planets.

Gravity

* she's always there

*she never changes

The reason that Earth's gravity never

does not change is that the mass of the Earth never changes.

The only way to change Earth's gravity is to change the planet's mass.

A sufficiently large change in mass that could lead to a change in gravity,

not planned yet!

What will happen on Earth

if gravity disappears...

This will be a terrible day!!!

Almost everything that surrounds us will change.

Everything that is not attached

to something, suddenly starts flying through the air.

If on Earth there is no

gravity...

Both the atmosphere and the water in the oceans and rivers will float.

Without an atmosphere, any living creature will immediately die,

and any liquid will evaporate into space.

If the planet loses gravity, no one will last long!

If our planet disappears

force of gravity,

then on Earth

there will be nothing left alive!

The Earth itself will fall apart

to pieces and go

swim

into the space

A similar fate will befall the Sun.

Without gravity to hold it together, the core would simply explode under the pressure.

And if gravity suddenly

will double …

it will be bad too!

All objects and living beings would become twice as heavy...

If gravity suddenly

will double …

Houses, bridges, skyscrapers, columns and beams

designed for

normal gravity.

If gravity suddenly

will double …

Most structures would simply crumble!

If gravity suddenly

will double …

This would affect power lines.

Trees and plants would have a hard time.

If gravity suddenly

will double …

Air pressure would double, leading to climate change.

Gravity

on other planets

Gravity of the planets of the solar system in comparison with the gravity of the Earth

Planet

Sun

Gravity on its surface

Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

The scales will show...

171.6 kg

If we have to travel in space through the planets of the solar system, then we need to be prepared for the fact that our weight will change.

3.9 kg

The scales show

… kg

On Jupiter

It's about the same

as if a person

in addition to their

I would have shouldered about 60 kg more

102 kg

Gravity has various effects on living things.

When other habitable worlds are discovered, we will see that their inhabitants differ greatly from each other depending on the mass of their planets.

If the Moon were inhabited, it would be inhabited by very tall and fragile creatures...

On a planet with the mass of Jupiter, the inhabitants would be very short, strong and massive.

You can’t survive in such conditions with weak limbs, no matter how hard you try.

Gravity

- the force with which the Earth attracts bodies

- directed vertically down towards the center of the Earth

Research

How does gravity depend on body mass?

To figure out:

- What is the relationship between gravity and body weight?

- What is the coefficient of proportionality?

Dynamometer division price:

Measurement results

Body mass

Gravity

𝗺 , kg

0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 𝗺, kg

Proportionality factor: g

For all experiments: g

Gravity calculation: = mg

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Presentation on the topic: Gravity Universal gravitation

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Gravity from a scientific point of view Gravity (universal gravity) (from the Latin gravitas - “gravity”) is a long-range fundamental interaction to which all material bodies are subject. According to modern concepts, it is the universal interaction of matter with the space-time continuum, and, unlike other fundamental interactions, all bodies without exception, regardless of their mass and internal structure, at the same point in space and time are given the same acceleration relatively locally -inertial reference frame - Einstein's equivalence principle. Mainly, gravity has a decisive influence on matter on a cosmic scale. The term gravity is also used as the name of the branch of physics that studies gravitational interactions. The most successful modern physical theory in classical physics describing gravity is general relativity; The quantum theory of gravitational interaction has not yet been constructed.

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The law of universal gravitation In his declining days, Isaac Newton told how the discovery of the law of universal gravitation occurred: he was walking through an apple orchard on his parents' estate and suddenly saw the moon in the daytime sky. And right there, before his eyes, an apple came off the branch and fell to the ground. Since Newton was working on the laws of motion at that very time, he already knew that the apple fell under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field. He also knew that the Moon does not just hang in the sky, but rotates in orbit around the Earth, and, therefore, it is affected by some kind of force that keeps it from breaking out of orbit and flying in a straight line away, into open space. Then it occurred to him that perhaps it was the same force that made both the apple fall to the ground and the Moon remain in orbit around the Earth.

