Bionics

Research

Introduction
1.1.Science of bionics
1.2.1.Architectural bionics
1.2.2.Neurobionics
1.2.3. Technical bionics
2.1. Poll on the problem
2.2.1.Building
2.2.2.pool
2.2.3.bio car
2.2.4. furniture
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

Since time immemorial, human thought has been looking for an answer to the question: can a person achieve the same thing that living nature has achieved? Will he be able, for example, to fly like a bird or swim underwater like a fish? At first, people could only dream about this, but soon inventors began to apply the organizational features of living organisms in their designs. Even the greatest Greek materialist philosopher Democritus (about 460-370 BC) wrote: “We learned the most important matters from animals by imitation. We are the disciples of the spider in weaving and tailoring, the disciples of the swallow in building dwellings (1)..."

After reading the statement of Democritus, I wondered what man took from nature to improve his life. Man has long been surprised and delighted by the perfection of nature, so he sought to study it and borrow a lot from it. Finding, studying amazing “inventions” of plants and animals and applying them in science, architecture, and technology is the main task of bionics. Bionics (from the Greek word “bion” - element of the life system, cell of life) is a young science with a huge future. I was interested in this topic and decided to study it. Every leaf, every blade of grass, every petal can serve as a living model of a technical structure and be used in the design of various types of structures and their elements. Art, architecture, design, industry - these are just some of the areas where living organisms are used.

I decided to take some living nature objects as a basis and use them to create something complex and interesting that could be applied in everyday life.

In my work I put target– study of the properties of natural phenomena and the possibility of their use in technical discoveries for the benefit of man.

In the course of this work I will decide the following tasks:

1) Select and analyze relevant literature on the topic;

2) Find facts confirming the existence of objects in the design of which the laws of nature were used;

3) expand your knowledge about the unique properties of natural organisms;

4) offer your ideas for using the properties of natural objects in technical inventions (creating an album);

Chapter 1

1.1.Science of bionics

While studying literature, I discovered that there is such a science - bionics. Bionics is a special direction in science and technology, the goal of which is to use biological knowledge to solve engineering problems and develop technology.

Bionics is a science that lies on the border between biology and technology. The combination of “BIOLOGY” and “TECHNOLOGY” means “learning from nature the technology of tomorrow,” which will bring great benefits to man and nature. Bionics is closely related to biology, physics, chemistry, cybernetics and engineering sciences - electronics, navigation, communications, maritime affairs and so on (1).

The emergence of the science of cybernetics contributed to a broader study of the structure and functions of living systems. This helped to clarify their similarities with technical systems, as well as to use the information obtained about living organisms to create new devices, mechanisms, and materials.

The formal date of birth of bionics is considered to be September 13, 1960. The first symposium on the topic “Living prototypes of artificial systems - the key to new technology” was held in Daytona (USA), which formalized the birth of a new science.

An emblem and motto immediately arose, bearing a symbolic image of the scientific essence of bionics - to synthesize the knowledge accumulated in various sciences. The emblem of bionics is a scalpel and a soldering iron, connected by an integral sign. The scalpel is a symbol of biology, the soldering iron is a symbol of technology, and the integral unites both branches of science. The motto of bionics is “Living prototypes – the key to new technology” (2).

1.2.1.Architectural bionics

Throughout history, man, in his architectural and construction activities, consciously or intuitively turned to living nature, which helped him solve a variety of problems.

South American Indian hut and termite mound

Man, as is known, gradually developed from the most ancient primates of mammals to the state of “homo sapiens”. At the same time, architectural structures became more complex.

The design of the capitals of the columns of the temples of Ancient Egypt by analogy with the shapes of lotus and papyrus flowers (4).

Modern architecture has no boundaries. The most interesting among the existing projects is the tower city in Shanghai. The city tower will have the shape of a cypress tree with a height of 1128 m with a girth at the base of 133 by 100 m, and at the widest point 166 by 133 m. The tower will have 300 floors, and they will be located in 12 vertical blocks of 80 floors. Between the blocks there are screed floors, which act as a supporting structure for each block level. Inside the blocks there are houses of different heights with vertical gardens. This elaborate design is similar to the structure of the branches and entire crown of the cypress tree. The tower will stand on a pile foundation according to the accordion principle, which is not buried, but develops in all directions as it gains height - similar to how the root system of a tree develops. Wind fluctuations on the upper floors are minimized: air easily passes through the tower structure. To cover the tower, a special plastic material will be used that imitates the porous surface of leather. If the construction is successful, it is planned to build several more such building-cities (6).

1.2.2.Neurobionics

The main areas of neurobionics are the study of the nervous system of humans and animals and the modeling of nerve cells-neurons and neural networks. This makes it possible to improve and develop electronic and computer technology. Thanks to bionics, miniature and reliable sensors have been created that are not inferior in sensitivity, for example, to the eye, which reacts to single quanta of light, the heat-sensitive organ of a rattlesnake, which distinguishes temperature changes of 0.001 ° C, or the electrical organ of fish, which perceives potentials in fractions of a microvolt. The study of detection, navigation and orientation systems in birds, fish and other animals is also one of the important tasks of bionics, because miniature and accurate perceiving and analyzing systems that help animals navigate, find prey, and migrate thousands of kilometers can help improve instruments used in aviation, maritime affairs, etc. Thus, the American company Orbital Research, a developer of navigation systems, began work on an intuitive sensor system that will help avoid collisions between cars on the ground and aircraft in the air (3). Scientists were prompted to design such a system by the behavior of cockroaches at the moment when they are trying to catch them. The nervous system of cockroaches constantly monitors everything, even the smallest changes, that occur nearby, and when danger arises, it reacts quickly, clearly and, most importantly, correctly. A working model of a radio-controlled car with “cockroach brains” has already been created.

Scientists from the Australian National University have studied the flight of the dragonfly in detail. They concluded that "despite having very small brains, these insects are capable of performing fast and precise aerial maneuvers that require stability and collision avoidance." They want to use new aircraft designed in the “image and likeness” to study the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system. Here is an example that can be taken from another invertebrate. One of the US Department of Energy's laboratories is studying a mixture that bivalves produce to stick tightly to the bottoms of ships. Based on the research, a new glue is being made that will help glue oxidized metal plates from which important computer components are assembled, or even replace surgical sutures on the human body after surgery (6).

1.2.3. Technical bionics

The study of the hydrodynamic features of the structure of whales and dolphins helped to create a special plating for the underwater part of ships, which provides an increase in speed by 20–25% with the same engine power. This skin is called laminflo and, similar to dolphin skin, is not wetted and has an elastic-elastic structure, which eliminates turbulent turbulence and ensures sliding with minimal resistance. The same example can be given from the history of aviation. For a long time, the problem of high-speed aviation was flutter - vibrations of the wings that suddenly and violently arise at a certain speed. Because of these vibrations, the plane fell apart in the air in a few seconds. After numerous accidents, the designers found a way out - they began to make wings with a thickening at the end. After some time, similar thickenings were discovered at the ends of the dragonfly's wings. In biology, these thickenings are called pterostigmas. New principles of flight, wheelless movement, construction of bearings, etc. are being developed based on the study of the flight of birds and insects, the movement of jumping animals, and the structure of joints (4).

Chapter 2

In the conditions of a modern city: bustle, noise and dullness, as well as the eternal lack of time, a person unknowingly suffers from a lack of pure, rich colors and bizarre forms of living plants and animals. This contradiction between a person’s desire to get closer to nature and the impossibility of its implementation can be resolved by the bionic style. In my work I try to find ways to resolve this contradiction. The design project I developed in this style will at least a little help a person feel in harmony with nature. My research work is an opportunity to understand the laws of life myself.

2.1. Poll on the problem

The next stage of my work was a survey of students and teachers at our school. I wanted to find out how much knowledge they had on a topic that interested me. I asked them a series of questions:

1. What do you know about the science of bionics?

2. Have you noticed the similarity of the appearance of animals, their abilities with the properties and external form of any technical inventions?

3. Do you agree that nature provides man with many examples for technical inventions?

4. Give your own examples.

The survey was conducted among students in grades 1-11 and teachers. A total of 54 people took part in the survey. I displayed the results of the survey in a table.

Table 1

Survey results

	Initial Link			Middle Link
Question number		The answer is "Yes"	The answer is "No"	The answer is "Yes"	The answer is "No"	The answer is "Yes"		The answer is "No"
						100% (15 people)
						100% (15 people)
						100% (15 people)

Based on these results, I conclude that most of the guys have no idea about the science of bionics. However, more than 80% of respondents observed the similarity of the appearance of animals, their abilities with the properties and external form of any technical inventions. Most agree that nature provides man with many examples for technical inventions. The good news is that many students at our school were able to give examples based on personal observations or knowledge. During the survey, I observed increased interest and desire to learn about this science among students in both primary and secondary schools.

2.2. Creating an album on a topic.

I displayed the knowledge I gained in a special album, where I showed ways of using the properties of natural objects in technical inventions.

2.2.1.Building (Appendix 1)

People are tired of ordinary buildings, luxury mansions, eco-friendly homes, smart houses. They want everything at once in one building, in addition to everything - an unusual shape. Down with faceless cottages - living in boring houses is harmful. Moreover, imagination is limitless, be it stone or wooden houses. As the first object for my research, I decided to take the freshwater polyp Hydra and design a building based on it. This small animal, about 1 cm long, will correspond to 3 floors of a residential building. The intestinal cavity inside the polyp is just right for the elevator to move. The tentacles at the top of the hydra will turn into solar panels. Modern solar modules do not require direct sunlight to generate electricity. They charge batteries under cloudy skies, rain, and cloudy weather. Solar energy is distinguished by its environmental friendliness and low cost. Solar panel technology allows you to harness the sun's unlimited energy without harming the environment. The use of solar panels in Russia is not very widespread, but, undoubtedly, the future lies with them.

The outer layer of the hydra's body contains very small round cells with large nuclei. These cells are called intermediate. They play a very important role in the life of the hydra. With any damage to the body, intermediate cells located near the wounds begin to grow rapidly. From them, skin-muscle, nerve and other cells are formed, and the wounded area quickly heals. What if, based on this ability of the hydra, we improved the cement mortar for holding bricks together. Let this solution contain a substance that can swell when water gets into the cracks of the building, and thus restore the integrity of the building.

The paint for the building will also be unusual. Simple paint that is applied to buildings absorbs water, and with it dust and dirt. Not a great feature for a modern home. In nature, there are plants whose leaves do not absorb water (lotus leaf, rose petals). Water rolls off their surface and takes dust particles with it. If modern paint has this property, then the surface of buildings will always be clean.

2.2.2.pool (Appendix 2)

Living in a metropolis, a person is constantly in a state of stress. The same type of high-rise buildings with rows of identical windows, gray tones, concrete and buildings that are oppressive with their height have a depressing effect on the psyche. The feeling of emptiness from an aggressive visual environment grows into the brain so much over the years that it is no longer noticed, but this does not prevent it from turning into neuroses and asthenia. This negative effect can be removed by turning architecture into a place of rest for the eyes and a point of aesthetic recharging.

“A fairy tale for adults” - this is what the bionic style is often called. First of all, because all the buildings designed in this direction look unique and amazing, and the inspiration for the architects in this case is nature itself. In architecture, bionics strives to imitate in its forms the naturalness of the natural environment, the anatomy and appearance of the creations of living and inanimate nature. But since a structure intended for living or recreation of people must also be functional, and not just look like a tree or a dandelion, architects often limit themselves to the metaphor of a living organism. Everything should be anti-geometric - buildings in this style ignore clear lines and strict ninety-degree angles. The walls of the structure are like a cell membrane, their convex and concave surfaces alternate rhythmically, thereby creating the appearance of a living, breathing creature. The pool project that we present looks like a ladybug. Our pool can be used at any time of the year. Thanks to the ability to raise the “wings” of the structure, you can enjoy swimming in the open air. The bright coloring of our building will not allow children to pass by, who will bring their parents there by the hand. I hope that in the near future, thanks to such facilities, the number of swimmers and the number of gold medals at the Olympic Games will increase.

2.2.3.bio car (Appendix 3)

Recently, there has been a fashion for non-standard and environmentally friendly cars. And eco-cars using high technologies are being developed by such reputable giants as Ford, BMW, Peugeot, etc.

Our car looks like a plant leaf. Liquid air will serve as fuel for it. The first cars using this type of fuel already exist and have proven themselves from an environmental point of view. In addition to its unusual appearance, our car has special tires that any driver would envy. It is known that the heart constantly pumps blood through the vessels, while the pressure in the blood is constantly maintained at the same level. What if this feature was applied to the structure of tires? Our car has tires that can inflate themselves. The tires are inflated automatically thanks to a pulsating pump that operates from time to time, keeping the tires at a constant, safe level of pressure. This will not only increase road safety, but will also contribute to the economical use of fuel (cars with underinflated tires use more fuel), resulting in reduced carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and increased tire life.

2.2.4.furniture (Appendix 4)

A green wave swept across the world. Today, millions of people sincerely dream of feeling that they are not living in a noisy metropolis, but in the lap of nature. Eco style allows you to create the illusion that your home is an island of natural well-being. Imitating natural motifs, using natural, environmentally friendly materials and following the concept of simplicity are the qualities that have brought this style resounding success. When a designer begins to work on such an interior, his main task is to recreate pictures of the natural environment in a city apartment or country house. That is, the entire furnishings of the apartment should be designed in a “natural” way, should be in harmony with nature and give household members a feeling of peace and tranquility.

From a geometric point of view, the modern synthetic world created by man consists of straight lines and angles. The squares of streets and houses contain squares of rooms, windows, television screens, chairs and desks. Doors, drawers, chests of drawers, radiators and air conditioners, shelves, cabinets and boxes are a collection of squares and their rectangular brothers. The square is a purely rationalistic invention; it simply does not exist in nature. There are no square organs in the human body, and they are absent in the structure of animal bodies. There are no square planets, luminaries or plants. Nature does not create square shapes - with the exception of rare crystals. The human eye, head, Sun, egg, whirlpool, flower core, lake have a round shape. The circle symbolizes the cycle of life, while the square is a symbol of everything inanimate and artificial.

The bionic style interior is distinguished by smooth curves, large space, and the room filled with light and fresh air. This style gives the designer a lot of freedom when manipulating the shape and space of a room or building. Sometimes it comes to spatial illusory effects.

The furniture design we present resembles a plant leaf. The color of bright juicy greens is combined with rounded shapes. If the rest of the furniture is chosen in the same style, then the whole room will look like a fabulous island of nature.

Conclusion

The source of inspiration for bionics is nature. She is so wise that she has come up with many ideal shapes and designs. A person can only observe and copy them. The structure of a honeycomb, a spiral-shaped sea shell, the anatomical structure of insects are ready-made models that can be used anywhere, including in the interior. What style we choose for our new home or cottage depends only on our imagination and material capabilities. Bionics has proven that architecture is not just sticks and bricks. Anyone can use bionic elements at home or on their property. In the interior, these are, first of all, lamps and furniture, the forms for which are borrowed from nature itself. By the way, you can make them yourself. It is not difficult to make the landscape on the site unique. To do this, just pay attention to existing stones, branches, cracks, etc. Using a little imagination, you can create an alpine slide (a structure made of stones and vegetation typical of a high-mountain climate). If there is a large old tree, do not rush to cut it down. Its hollow cavities can be used, for example, as a container for things or even as a gazebo for relaxation. There will be no need for air conditioning here, since even in the heat the tree will provide a constant temperature of approximately 22 degrees. As practice shows, the potential of unexplored secrets of nature is enormous. Just don’t be afraid to study them, don’t protect yourself from nature with the walls of buildings, thereby destroying our common home.

Conclusions: 1. Much of what is made by human hands was not invented by people themselves, but with a “hint” from Mother Nature.

2. Scientists continue to study living objects in order to gain fresh ideas for creating new technical devices.

3. I hope that my ideas for using the properties of living objects in technical inventions will be useful.

My work does not end here: I will continue to search for interesting facts about the use of the properties of natural phenomena in technical discoveries. This work has captivated all my family: we never cease to admire and be amazed at the uniqueness and perfection of everything created in the natural world!

Love your planet, take care of the animals and plants that surround us. They will reveal their secrets!

Bibliography

1. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

2. http://bio-nica.narod.ru/

3. http://www.luxurynet.ru/architecture/3634.html

4. http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/stroitel/1032

5. http://cih.ru/ab/b1.html

6. http://moikompas.ru/compas/bionic

7. http://www.visual-form.ru/article/004.html

8. http://www.existenzia.ru/idea/bionika

9. http://www.formundraum.ru/stili-v-dizajne/bionika/

10. http://kraevedenie.net/2010/01/24/bionika-neftesbor/

11. http://suslov-oleg.com.ua/ocherk.php

12. http://www.bazil-maestro.com/articles/bionika

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Presentation on the topic: Bionics

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The main areas of work in bionics cover the following problems: the study of the nervous system of humans and animals and the modeling of nerve cells (neurons) and neural networks for further improvement of computer technology and the development of new elements and devices of automation and telemechanics (neurobionics); research of sensory organs and other perceptive systems living organisms in order to develop new sensors and detection systems; study of the principles of orientation, location and navigation in various animals for the use of these principles in technology; study of the morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics of living organisms to put forward new technical and scientific ideas.

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The relationship between nature and technology In the past, man’s attitude towards nature was consumerist; technology exploited and destroyed natural resources. But gradually people began to treat nature more carefully, trying to take a closer look at its methods in order to wisely use them in technology. These methods can serve as a model for the development of environmentally friendly industrial products. Nature as a standard is bionics. Understanding nature and taking it as a model does not mean copying. However, nature can help us find the right technical solution to quite complex issues. Nature is like a huge engineering bureau, which always has the right way out of any situation.

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Bionics is closely related to biology, physics, chemistry, cybernetics and engineering sciences: electronics, navigation, communications, maritime affairs and others. The idea of ​​applying knowledge about living nature to solve engineering problems belongs to Leonardo da Vinci, who tried to build an aircraft with flapping wings, like birds: ornithopter. In 1960, the first symposium on bionics was held in Daytona (USA), which formalized the birth of a new science.

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Cybernetics The emergence of cybernetics, which considers the general principles of control and communication in living organisms and machines, has become an incentive for a broader study of the structure and functions of living systems in order to clarify their commonality with technical systems, as well as use the information obtained about living organisms to create new devices and mechanisms , materials, etc.