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Impact of gravity Large space objects - planets, stars and galaxies have enormous mass and, therefore, create significant gravitational fields. Gravity is the weakest interaction. However, since it acts at all distances and all masses are positive, it is nevertheless a very important force in the Universe. For comparison: the total electric charge of these bodies is zero, since the substance as a whole is electrically neutral. Also, gravity, unlike other interactions, is universal in its effect on all matter and energy. No objects have been discovered that have no gravitational interaction at all.

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Due to its global nature, gravity is responsible for such large-scale effects as the structure of galaxies, black holes and the expansion of the Universe, and for elementary astronomical phenomena - the orbits of planets, and for simple attraction to the surface of the Earth and the fall of bodies.

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Strong gravitational fields In strong gravitational fields, when moving at relativistic speeds, the effects of the general theory of relativity (GTR) begin to appear: changes in the geometry of space-time; as a consequence, deviation of the law of gravity from Newtonian; and in extreme cases - the emergence of black holes; delay of potentials associated with the finite speed of propagation of gravitational disturbances; as a consequence, the appearance of gravitational waves; nonlinearity effects: gravity tends to interact with itself, so the principle of superposition in strong fields no longer holds.

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What is gravity? Gravity, as a branch of physics, is an extremely dangerous subject, Giordano Bruno was burned by the Inquisition, Galileo Galilei barely escaped punishment, Newton received a cone from an apple, and at the beginning the whole scientific world laughed at Einstein. Modern science is very conservative, so all work on gravity research is met with skepticism. Although the latest achievements in various laboratories around the world indicate that it is possible to control gravity, and in a few years our understanding of many physical phenomena will be much deeper. Radical changes will occur in the science and technology of the 21st century, but this will require serious work and the combined efforts of scientists, journalists and all progressive people... Gravity, as a branch of physics, is an extremely dangerous subject, Giordano Bruno was burned by the Inquisition, Galileo Galilei had difficulty escaped punishment, Newton received a cone from an apple, and at the beginning the whole scientific world laughed at Einstein. Modern science is very conservative, so all work on gravity research is met with skepticism. Although the latest achievements in various laboratories around the world indicate that it is possible to control gravity, and in a few years our understanding of many physical phenomena will be much deeper. Radical changes will occur in the science and technology of the 21st century, but this will require serious work and the combined efforts of scientists, journalists and all progressive people... E.E. Podkletnov E.E. Podkletnov

Gravity from a scientific point of view Gravity (universal gravitation) (from Latin gravitas “gravity”) is a long-range fundamental interaction to which all material bodies are subject. According to modern concepts, it is the universal interaction of matter with the space-time continuum, and, unlike other fundamental interactions, all bodies without exception, regardless of their mass and internal structure, at the same point in space and time are given the same acceleration relatively locally -inertial reference frame Einstein's equivalence principle. Mainly, gravity has a decisive influence on matter on a cosmic scale. The term gravity is also used as the name of the branch of physics that studies gravitational interactions. The most successful modern physical theory in classical physics describing gravity is general relativity; The quantum theory of gravitational interaction has not yet been constructed. Gravity (universal gravitation) (from Latin gravitas “heaviness”) is a long-range fundamental interaction to which all material bodies are subject. According to modern concepts, it is the universal interaction of matter with the space-time continuum, and, unlike other fundamental interactions, all bodies without exception, regardless of their mass and internal structure, at the same point in space and time are given the same acceleration relatively locally -inertial reference frame Einstein's equivalence principle. Mainly, gravity has a decisive influence on matter on a cosmic scale. The term gravity is also used as the name of the branch of physics that studies gravitational interactions. The most successful modern physical theory in classical physics describing gravity is general relativity; The quantum theory of gravitational interaction has not yet been constructed.

Gravitational interaction Gravitational interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions in our world. Within the framework of classical mechanics, gravitational interaction is described by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that the force of gravitational attraction between two material points of mass m1 and m2, separated by a distance R, is proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance, that is, gravitational interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions in our world. In the framework of classical mechanics, gravitational interaction is described by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that the force of gravitational attraction between two material points of mass m1 and m2, separated by a distance R, is proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance, that is, Here G is the gravitational constant equal to approximately m³/(kgf²). Here G is the gravitational constant, equal to approximately m³/(kgf²).

The law of universal gravitation In his declining days, Isaac Newton told how the discovery of the law of universal gravitation occurred: he was walking through the apple orchard on his parents' estate and suddenly saw the moon in the daytime sky. And right there, before his eyes, an apple came off the branch and fell to the ground. Since Newton was working on the laws of motion at that very time, he already knew that the apple fell under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field. He also knew that the Moon does not just hang in the sky, but rotates in orbit around the Earth, and, therefore, it is affected by some kind of force that keeps it from breaking out of orbit and flying in a straight line away, into open space. Then it occurred to him that perhaps it was the same force that made both the apple fall to the ground and the Moon remain in orbit around the Earth. In his declining days, Isaac Newton told how the law of universal gravitation was discovered: he was walking through an apple orchard on his parents’ estate and suddenly saw the moon in the daytime sky. And right there, before his eyes, an apple came off the branch and fell to the ground. Since Newton was working on the laws of motion at that very time, he already knew that the apple fell under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field. He also knew that the Moon does not just hang in the sky, but rotates in orbit around the Earth, and, therefore, it is affected by some kind of force that keeps it from breaking out of orbit and flying in a straight line away, into open space. Then it occurred to him that perhaps it was the same force that made both the apple fall to the ground and the Moon remain in orbit around the Earth.

Effects of Gravity Large space objects, planets, stars and galaxies, have enormous mass and therefore create significant gravitational fields. Large space objects, planets, stars and galaxies, have enormous mass and therefore create significant gravitational fields. Gravity is the weakest force. However, since it acts at all distances and all masses are positive, it is nevertheless a very important force in the Universe. For comparison: the total electric charge of these bodies is zero, since the substance as a whole is electrically neutral. Gravity is the weakest force. However, since it acts at all distances and all masses are positive, it is nevertheless a very important force in the Universe. For comparison: the total electric charge of these bodies is zero, since the substance as a whole is electrically neutral. Also, gravity, unlike other interactions, is universal in its effect on all matter and energy. No objects have been discovered that have no gravitational interaction at all. Also, gravity, unlike other interactions, is universal in its effect on all matter and energy. No objects have been discovered that have no gravitational interaction at all.

Due to its global nature, gravity is responsible for such large-scale effects as the structure of galaxies, black holes and the expansion of the Universe, and for the elementary astronomical phenomena of the orbit of planets, and for simple attraction to the surface of the Earth and the fall of bodies. Due to its global nature, gravity is responsible for such large-scale effects as the structure of galaxies, black holes and the expansion of the Universe, and for the elementary astronomical phenomena of the orbit of planets, and for simple attraction to the surface of the Earth and the fall of bodies.

Gravity was the first interaction described by mathematical theory. Aristotle believed that objects with different masses fall at different speeds. Only much later, Galileo Galilei experimentally determined that this is not so: if air resistance is eliminated, all bodies accelerate equally. Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation (1687) described the general behavior of gravity well. In 1915, Albert Einstein created the General Theory of Relativity, which more accurately describes gravity in terms of the geometry of space-time. Gravity was the first interaction described by mathematical theory. Aristotle believed that objects with different masses fall at different speeds. Only much later, Galileo Galilei experimentally determined that this is not so: if air resistance is eliminated, all bodies accelerate equally. Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation (1687) described the general behavior of gravity well. In 1915, Albert Einstein created the General Theory of Relativity, which more accurately describes gravity in terms of the geometry of space-time.