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Architectural bionics This is a new phenomenon in architectural science and practice. Here are the possibilities of searching for new, functionally justified architectural forms, distinguished by beauty and harmony, and the creation of new rational structures with the simultaneous use of the amazing properties of building materials of living nature, and the discovery of ways to realize the unity of design and creation of architectural means using the energy of the sun, wind, cosmic rays . But, perhaps, its most important result may be active participation in creating conditions for the conservation of wildlife and the formation of its harmonious unity with architecture.

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Modeling living organisms Creating a model in bionics is half the battle. To solve a specific practical problem, it is necessary not only to check the presence of the model’s properties that are of interest to practice, but also to develop methods for calculating predetermined technical characteristics of the device, and to develop synthesis methods that ensure the achievement of the indicators required in the problem. And therefore, many bionic models, before receiving technical implementation, start their life on the computer. A mathematical description of the model is constructed. Based on it, a computer program is compiled - a bionic model. Using such a computer model, various parameters can be processed in a short time and design flaws can be eliminated.

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Today, bionics has several areas: Architectural and construction bionics studies the laws of formation and structure formation of living tissues, analyzes the structural systems of living organisms on the principle of saving material, energy and ensuring reliability. Neurobionics studies the functioning of the brain and explores the mechanisms of memory. The sensory organs of animals and the internal mechanisms of reaction to the environment in both animals and plants are being intensively studied.

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Architectural and construction bionics In architectural and construction bionics, much attention is paid to new construction technologies. For example, in the field of development of efficient and waste-free construction technologies, a promising direction is the creation of layered structures. The idea is borrowed from deep-sea mollusks. Their durable shells, such as those of the widespread abalone, consist of alternating hard and soft plates. When a hard plate cracks, the deformation is absorbed by the soft layer and the crack does not go further. This technology can also be used to cover cars.

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Neurobionics Neurobionics is a scientific field that studies the possibility of using the principles of the structure and functioning of the brain in order to create more advanced technical devices and technological processes. The main areas of neurobionics are the study of the nervous system of humans and animals and the modeling of nerve cells-neurons and neural networks. This makes it possible to improve and develop electronic and computer technology.

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A striking example of Architectural and construction bionics is a complete analogy of the structure of cereal stems and modern high-rise buildings. The stems of cereal plants are able to withstand heavy loads without breaking under the weight of the inflorescence. If the wind bends them to the ground, they quickly restore their vertical position. What's the secret? It turns out that their structure is similar to the design of modern high-rise factory pipes - one of the latest achievements of engineering.

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First examples of Bionics Almost any technological problem that faces designers or engineers has long been successfully solved by other living beings. For example, soft drink manufacturers are constantly looking for new ways to package their products. At the same time, an ordinary apple tree solved this problem long ago. An apple is 97% water, packed not in wood cardboard, but in an edible peel that is appetizing enough to attract animals to eat the fruit and distribute the grains. The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bone structure of the head of the femur. Bionics specialists reason in this way. When they encounter an engineering or design problem, they look for a solution in the unlimited-size "science base" of animals and plants.

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Velcro fasteners The operating principle of burdock was borrowed by man to make Velcro fasteners. The first adhesive tapes appeared in the 50s of the XX century. With their help you can, for example, fasten sports shoes; In this case, laces are no longer needed. In addition, the length of the Velcro is easy to adjust - this is one of its advantages. In the first years after their invention, such fasteners were very popular. Today, everyone has become accustomed to a convenient fastener, and Velcro manufacturers now only make sure that the Velcro is well hidden under the flaps.

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The group, which included architects, engineers, designers, biologists and psychologists, developed the “Vertical Bionic Tower City” project. In 15 years, a tower city should appear in Shanghai (according to scientists, in 20 years the population of Shanghai could reach 30 million people). The tower city is designed for 100 thousand people, the project is based on the “principle of wood construction”.

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Suckers Octopus: The octopus has invented a sophisticated method of hunting its prey: it covers it with tentacles and sucks on hundreds, whole rows of which are on the tentacles. Suction cups also help it move on slippery surfaces without sliding down. Technical suction cups: if you shoot a suction arrow from a slingshot at the glass of a window, the arrow will attach and remain on it. The suction cup is slightly rounded and straightens when it collides with an obstacle. Then the elastic washer is tightened again; This is how a vacuum arises. And the suction cup attaches to the glass.

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Scientists from Stanford University have advanced the furthest in the direction of creating upright bipedal robots. They have been experimenting for almost three years with a miniature six-legged robot, a hexapod, based on the results of studying the locomotion system of a cockroach. The first hexapod was constructed on January 25, 2000. Now the design runs very quickly - at a speed of 55 cm (more than three of its own lengths) per second - and also successfully overcomes obstacles. Stanford has also developed a human-sized one-legged jumping monopod that is capable of maintaining an unstable balance while constantly jumping. As you know, a person moves by “falling” from one leg to another and spends most of the time on one leg. In the future, scientists from Stanford hope to create a bipedal robot with a human-like walking system.

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Spider Egg Cocoon The spider makes a thin “cape” of waterproof material to protect the eggs it lays. This fist-sized cocoon is bell-shaped and opens from the bottom. It consists of the same material as the threads of the spider's web. Of course, it is not woven from separate threads, but represents a single shell. It perfectly protects the egg from bad weather and humidity. Raincoat When we go outside in the rain, we put on a waterproof raincoat or take an umbrella with us. Like a cocoon of a spider's egg with a protective film, water drains from the artificial material, as a result of which a person does not get wet. Roofs that repel water An important role in the construction of houses is played by the roof, which should protect the premises of the building from water.

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Researchers from Bell Labs (a Lucent corporation) recently discovered a high-quality optical fiber in the body of deep-sea sponges of the genus Euplectellas. According to the test results, it turned out that the material from the skeleton of these 20-centimeter sponges can transmit a digital signal no worse than modern communication cables, while natural optical fiber is much stronger than human fiber due to the presence of an organic shell. The skeleton of deep-sea sponges of the genus Euplectellas is built from high-quality fiber optics

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Gustav Eiffel drew a drawing of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. This structure is considered one of the earliest clear examples of the use of bionics in engineering. The design of the Eiffel Tower is based on the scientific work of Swiss anatomy professor Hermann Von Meyer. 40 years before the construction of the Parisian engineering miracle, the professor examined the bone structure of the head of the femur in the place where it bends and enters the joint at an angle. And yet for some reason the bone does not break under the weight of the body. The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bone structure of the head of the femur

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Von Meyer discovered that the head of the bone is covered with an intricate network of miniature bones, thanks to which the load is amazingly redistributed throughout the bone. This network had a strict geometric structure, which the professor documented. In 1866, the Swiss engineer Carl Cullman provided a theoretical basis for von Meyer's discovery, and 20 years later, natural load distribution using curved calipers was used by Eiffel. Bone structure of the femoral head

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Another famous borrowing was made by Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral in 1955. He often walked with his dog and noticed that some strange plants were constantly sticking to its fur. Tired of constantly brushing the dog, the engineer decided to find out the reason why weeds stick to the dog's fur. Having studied the phenomenon, de Mestral determined that it was possible thanks to small hooks on the fruits of the cocklebur (the name of this weed). As a result, the engineer realized the importance of his discovery and eight years later he patented a convenient “Velcro” Velcro, which today is widely used in the manufacture of not only military, but also civilian clothing. The fruit of the cocklebur clung to the shirt

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Presentation for the lesson “Bionics or the amazing world of living nature”

The work was carried out by: Shalaeva T.V., biology teacher

• ...Contact with nature is the very last word of all progress, science, reason, common sense, taste and excellent manners.

Dostoevsky F. M.

• Nature has taken care of everything so much that everywhere you find something to learn.

Leonardo da Vinci

• There is nothing more inventive than nature.

Cicero

• Great things are done with great means. Nature alone does great things for nothing.

Herzen A.I.

• The study and observation of nature gave birth to science.

Cicero

• Progress is the law of nature.

Voltaire

• A bird is an instrument operating according to a mathematical law, which is in human power to make with all its movements...

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci

• Bionics– the science of using knowledge about the design, principle and technological process of a living organism in technology. The basis bionics compile studies on modeling various biological organisms.

History of development

The idea of ​​​​using knowledge about living nature to solve engineering problems belongs to Leonardo da Vinci, who tried to build an aircraft with flapping wings, like birds: ornithopter.

Date of birth of bionics:

Bionics symbol

Bionics has a symbol: a crossed scalpel, a soldering iron and an integral sign.

This union of biology, technology and mathematics allows us to hope that the science of bionics will penetrate where no one has penetrated before, and see what no one has seen before.

Relationship between bionics and other sciences

BIONICS

BIONICS

BIONICS

BIOLOGY

ENGINEERING SCIENCES

CHEMISTRY

PHYSICS

ELECTRONICS

SEA CASE

CYBERNETICS

NAVIGATION

• biological bionics, which studies processes occurring in biological systems;
• theoretical bionics, which builds mathematical models of these processes;
• technical bionics, which applies models of theoretical bionics to solve engineering problems.

Practical (technical) part

Biological bionics

Theoretical part

• Research into the sensory organs and other perceptive systems of living organisms in order to develop new sensors and detection systems.

• Study of the principles of orientation, location and navigation in various animals for the use of these principles in technology.

• Study of the morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics of living organisms to put forward new technical and scientific ideas.

Gustav Eiffel drew a drawing of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. This structure is considered one of the earliest clear examples of the use of bionics in engineering.