Strong gravitational fields In strong gravitational fields, when moving at relativistic speeds, the effects of the general theory of relativity (GTR) begin to appear: In strong gravitational fields, when moving at relativistic speeds, the effects of the general theory of relativity (GTR) begin to appear: a change in the geometry of space-time ; change in space-time geometry; as a consequence, the deviation of the law of gravity from Newtonian; as a consequence, the deviation of the law of gravity from Newtonian; and in extreme cases, the emergence of black holes; and in extreme cases, the emergence of black holes; delay of potentials associated with the finite speed of propagation of gravitational disturbances; delay of potentials associated with the finite speed of propagation of gravitational disturbances; as a consequence, the appearance of gravitational waves; as a consequence, the appearance of gravitational waves; nonlinearity effects: gravity tends to interact with itself, so the principle of superposition in strong fields no longer holds. nonlinearity effects: gravity tends to interact with itself, so the principle of superposition in strong fields no longer holds.

Classical theories of gravity Due to the fact that quantum effects of gravity are extremely small even under the most extreme experimental and observational conditions, there are still no reliable observations of them. Theoretical estimates show that in the vast majority of cases one can limit oneself to the classical description of gravitational interaction. Due to the fact that quantum effects of gravity are extremely small even under the most extreme experimental and observational conditions, there are still no reliable observations of them. Theoretical estimates show that in the vast majority of cases one can limit oneself to the classical description of gravitational interaction. There is a modern canonical classical theory of gravity, the general theory of relativity, and many clarifying hypotheses and theories of varying degrees of development, competing with each other. All of these theories make very similar predictions within the approximation in which experimental tests are currently carried out. The following are several basic, most well-developed or known theories of gravity. There is a modern canonical classical theory of gravity, the general theory of relativity, and many clarifying hypotheses and theories of varying degrees of development, competing with each other. All of these theories make very similar predictions within the approximation in which experimental tests are currently carried out. The following are several basic, most well-developed or known theories of gravity.

General theory of relativity In the standard approach of the general theory of relativity (GTR), gravity is initially considered not as a force interaction, but as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Thus, in general relativity, gravity is interpreted as a geometric effect, and space-time is considered within the framework of non-Euclidean Riemannian geometry. The gravitational field, sometimes also called the gravitational field, in general relativity is identified with the tensor metric field by the metric of four-dimensional space-time, and the strength of the gravitational field with the affine connection of space-time determined by the metric. In the standard approach of the general theory of relativity (GTR), gravity is initially considered not as a force interaction, but as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Thus, in general relativity, gravity is interpreted as a geometric effect, and space-time is considered within the framework of non-Euclidean Riemannian geometry. The gravitational field, sometimes also called the gravitational field, in general relativity is identified with the tensor metric field by the metric of four-dimensional space-time, and the strength of the gravitational field with the affine connection of space-time determined by the metric.

Einstein Cartan theory The Einstein Cartan theory (EC) was developed as an extension of general relativity, internally including a description of the influence on space-time, in addition to energy-momentum, also of the spin of objects. In the EC theory, affine torsion is introduced, and instead of pseudo-Riemannian geometry for space-time, Riemann-Cartan geometry is used. The Einstein Cartan theory (EC) was developed as an extension of general relativity, internally including a description of the influence on space-time, in addition to energy-momentum, also of the spin of objects. In the EC theory, affine torsion is introduced, and instead of pseudo-Riemannian geometry for space-time, Riemann-Cartan geometry is used.

Conclusion Gravity is the force that governs the entire Universe. It keeps us on Earth, determines the orbits of the planets, and ensures the stability of the solar system. It is she who plays the main role in the interaction of stars and galaxies, obviously determining the past, present and future of the Universe. Gravity is the force that governs the entire Universe. It keeps us on Earth, determines the orbits of the planets, and ensures the stability of the solar system. It is she who plays the main role in the interaction of stars and galaxies, obviously determining the past, present and future of the Universe.

It always attracts and never repels, acting on everything that is visible and on much of what is invisible. And although gravity was the first of the four fundamental forces of nature, the laws of which were discovered and formulated in mathematical form, it still remains unsolved. It always attracts and never repels, acting on everything that is visible and on much of what is invisible. And although gravity was the first of the four fundamental forces of nature, the laws of which were discovered and formulated in mathematical form, it still remains unsolved.