The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bone structure of the head of the femur

Bone structure of the femoral head

One of the successful examples bionics is a widespread “Velcro”, the prototype of which was the fruits of the burdock plant, which clung to the fur of the dog of the Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral.

Nature has taken care of everything so much that everywhere you find something to learn.

Leonardo da Vinci

thanks for attention

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF MOSCOW
AREAS
State budgetary educational institution
"Moscow Regional Medical College No. 3 named after Hero
Moscow region
Soviet Union Z. Samsonova"
Noginsk branch
"BIONICS IN MEDICINE"
PROJECT IN THE DISCIPLINE BIOLOGY
1st year students 11 SD group
specialty 34.02.01 Nursing (basic training)
MOSHKOVA ELENA SERGEEVNA
Student _______________ _E.S. Moshkova ____
signature I.O. Last name
Scientific supervisor ______________ _E.B. Tyagunova _______
Signature I.O. Last name
ACCEPTED FOR PROTECTION
Deputy Director for SD ________________ __D. V. Sedov_________
Signature
I.O.Last name
Date of protection "___" _________________2017
Mark ______________________

2017
Table of contents
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE MOSCOW REGION
...................................................................................................................................1
State budgetary educational institution...................1
Moscow region................................................ ..............................................1
"Moscow Regional Medical College No. 3 named after Hero................1
Soviet Union Z. Samsonova"................................................. ..........................1
Noginsk branch........................................................ ................................................1
"BIONICS IN MEDICINE".................................................. ................................1
PROJECT IN THE DISCIPLINE BIOLOGY.................................................... .....1
1st year students of the 11th SD group................................................. .............................1
specialty 34.02.01 Nursing (basic training)................................1
MOSHKOVA ELENA SERGEEVNA.................................................... ...............1
Student _______________ _E.S. Moshkova ____..................................... ......1
signature I.O. Last name................................................... ..............................................1
Scientific supervisor ______________ _E.B. Tyagunova _______.................1
ALLOWED FOR PROTECTION............................................................ ....................................1
Deputy Director for SD ________________ __D. V. Sedov_________...............1
Signature I.O. Last name................................................... .............................................1
Date of protection “___” _________________2017.................................................... ...1
Mark ______________________.................................................. ......................1
2017...........................................................................................................................2
Table of contents................................................. ........................................................ ..........2
2

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ...............5
science also moves forward and gives people such opportunities, oh
which he could only dream of. Since time immemorial, man
observing the life processes of living organisms, I wanted
borrow from nature something new beyond his control. So
the famous Leonardo da Vinci, while studying the structure of bird wings, dreamed of
human flight in the air. So later, according to his diagrams and drawings, there was
An ornithopter model has been developed. In the 60s, bionics appeared,
science of the future, which has now received a strong impetus for development.
“cell of life”........................................................ ........................................................ ......5
technologies that facilitate human life processes,
helping to prolong life on planet Earth and giving people
the opportunity to answer many questions of the past and future. IN
This work examines the process of implementation in human life,
increasingly new and productive technologies of the future and their development
using processes that are inherent in living organisms......5
will discover life in these secrets of outer space. Scientists
bionics have already made discoveries in various spheres of human life:
medicine, architecture, industry, design. The only thing is
not yet subject to the activities of technological progress: it is the brain
person. This is a great mystery of nature. But it’s done here too
many discoveries. Scientists around the world are trying to create a megabrain,
a cyborg person who can easily answer any
questions and at the same time help science move forward....................................5
Goal: to study the science of “bionics” and consider its application in medicine
...................................................................................................................................6
Object of study: practical application of the science “bionics”................6
Subject of research: the science of “bionics”.................................................. ...............6
3

Tasks:................................................ ........................................................ ...................6
1.Learn about the history of science.................................................... ............6

medicine........................................................ ........................................................ ...............6
3.Show the application of science in medicine.................................................... .............6
4. Carry out practical work................................................... ........................6
5.Draw conclusions........................................................ ........................................................ ..6




compared to the absence of a limb, the possibility of even limited
Motion numbers are huge progress. However, even the best and
perfect bionic prostheses cannot yet fulfill all those
small and precise movements of which a living limb is capable...........13
4

Introduction
In our age, science has acquired great importance. The world does not stand still
science also moves forward and gives man such opportunities as
he could only dream. Since time immemorial, man has been observing
life processes of living organisms, wanted to borrow from
nature, something new beyond his control. So famous Leonardo
Da Vinci, while studying the structure of bird wings, dreamed of human flight in the air.
So later, based on his diagrams and drawings, a model of an ornithopter was developed.
In the 60s, bionics appeared, the science of the future, which has now received
from
strong impetus for development.
bionics happening
Name

The ancient Greek word "bion" means "cell of life."
With the development of bionics in the modern world, more and more new
technologies that facilitate human life processes, help
extend life on planet Earth and give a person the opportunity to respond to

many
future.
This work examines the process of introducing into human life, all
of the past
questions
And

newer and more productive technologies of the future and their development with the help
processes that are inherent in living organisms.
It is not surprising that over time people will begin to explore new planets and
will discover life in these secrets of outer space. Bionics scientists,
have already made discoveries in different areas of human life: medicine,
5

architecture, industry, design. The only thing that is not yet subject to
activities of technological progress: this is the human brain. That's it
great mystery of nature. But here, too, many discoveries have been made. Scientists in total
world strive to create a megamind, a cyborg man who can
answer any questions with ease and at the same time help science in
moving forward.
Goal: to study the science of “bionics” and consider its application in
medicine
Object of study: practical application of the science of “bionics”
Subject of research: science "bionics"
Tasks:
1.Learn about the history of science
2.Select and study information material about the application of science in
medicine
3.Show the application of science in medicine
4. Conduct practical work
5.Draw conclusions
Hypothesis: Nature is the builder of everything in the world, and man is its
imitator
6

Chapter 1. Bionics
Bionics is a science that deals with the use of biological
Bionics can
engineering problems.
processes and methods for solving
also defined as the study of methods for creating technical systems,
whose characteristics are similar to those of living organisms.
Bionics is the science of using knowledge about design in technology,
living organism.
technological
process

principle

And
The basis of bionics is research into modeling various
biological organisms.
The name bionics comes from the ancient Greek word "bion"
bionics comes from ancient Greek
Name
"life cell"
words "bion" "cell of life". Bionics studies biological systems
and processes to apply the acquired knowledge to solve engineering problems
tasks. In other words, bionics helps a person create original
idea-based processes
technical systems and technological
found and borrowed from nature. Bionics is interested in everything
what can be called "technique of nature."
1.1 History of the origin of the science “Bionics”
7

Since time immemorial, man's inquisitive thoughts have sought the answer to the question:
Can man achieve the same thing that living nature has achieved? At first
a person could only dream about this - to learn to do what she had already done
nature in relation to other living beings.
Every living being is a perfect system, which is


opportunities in the construction of structures.
The idea of ​​applying knowledge about wildlife to solve
engineering problems belongs to Leonardo da Vinci, who tried
build an ornithopter aircraft using bird wings as a prototype.
So he tried to recreate the structure of a bird's wing and mechanism,
setting it in motion.
Renaissance scientists hoped to achieve the desired solution
through rigorous mathematical calculations and calculations and
creation of appropriate mechanical structures. After all, then the mechanics
based on mathematics, occupied a leading place among all
emerging branches of mechanical science; that's why it could
then it will seem that all the mysteries of nature will be solved precisely with the help
mechanics and its basis.
In accordance with this, man sought to create mechanical
models that could imitate the objects that interested him and
natural phenomena.
When

progress

science led

to the opening
fundamental laws not only of mechanics, but also of physics, chemistry, biology
and other branches of natural science, it turned out that: based on these
8

laws, placing them as the basis for corresponding technical devices, one can
begin to fulfill a person’s long-standing dreams one after another.
But how different from living beings the structures turned out to be,
devices, tools and instruments created by man!
It is enough to compare the organ of vision - the eye - of any animal with
some optical instruments and instruments designed
human to see how much more perfect natural
organ versus artificial device.
Nowadays, man has returned partly to his original idea -
copy as completely and accurately as possible in technology what has been achieved in
living nature, reproduce this in the form of specific technical solutions.
This is how a new science was born - bionics.
Like many other important areas of modern scientific
technological progress (for example, cybernetics), bionics grew out of
direct requests from industrial practice. It arose on
the interface between biology and technology, primarily radio electronics and
technical cybernetics.
This is where industries that are so far apart come together
human knowledge and practical activities, such as BIOLOGY and
technique.
The name "bionics" comes from the ancient Greek root "bion"
element of life, cell of life or, more precisely, elements
biological system. The essence of bionics is to synthesize accumulated in
various sciences of knowledge.
So, bionics is an applied science that studies the laws of formation and
structure formation of living nature, so that
9

combine knowledge of biology and technology to solve engineering problems
technical tasks.
1.2 Bionics in medicine
Let's consider the use of bionics methods and solutions in medicine

With which
biological sciences,
every person is not
- that industry
times collides
life.
Many of the “inventions” of nature in ancient times helped

decide
For example,
performing eye surgery
there are already a lot of Arab doctors
a number of technical problems.
operations,
my
So,
behind

hundreds of years ago they gained an understanding of the refraction of light rays
when moving from one transparent environment to another. Study of the lens
eyes prompted ancient doctors to think about using lenses,
made of crystal or glass, to enlarge the image, and then
and for vision correction.
An interesting fact in science about when on one of your travels
Gerald Darell was forced to agree to a bet, the meaning of which
was to name four outstanding inventions and prove that the laid down
as before
in them
principle used
animals
before
Togo,

a man came up with this
use of anesthesia by wasps.

there were inventions

named
When road wasps “prepare” food for future larvae
any doctor can name methods
with injection of neuroplegic
they use methods
conduction anesthesia - bite
which

(nerve agent) into the area of ​​large nerve trunks
completely paralyzes, but does not kill the spider, which lies motionless
10

in a wasp nest until larvae emerge from the clutch, for which
this food was prepared. This is another proof of bionics in action.
medical
Many
representatives
Iglascarifier, used for
(For example,
for the purpose of fulfilling

tools have
alive
prototype among

peace.
peripheral blood sampling
general blood test, repeatedly
designed
assigned to each of us
according to a principle that completely repeats the structure of the bat’s toother,
doctors of all profiles),
is painless and
the bite of which, on the one hand,
on the other hand, it is always accompanied
quite heavy bleeding.
The familiar piston syringe largely imitates a blood-sucking one.
insect apparatus - mosquito and fleas, the bite of which is guaranteed
every person is familiar. Used during surgery
a needle used for suturing internal organs and tissues
human, for several centuries has not changed its original form
- shapes of large rib bones
and the scalpel is still there
repeats the shape of a reed sheet with its natural cutting edge.
fish,
Everything that was in nature was introduced into life over time
person.
But these are only the simplest examples that have come down to us literally from
concerns
depths
many highly developed medical technologies. A typical example
and modern development
bionics
centuries,

is a modern technology for reconstruction and extension of dental
"whales" of current dentistry
enamel,
being one of
and nail and hair extension technology used in cosmetology.
The basis for these technologies is the construction principle of sea sponges,
as well as the technique of building swiftlet nests. Both of these are construction
11

principles are based on chemo-curing and light-curing
techniques.
1.3 Telemedicine
The medicine of the future will actively develop in the direction
telemedicine.
Thanks to new technologies, the patient will have access to
electronic medical record, will be able to remotely consult with
doctor and send diagnostic tests to any laboratory in the world.
This will help solve the problem of low availability of qualified
assistance in certain regions and remote settlements.
According to BBC Research, by 2019 the global market
telemedicine will reach almost $44 billion, showing average annual growth of
17.7%. In the future, the development of telemedicine will allow states
save significant money in the healthcare sector, says the
report from the British research company GBI Research.
Telemedicine is not only remote consultations with a doctor, but
also remote monitoring of patient indicators. Currently active
The market for wearable gadgets that are capable of recording
various indicators (ECG, body temperature, blood pressure, etc.)
and send this data to the medical center.
Another direction is remote control of medical
equipment. For example, the Da Vinci robotic surgeon, with the help of which
Operations can be performed remotely. The surgeon sits at the console and sees
area in 3D format with multiple magnification and using a joystick
controls a four-armed robot that can be located on any
12

distance from him. Also today, remote control complexes are already used
ultrasound diagnostics.
Russian development in the field of telemedicine - software
providing Digital Pathology, the key task of which is to increase
efficiency of the morphological stage of oncological diagnosis,
reduce the likelihood of errors and reduce diagnostic time. Service
allows pathologists to work remotely with digitized
histological slides, conduct online consultations and send
cases for consultation with highly specialized specialists from anywhere
planets. Working on the platform occurs with the same degree of freedom as
when using a medical multihead microscope.
1.4 Bionic prostheses
Since ancient times, the object of man's black envy has been
the ability of some amphibians to regrow lost limbs. TO
Unfortunately, the dream remains a dream and those injured on the battlefield or in
As a result of accidents, people are forced to make do with prosthetics,
evolving simultaneously with the development of those used by humans
technologies. Prosthetics for a person who has lost an arm or leg were once
just a little is better than nothing. In this century they have become
high-tech devices that give their owner
abilities beyond those of an ordinary person.
After an injury or during an illness, a limb is amputated. Remaining
the stump consists of many tissues: skin, muscles, bones, blood vessels and nerves.
During the operation, the surgeon brings the preserved motor nerve to
remaining large muscle. After healing of the surgical wound, the nerve
13

can transmit a motor signal. This signal is received by the sensor,
installed on a prosthesis. During the perception of a nerve impulse
a complex computer program is involved. Therefore, the bionic prosthesis
can perform only those actions that are prescribed in this program:
take a spoon, fork or ball, press a key, etc. By
Compared to the absence of a limb, the possibility of even a limited number
movement is huge progress. However, even the best and most perfect
bionic prostheses cannot yet perform all those small and precise
movements of which a living limb is capable.
Chapter 2. Interview
In my practical part, I decided to interview a person
having any kind of prosthesis.
I'm interested in how a person's life changes with the advent of a prosthesis.
his body, how he is treated, and how he feels.
14

As an example, I turned to a resident of the city of Mytishchi.
Dmitry Ignatov, who has such a prosthesis as the “Electronic Knee
Rheo Knee module, Genium X3 prosthesis (from 3 to 3.8 million rubles) and running
prosthesis 3S80 “OTTO BOK” (about 1 million rubles)”
Figure 1 Prosthesis
I lost my leg due to a military injury - during the deployment of a unit
a rocket launcher fell. When I woke up in the hospital after the amputation,
Mom said: “You will have the best prosthesis, don’t worry, everything will be fine.”
Fine. We live in the 21st century, and this is not a problem at all.”
In general, today you can buy yourself a prosthesis, and the state
compensates part of the money. I received my first prosthesis after amputation with
partial compensation. And the second one, which I wear now, I got from
state for free, but for the sake of it I had to go through ordeals. To me
I had to prove to the state that I was worthy of this leg - the prosthesis is very
expensive and cool. Both of my prosthetics are electronic, meaning they bend
and extend using electricity, charging my leg like a smartphone. This
safe prosthetics, and they can do everything that normal legs can do.
15

My lifestyle did not change at all after the injury: I was active
I remain a human being and remain one. Except that I have more friends now
disabled people. I don't often encounter outright discrimination. From
inconvenience - I don’t like that it’s so slippery in Moscow in winter - everywhere
laid the tiles. It’s also a shame when you’re standing in a hospital or some other
social institution where you have the right to skip the line, but you are not
want to skip. You ask: “I am disabled. Can I skip the line?”
They answer: “No, you can’t.” Then you say: “Listen, I’m a Paralympian, I
I do Paralympic sports. It's possible I'll be there soon
defend our country. You can go?" But it turns out we have some
people don't even know who the Paralympians are. Last summer in Zurich
I took fourth place in Cybathlon. In Russia I plan to participate in
“Cybathletics” - my name is the presenter, but I want to compete, I
getting ready.
I love public transport. I only ride on it, and this
the only benefit I take advantage of every day. They give me a seat
mostly grandmothers, but I don’t sit down. Sometimes women and young people give in
People. It happens that I’m driving somewhere for a very long time, then I sit down and walk in
a typical accountant and says: “Young man, why the hell are you sitting there?
There are places for disabled people here.” I say: “Listen, if I tell you,
why am I sitting here, you will be very ashamed.” And she's kind of embarrassed
leaves. But if that doesn't work, then I have a trick: the prosthesis has
a button that, when pressed, rotates the leg 360 degrees. I just
I press it while sitting, lift up my pants, and the “accountants” immediately disappear.
16

Figure 2 360 degree rotation
I live in the Moscow region, in Mytishchi. I also sometimes travel by train.
Periodically at the Mytishchi station one person came up to me and
offered 70 thousand rubles a month so that I could go and beg around
trains or stood at some station in the Sergiev Posad area.
In the summer I often wear shorts. If I'm going for a walk in the park, why am I
should I wear some pants? My leg looks very futuristic
It’s natural that people turn to her.
People don't like disabled people. Nobody wants to look at us
TV. Television is a business, numbers, and if some
programs about people with disabilities, then you can’t sell sanitary pads because they will
small ratings. Programs with disabled people do not last long, but abroad
At least they exist, they are trying to do something, but we have one deputy leading
program in a wheelchair, but it's not interesting - for the record. To
looked at us, disabled people, we need self-irony - we need to either embody
people's dreams come true, or make fun of each other. I keep screaming that
everyone is equal and there are no restrictions at all: you don’t have an arm, a leg,
17

some mental deviations, the main thing is what you say, what you
you do. Society is accustomed to the fact that a disabled person is a beggar. And this is completely
not this way. We are ordinary people who live, have sex and walk around
shops.
2.1 Conclusions
In Russia, in general, the attitude towards people with prosthetics is the same
- equally undeveloped. No one has behavioral patterns as it stands
or how not to act - to help or not to help. This is fine,
Considering that in our country for centuries it was not customary to talk about
of your disability. Many did not even have the opportunity to leave the house,
and even now some do not, for example, wheelchair users. Need to
there were more disabled people in the public sphere, and without emphasis on their
disability. If every TV show had at least one disabled person, then
within six months people will stop crying at the sight of a wheelchair user.
Disability is not some kind of indulgence; they cannot forgive you everything.
and say that everything you do is wonderful. If a person has no leg
danced poorly, you can tell him: “You danced poorly.” This is what it is
the most equality is to speak directly to a person.
Conclusion
Every living being is a perfect system, which is
the result of evolution over many millions of years. Studying this system,
by revealing the secrets of the structure of living organisms, one can obtain new
18

opportunities in the construction of structures. With the help of bionics, humanity
tries to bring the achievements of nature into its own technical and
social technologies.
Bionic forms have penetrated into our everyday life and for a long time
time will play a significant role in it. Nature study
humanity is far from finished, but we have already received from nature
invaluable knowledge about rational structure and formation, which,
certainly proves the relevance and promise of studying science
bionics in all its aspects.
In short, nature contains millions of ideas and models for
creation.
List of sources used
1. Bionics in architecture/Chesnova Karina/© Scarlet Sails: access mode
https://nsportal.ru/ap/library/nauchnotekhnicheskoe
tvorchestvo/2017/01/03/issle
25.11.2017
2. Bionic prostheses/Larissa Neboga/© 2017 “FB”: access mode
http://fb.ru/article/196231/bioni
printsiprabotyibionicheskieprotezyikonechnostey11/25/2017
19

Chesnova Karina

In this work on the topic “Bionics in architecture: nature is the builder, man is the imitator?” an analysis and generalization of the principles of architectural bionics as applied to various construction, technical structures and facilities was carried out.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

Secondary school No. 9

Vyksy, Nizhny Novgorod region

BIONICS IN ARCHITECTURE:

NATURE IS A BUILDER, MAN IS AN IMITator?

Department of Physics and Mathematics

Physical section

Work completed

10th grade student of MBOU Secondary School No. 9

Chesnova Karina Akhlimanovna

Scientific adviser:

Physics teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 9

Demina Elena Konstantinovna.

Vyksa

2012

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………3

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..4

1. Theoretical part

1.1 History of the origin of the science “Bionics”……………………………………...6

1.2 Bionics as a modern direction in physics…………………………..8

1.3 Architectural and construction bionics and its directions..………………...10

2 Practical part

2.1 The use of living nature structures in architectural practice......12

2.2 P in architecture…………...14

…………………………..15

2.4 Compliance of biological systems with construction and technical structures and facilities……………………………………………………….17

2.5 Comparison of the Eiffel and Shukhov towers…………………………………….18

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...…..21

References……………………………………………………………22

annotation

In this work on the topic “Bionics in architecture: nature is the builder, man is the imitator?” I analyzed and summarized the principles of architectural bionics as applied to various construction, technical structures and facilities. This became possible after studying scientific literature on the topic “Bionics. Architectural structures".

Thus, the purpose of this work became

Research methods:

• studying scientific literature;

As a result of the study, it was confirmedthe hypothesis that nature is the builder of everything in the world, and man is its imitator.

I think that my work “Bionics in architecture: nature is the builder, man is the imitator?” will be of interest to those who are interested in everything new, modern and promising, who dream of their own warm and cozy home according to the principles of architectural bionics.

Introduction

Did you know that in 15 years a vertical tower city should appear in Shanghai (according to scientists, in 20 years the population of Shanghai could reach 30 million people)?! The tower city is designed for 100 thousand people, the project is based on the “principle of wood construction”.

And one more fact: the architect P. Soleri designed a bridge across the river more than a kilometer long by analogy with a rolled living leaf. These examples can be continued with no less amazing examples.

I was interested to know more about this. As a result of my searches, I became acquainted with one of the areas of modern physics - the science bionics and its type - architectural bionics.

And questions arose again. For example, can a person ignore the tempting idea of ​​creating with his own hands what nature has already created?

The human species has existed for about one hundred thousand years. Naturally, in the beginning, man learned to build from nature. Animals, fish, birds then “suggested” to man what and how to do in order to solve pressing “engineering problems” for him.

What about modern man? Surrounding himself with many complex machines, living in a world of high speeds, he again bows to nature. Why? Because even now man notices many advantages in the creations of nature over his own creations. After all, living nature has the most complex materials, devices, and technological processes compared to everything known in science. It was from the purposeful “peeping” of nature that a new science was born - bionics.

On the other hand, we can give a completely opposite example: Man designed a wheel, which served him considerable service. But it is known that there is no such prototype in nature. So, it’s not always worth imitating nature?

Who is the real builder of everything in the world: nature or man? What are the principles of architectural bionics and its construction technologies?

The search for answers to these questions led to the writing of a research paper on the topic “Bionics in architecture: nature is the builder, man is the imitator?”

The relevance of research.The development of architectural bionics is largely predetermined by time. I believe that this is one of the most relevant areas today. And this is connected with the general idea of ​​a return to nature, which can be traced today in many areas of human activity.

The technocratic development of recent decades has almost completely subjugated the human way of life. In fact, we have become inhabitants of an artificial “nature” created from glass, concrete and plastic, the ecological compatibility of which with the life of a living organism is steadily approaching zero. Architectural bionics can be one of the ways to restore balance and return to nature.

Before starting the research, I put forward the following for myself: hypothesis: nature is the main builder of everything in the world, and man is only its imitator.

Thus, the purpose of this work became studying the principles of architectural bionics, researching the possibility and effectiveness of their use for solving engineering problems.

Main objectives of the research work:

1) study the directions and principles of development of architectural bionics;

2) evaluate the effectiveness of their use for solving technical problems;

3) find the correspondence of biological systems to construction and technical structures and means;

4) compare world-famous architectural structures (Eiffel and Shukhov towers) from the point of view of architectural bionics.

Research methods:

• studying scientific literature;
• comparative analysis of the results obtained.

1. Theoretical part

1.1 History of the origin of the science “Bionics”

Since time immemorial, man's inquisitive thoughts have been looking for an answer to the question: can man achieve the same thing that living nature has achieved? At first, a person could only dream about this - to learn to do what nature has already done in relation to other living beings.

Every living being is a perfect system, which is the result of evolution over many millions of years. By studying this system, revealing the secrets of the structure of living organisms, you can gain new opportunities in the construction of structures.

The idea of ​​using knowledge about living nature to solve engineering problems belongs toLeonardo da Vinciwho tried to build a flying machine - ornithopter , taking bird wings as a prototype. So he tried to try to recreatestructure of a bird's wingand the mechanism that sets it in motion.

Renaissance scientists hoped to achieve the desired solution through rigorous mathematical calculations and calculations and the creation of corresponding mechanical structures. After all, at that time mechanics, based on mathematics, occupied a leading place among all the emerging branches of mechanical natural science; That’s why it might have seemed then that all the mysteries of nature would be solved precisely with the help of mechanics and on its basis.

In accordance with this, man sought to create mechanical models that could imitate the objects and natural phenomena that interested him.

When the progress of science led to the discovery of fundamental laws not only of mechanics, but also of physics, chemistry, biology and other branches of natural science, it turned out that by relying on these laws, putting them into the basis of appropriate technical devices, one can begin to realize man’s long-standing dreams one after another.

But how different from living beings the structures, devices, tools and devices created by man turned out to be!

It is enough to compare the organ of vision - the eye - of any animal with some optical devices and instruments designed by man to be convinced of how much more perfect a natural organ is compared to an artificial device.

Nowadays, man has returned partly to his original idea - to copy as completely and accurately as possible in technology what has been achieved in living nature, to reproduce it in the form of specific technical solutions. This is how a new science was born - bionics.

Like many other important areas of modern scientific and technological progress (for example, cybernetics), bionics grew out of the direct demands of industrial practice. It arose at the intersection between biology and technology, primarily radio electronics and technical cybernetics.

Here such widely separated branches of human knowledge and practical activity asBIOLOGY AND ENGINEERING.

The name "bionics" comes from the ancient Greek root "bion" - element of life, cell of life or, more precisely, elements of a biological system. The essence of bionics is to synthesize the knowledge accumulated in various sciences.

So, bionics - applied science that studies the laws of formation and structure formation of living nature in order to combine knowledge of biology and technology to solve engineering problems.

1.2 Bionics as a modern direction in physics

I was wondering if there is a birth date for the science of “bionics”? It turned out that there is. The formal date of birth of bionics - one of the new sciences that arose in the recent 20th century - is generally considered to be September 13, 1960 . - opening day of the first American national symposium on the topic “Living prototypes of artificial systems - the key to new technology.”

It goes without saying that holding such a symposium became possible only because by this time a large amount of data had been accumulated on the principles of organization and functioning of living systems, and also opportunities had arisen for the practical use of the acquired knowledge to solve a number of pressing technical problems.

There are several types of bionics:

- biological bionics, studying the processes occurring in biological systems;

- theoretical bionics, which builds mathematical models of these processes;

- technical bionics, which applies theoretical bionics models to solve engineering problems.

Today bionics is divided into two kinds :

1. neurobionics;
2. architectural and construction bionics.

Neurobionics - the science of organizing technical systems from neuron-like elements. The main areas of neurobionics are the study of the nervous system of humans and animals, and the modeling of nerve cells - neurons and neural networks, which makes it possible to improve and develop electronic and computer technology.

I was interested in another direction of bionics - architectural-construction bionics, a more detailed description of which will be given below.

Studying information about bionics from various sources, I came toconclusion that there is still no consensus on the content of this science.

Many experts consider bionics a new branch of cybernetics, others attribute it to the biological sciences, but, apparently, those who distinguish bionics as an independent science are most right. But I understood one thing for sure:bionics is perhaps the most popular of the young sciences that arose in the twentieth century and is developing in the 21st century.
I also found out that bionics has a symbol: crossed scalpel, soldering iron and integral sign... This union of a biologist, a technician and a mathematician allows us to hope that the science of bionics will penetrate where no one has penetrated yet, and to see what no one has yet seen... ... Perhaps the development of bionics will soon do a lot unusual in the world of technology... And this attracts me even more to this science.

Fig.1 Bionics symbol

1.3 Architectural and construction bionics and its directions

To date, a paradoxical situation has developed in architecture. On the one hand, the rapid development of construction technologies, theories of structural calculations, production of new materials, computer design systems, and on the other hand, the same person (architect, customer, future consumer), whose capabilities are formally limited only by budget and imagination. In this situation, architects inevitably turned their attention to living nature.

Considering the possibilities of implementing the most complex engineering ideas, man could not help but turn his attention to the result of the activity of the most brilliant architect of the Universe - nature. Over millions of years, she has created such perfect forms and structures that are perfectly organized, interact harmoniously with each other and are in balance with the environment. The possibility of using the experience of living nature in the construction of modern architectural structures has become the subject of study of this architectural direction.

Architectural and construction bionics– a science that studies the laws of formation and structure formation of living tissues, analyzes the structural systems of living organisms on the principle of saving material, energy and ensuring reliability.

By the early 1980s, thanks to the many years of efforts of a team of specialists from TsNIELAB (laboratory of architectural bionics), architectural bionics finally emerged as a new direction in architectural science and practice. Numerous architectural designs were created, new designs were tested, hundreds of articles were written and published...

As a result of many years of theoretical and experimental design work in the laboratory of Yu.S. Lebedev, the maindirections for the development of architectural bionics as a science:

Basic theoretical principles;

Methods of architectural - bionic modeling;

The use of living nature forms in architectural practice;

Problems of the formation of living nature;

Issues of ensuring the vital activity of living systems;

The problem of using natural manifestations of harmony in architecture - plasticity, proportions, rhythms, symmetry - asymmetry;

Study of tectonic forms of living nature, principles of their transformation and the ability of natural structures to accumulate elastic energy;

Issues of harmonious formation of the architectural and natural environment (ecological aspect of architectural bionics).

Each of the areas of architectural bionics has a relatively independent significance, but they are all aimed at solving a single problem of improving architectural forms and their harmonization.

Architectural bionics today, at the beginning of the 21st century, is of particular importance, since it considers in totality the system “wildlife (environment) - architecture (technology) - man,” thanks to which the social and technical spheres have the opportunity to develop in harmonious unity with the surrounding nature.

The development of architectural bionics is largely predetermined by time. We can say that this is one of the most relevant areas today. And this is connected with the general idea of ​​a return to nature, which can be traced today in many areas of human activity.

2 Practical part

2.1 Use of living nature structures in architectural practice

During the research, I found out: it turns out that the principles of living nature in construction and technology have already been used before, although, in most cases, unconsciously.

For example, not so long ago, in the second half of the 20th century, engineers completely unexpectedly discovered that strength Eiffel Tower due to the fact that its design exactly repeatsstructure of the human tibia(even the angles between the load-bearing surfaces coincide),although the engineer did not use live models when creating the tower. Tibia - withThe strongest bone of our skeleton, it bears the greatest burden when maintaining the body in an upright position. This bone can withstand a load of up to 1500 kg (although its mass is only about 0.5 kg), i.e. approximately 25 times her normal load. This is the margin of technical strength of the natural structure.

Another example: the structure of modern high-rise buildings (Ostankino tower, factory chimneysetc.) is completely similarstructure of cereal stems, which are able to withstand heavy loads and not break under the weight of the inflorescence. If the wind bends them to the ground, they quickly restore their vertical position. What's the secret? It turns out that their structure is similar to the design of modern high-rise factory pipes. Both structures are hollow inside. The sclerenchyma strands of the plant stem act as longitudinal reinforcement. The internodes (nodes) of the stems are rings of rigidity. There are oval vertical voids along the walls of the stem. The role of a spiral reinforcement placed at the outside of the pipe in the stem of cereal plants is played by a thin skin. However, the engineers came to their constructive solution on their own, without “looking” into nature. The identity of the structure was revealed later.
___ _ Similar to design tree leaf the Olympic building was covered -cycling track in Krylatskoye(Moscow city).

In recent years, bionics has confirmed that most human inventions have already been “patented” by nature. A 20th century invention likezipper and Velcro fasteners» , was made based onbird feather structure. Feather beards of various orders, equipped with hooks, provide reliable grip.

Famous Spanish architects M. R. Cervera and J. Ploz, active adherents of bionics, began researching “dynamic structures” in 1985, and in 1991 they organized the “Society for Supporting Innovation in Architecture.” A group under their leadership, which included architects, engineers, designers, biologists and psychologists, developed the project« Vertical bionic tower city». In 15 years, a tower city should appear in Shanghai (according to scientists, in 20 years the population of Shanghai could reach 30 million people). The tower city is designed for 100 thousand people, the project is based on “wood design principle».
___ _ The city tower will have the shape of a cypress tree with a height of 1228 m with a girth at the base of 133 by 100 m, and at the widest point 166 by 133 m. The tower will have 300 floors, and they will be located in 12 vertical blocks of 80 floors. Between the blocks there are screed floors, which act as a supporting structure for each block level. Inside the blocks there are houses of different heights with vertical gardens. This elaborate design is similar to the structure of the branches and entire crown of the cypress tree. The tower will stand on a pile foundation according to the accordion principle, which is not buried, but develops in all directions as it gains height - similar to how the root system of a tree develops. Wind fluctuations on the upper floors are minimized: air easily passes through the tower structure. For tower cladding a special plastic material will be used that imitatesporous skin surface. If construction is successful, it is planned to build several more such building-cities.
___ _

In architectural and construction bionics, much attention is paid to new construction technologies. For example, in the field of development of efficient and waste-free construction technologies, a promising direction iscreation of layered structures. The idea was borrowed fromdeep sea mollusks. Their durable shells, such as those of the widespread abalone, consist of alternating hard and soft plates. When a hard plate cracks, the deformation is absorbed by the soft layer and the crack does not go further. This technology can also be used to cover cars.

2.2 P problems of the formation of living nature in architecture

In addition to buildings whose design uses the principles and structures of living nature, bionic buildings also include those that copy not biological structures, but forms.

And the first who began to reproduce the forms of nature in architecture is considered to be the Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi . And it was a breakthrough! Perhaps his most striking creations in the bionic style are Casa Vicens and Casa Mila in Barcelona (1883-1888), El Capriccio in the town of Comillas (1883-1885). Later, in 1900 - 1914, Antonio Gaudi built a unique architectural complex in Barcelona - Park Guell , many of whose buildings not only imitate various natural forms - from sea serpents to bird nests and tree trunks, but also literally grow into the natural landscape - hills and terraces. To this day, the park is referred to as “nature frozen in stone.”

In the early 1920s, Rudolf Steiner used natural forms when building his anthroposophical center, the Goetheanum.

Then a skyscraper appeared in cucumber-shaped in London.

Recently, bionic architecture can be seen in Russia. In 2003, in St. Petersburg, according to the designs of the architect Boris Levinzon,"Dolphin House" and the hall of the famous Medi-Aesthetic clinic was decorated.

2.3 Ecological aspect of architectural bionics

We humans always strive for comfortable housing. It is always important for us that the place where we live, work, and relax corresponds to our inner worldview. But, unfortunately, due to certain circumstances, Soviet construction could not give us what we wanted. Only recently, namely 10-15 years ago, our society was able to see with its own eyes that “Khrushchev” and “candles” are not the ultimate dream. Living in a metropolis, a person is constantly in a state of stress. The same type of high-rise buildings with rows of identical windows, gray tones, concrete and “ultra-modern” buildings with their oppressive heights have a depressive effect on the psyche. This negative effect can be removed by turning your home into a place of rest for the eyes and a point of aesthetic recharging.

Another concept of bionic architecture is the creation eco-houses , which are built from natural materials, fit organically into the natural landscape and are autonomous, self-sustaining systems.

From this point of view, the village houses that are still familiar to us, which are part of a completely autonomous system of individual rural farms, can be classified as bionic architecture. All of them are a kind of eco-houses with the only difference that the modern concept of an eco-house has gone a step further: today, when designing eco-friendly housing, much attention is paid to the development of systems that would make it possible to use the energy resources of nature to provide its inhabitant with modern benefits of civilization - light, heat , hot water.

One way or another, all areas of architectural bionics deserve attention. A synthesis of these areas seems even more interesting and expedient. Many architects are currently actively working on projects that combine all bionic principles - reproducing the structures and systems of living nature, imitating its forms, and being environmentally friendly.

Now, for example, scientists are deeply studying the mechanism of photosynthesis. From their point of view, this process, along with many other functions of green sheets, can be used to create so-called “breathing” walls, membrane roofs or a new generation of environmentally friendly building materials.

I was interestedeco-houses made from environmentally friendly straw. Straw is an unusually accessible and cheap material. To grow enough straw to build one house with an area of ​​70 m 2 , you need from 2 to 4 hectares of land. This uses what would normally be considered waste. After all, the bulk of the straw remaining after harvesting is burned. Straw blocks are an excellent thermal insulator. Many of those who live in thatched houses note that their heating costs are always half that of their neighbors who live in ordinary houses.
The thermal conductivity of walls made of straw blocks is much lower than that of walls made of conventional materials. In particular, straw is 4 times superior to wood in terms of performance. As for brick, in this case we are talking about sevenfold superiority. Building straw bale houses is a promising technique. First of all, this is due to the low level of construction costs and ease of construction. In addition, there is largely room for experimentation and manifestations of individual creative thought.

Already now, more and more “bimorphic” buildings are appearing in cities around the world, striking in their beauty and harmony; solar panels and other alternative energy sources are increasingly being used in the designs of residential buildings and public buildings. Perhaps someday our houses will look like birds, trees or flowers, merging with the surrounding landscapes, and technical solutions will allow us to breathe clean air and live in the natural environment without harming it.

2.4 Compliance of biological systems with construction and technical structures and facilities

After studying and analyzing scientific literature and Internet information on the topic under study, I decided to summarize all the material found in a brief form. These data are presented in comparative table 1.

Table 1 " Compliance of biological systems with construction and technical structures and facilities"

The principle of architectural bionics	Biological (natural) system	Example of a technical structure or facility
Wildlife structures	Structure of the tibia	Eiffel Tower (Paris)
	Structure of cereal stems	Ostankino TV tower (Moscow), factory chimneys
	Tree leaf design	Cycling track in Krylatskoye (Moscow0
	Design of a rolled living leaf	1 km long bridge over the river (P. Soleri)
	tree design	Vertical Tower City (Shanghai, after 15 years)
	Porous skin surface	Cladding of buildings
	Deep sea mollusc shells	Creation of layered building structures, car coating
	Bird feather structure	Zipper and Velcro fasteners
	Structure of a bird's wing	Leonardo da Vinci's ornithopter aircraft
Forms of living nature	From sea serpents to bird's nests and tree trunks	Park Guell A. Gaudi (Spain)
	Cucumber	Skyscraper in London
	Dolphin	"Dolphin House" in St. Petersburg
		SONY skyscraper in Japan
		NMB Bank board building in the Netherlands
	Sea shell and bird wing motifs	Sydney Opera House
Environmental friendliness	Eco-friendly natural materials: wood, clay, straw	Eco-houses, passive houses
	Mechanism of photosynthesis: functions of a green leaf	“Breathing” walls, membrane roofing, a new generation of environmentally friendly building materials

2.5 Comparison of the Eiffel and Shukhov towers

I consider a striking example of the unity of the law of formation of natural and artificial structures to be the world-famous three-hundred-meter metal openwork structure - the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

Gustav Eiffel drew a drawing of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. This structure is considered one of the earliest clear examples of the use of bionics in engineering. The design of the Eiffel Tower is based on the scientific work of Swiss anatomy professor Hermann von Meyer. 40 years before the construction of the Parisian engineering miracle, the professor examined the bone structure of the head of the femur in the place where it bends and enters the joint at an angle. And yet for some reason the bone does not break under the weight of the body. The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bony structure of the head of the femur. In 1866, the Swiss engineer Karl Kuhlmann provided a theoretical basis for von Meyer's discovery, and 20 years later, natural load distribution using curved calipers was used by Eiffel

I live in Vyksa, a city with a rich historical and cultural heritage,which is the custodian of the richest industrial traditions. Among the industrial heritage monuments in Vyksa are the unique engineering structures of V.G. Shukhov, which are considered by experts as potential objects of world cultural heritage.

I became interested in comparing two world-famous towers: the Eiffel and Shukhov, especially from the point of view of architectural bionics.

It turned out that the principles of architectural bionics were used in the construction of only the Eiffel Tower, and the design design of the Shukhov Tower is based on mathematical modeling of a single-sheet hyperboloid (and this even turned out to be economically viable and widely used!). Does this mean that human thought has stepped further than natural thought?

The results of my study are presented in Table 2.

table 2 “Comparison of the Eiffel and Shukhov towers”

Comparison Questions	Eiffel Tower	Shukhov Tower
Design engineer	Alexandre Gustave Eiffel(1832-1923) - French engineer, specialist in the design of steel structures.	Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939) Russian engineer, inventor, scientist, honorary academician, Hero of Labor, member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
Time and place of appearance	Built in 1889 in Paris like the entrance arch to the World's Fair. It belongs to the most remarkable technical structures of the 19th century and later became a unique symbol of the capital of France.	Built for All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition V Nizhny Novgorod, which took place on May 28 (the 9th of June ) to October 1 () of the year.
Principle of building design	The base of the Eiffel Tower issquare with side 123 meters. Its lower tier, which looks liketruncated pyramid, consists of four powerful supports, the lattice structures of which, connecting with each other, form huge arches. The tower has several platforms and platforms. In many aspects of tower construction, Eiffel became a pioneer: research into the properties and strata of soil, the use of compressed air and caissons to construct the foundation, the installation of 800-ton jacks to adjust the position of the tower, and special erection cranes for working at heights. In the process of work, new construction machinery and equipment were born.	Single-sheet hyperboloid And hyperbolic paraboloid - twice ruled surfaces , that is, through any point of such a surface one can drawtwo intersecting lines that will entirely belong to the surface. Beams are installed along these straight lines, forming a characteristic lattice.This design istough: if the beams are connectedhinged, the hyperboloid structure will still retain its shape under the influence of external forces. For tall structures, the main danger is the wind load, but for a lattice structure it is small. These features make hyperboloid structures durable, despite their low material consumption. In shape, the sections of the Shukhov Tower are single-sheet hyperboloids of revolution, made of 80 straight steel beams resting their ends on ring bases.Tower height - 25m.
Specifications	The tower with amazing ease lifts 7 thousand tons of metal structures, as if woven into an amazing lace, to more than 300 meters. The weight of the tower is 10,000 tons, and it is distributed over 4 supports in such a way that the pressure does not exceed 4 kg per square centimeter (this is the same pressure as the pressure on a chair on which only one person weighs 80 kg is sitting). The base area is 130 square meters, the number of steps of the staircase is 1665 in the eastern support.	The openwork steel structure combines strength and lightness: three times less metal was used per unit height of the Shukhov Tower than per unit height of the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The Shukhov Tower project, with a height of 350 meters, weighs about 2,200 tons, and the Eiffel Tower, with a height of 300 meters, weighs about 7,300 tons.
Principles of architectural bionics	The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bony structure of the head of the femur. The structure of the Eiffel Tower has a similar structure to the human tibia, and due to this it has sufficient strength.
Operational goals	First as the entrance arch to the World Exhibition, then as a radio tower and tourist center - a symbol of France.	The first tower in Nizhny Novgorod is a water tower
Similar known designs	An analogue of the Eiffel Tower with a height of 275 meters will be built in Mumbai, India. This is a skyscraper with exclusive apartments. The tower is planned to have 90 floors.	Radio tower on Shabolovka in Moscow (150m) -1922; Water tower on the territory of the Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (40m) - late 19th century. In total, during his life, V.G. Shukhov built about 200 hyperboloid towers for various purposes.
Current use	But the Eiffel Tower is not known for its characteristics or unique technical solutions. Nowadays it is the most recognizable and popular landmark in the world. About 6 million tourists visit the tower every year, and in total the tower has had about 300 million guests throughout its history.	The Shukhov Tower is one of the greatest architectural structures and the pinnacle of engineering, an object of cultural heritage. The Shukhov Tower is recognized by international experts as one of the highest achievements of engineering art.

Conclusion

Every living being is a perfect system, which is the result of evolution over many millions of years. By studying this system, revealing the secrets of the structure of living organisms, you can gain new opportunities in the construction of structures. With the help of bionics, humanity is trying to bring the achievements of nature into its own technical and social technologies.

As a result of working on a study on the topic “Bionics in architecture: nature is the builder, man is the imitator?” I came to the followingresults and conclusions:

• got acquainted with the definition, history of origin and types of science of bionics as one of the areas of modern physics;
• studied the principles of architectural bionics and found their correspondence in practice;
• found out that architectural bionics is one of the most modern and promising areas of modern engineering science, providing practically unlimited possibilities for creating architectural structures and solving many technical problems;
• eco-house - house of the future;
• the design of the Eiffel Tower is based on the bionic principle, but the design of the Shukhov Tower is not (mathematical modeling of a single-sheet hyperboloid). And it even turned out to be cost-effective and widely used!
• Despite the last conclusion, my hypothesis that nature is the builder of everything in the world, and man is its imitator, is still, in general, correct.

Bionic forms have penetrated our everyday life and will play a significant role in it for a long time. The study of nature by humanity is far from finished, but we have already received from nature invaluable knowledge about rational structure and formation, which, of course, proves the relevance and promise of studying the science of bionics in all its aspects.

In a word, nature contains millions of ideas and models for creation.

Bibliography

1. Kreizmer L.P., Sochivko V.P., Bionics, 2nd ed., M., 1968
2. Lebedev Yu.S., Rabinovich V.I. and others. Architectural bionics, Stroyizdat, 1990
3. Martek V., Bionics, trans. from English, M., 1967
4. Ignatiev M.B. "Artonica". Article in the reference dictionary "System analysis and decision making". Higher school, M., 2004
5. Bionics issues. Sat. art., rep. ed. M.G. Gaase-Rapoport, M., 1967
6. Belkova E.V. Interdisciplinary elective course “Inventor - Nature”. Article in the magazine “Modern Lesson” No. 8. 2009
7. Nizhny Novgorod business newspaper / "Nizhny Novgorod Business Newspaper" No. 5 (104) dated 05/03/2010 / Will there be a Shukhov Renaissance?