Heterogeneous sequential submission. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses - what is it? Examples of homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence

The section of the science of our language devoted to the structure of sentences is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and parsing can be an exciting activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What are the types of subordination and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? About everything in order.

Complex sentence and its parts

Complicated (C / P) is such a complex sentence in which it is possible to distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate clause (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question to it). There can be two or more adnexal parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There is a consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or different ones, refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.

Types of subordination of subordinate clauses

So, there are four types of submission.

Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?) what to do (for what?) to get there (where?) where I need.
Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it is, where we are and how to get to the airport. There are three subordinate (dependent) parts in this sentence, all of them refer to the word "asked" and answer the question "about what?".
Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate parts also refer to the same word, but questions are asked about them differently. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to fulfill all my plans (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) In order to catch the train, I have to leave the house early for the station (what?), which is located in another part of the city.

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses

What is the difference between different types of submission, we found out. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one species. This is because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are different.

If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second after.
It is necessary to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions to them. Only in this way will we be convinced that we really have a parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we will ask them from different words, then the subordination is really parallel. When I went out into the street, I suddenly remembered that I had been going to visit my friend for a long time. In this sentence, from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "when?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "About" ask a question "about what?" to the second. So, in this case, a parallel method of subordination is used.

To be able to determine the boundaries of parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part is necessary in order not to make mistakes when arranging punctuation marks. Remember that subordinate parts are separated from the main part by commas, which are placed before the union or allied word that connects parts of a complex sentence.

Summing up

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of the four types of subordination in Russian. To determine the type of subordination, you need to highlight simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate, determine the main part and ask questions from it to dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is a homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if different questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can only be asked to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then we have a consistent submission.

Be smart!

Considers the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences usually cause particular difficulty, especially with three or more predicative parts. Let us consider, using specific examples, the types of NGN with several subordinate clauses, the ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, the rules for putting punctuation marks in them.

Complex sentence: definition

To clearly express a thought, we use a different sentence characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. NGN is such a sentence in which the subordinate part is subordinate to the main part and joins it with the help of subordinating conjunctions and / or For example, " [Styopka was very tired in the evening], (WHY?) (since he walked at least ten kilometers in a day)". Hereinafter, the main part is denoted, round - dependent. Accordingly, in NGN with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area, (WHAT?) (which they were passing now), was well known to Andrei Petrovich], (WHY?) (since a good half of his childhood passed here)". It is important to correctly determine the sentences where you need to put commas.

NGN with multiple clauses

A table with examples will help determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.

Type of subordination of the subordinate part of the main	Example
Sequential	The guys rushed into the river with a run, the water in which had already warmed up enough, because the last few days had been incredibly hot.
Parallel (non-uniform)	When the speaker finished speaking, there was silence in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what they heard.
Homogeneous	Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would soon arrive and that you just need to be patient a little.
With different types of submission	Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, which was trembling in her hands, and thought that now she would have to quit her studies, that her hopes for a new life had not come true.

Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses. The examples above will help.

Sequential submission

In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river] 1 , (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2 , (because the last few days have been incredibly hot) 3»First, we select three parts. Then, with the help of questions, we establish semantic relationships: [... X], (in which ... X), (because ...). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.

Let's take another example. " [There was a vase with wild flowers on the table], (which the guys gathered), (when they went to the forest on an excursion)". The scheme of this NGN is similar to the first: [... X], (which ... X), (when ...).

With homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link joins the one in front.

Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination

In this case, all subordinate clauses refer to the main part (to the whole part or the word in it), but they answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1 , [there was silence in the hall] 2 , (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 » . Let's analyze this NGN with several clauses. Its scheme will look like this: (when ...), [... X], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it stands before the main one) denotes time, and the second - the reason. Therefore, they will answer different questions. Second example: [Vladimir certainly needed to find out today] 1, (at what time the train from Tyumen arrives) 2, (in order to have time to meet a friend) 3". The first subordinate clause is explanatory, the second is purpose.

Homogeneous submission

This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such NGN with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3» subordinate parts - 2nd and 3rd - refer to one word, answer the question "what?" and both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected with the help of the union and, which is not preceded by a comma. Imagine this in a diagram: [... X], (what ...) and (what ...).

In NGN with several subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination between the subordinate clauses, any coordinating conjunctions are sometimes used - the punctuation rules will be the same as when making homogeneous members - and the subordinating conjunction in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and looked] 1, (as cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers unloaded building materials) 3».

NGN with several subordinate clauses with different types of subordination

Very often, four or more parts are distinguished as part of a complex sentence. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example in the table: [Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, (which was shaking in her hands) 2 , and thought] 1 , (that now she would have to quit her studies) 3 , (that her hopes for a new life were not justified) 4". This is a sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X, (which ...), ... X], (what ...), (what ... ). Or another option: [Tatyana was silent all the way and only looked out the window] 1, (behind which small, closely located villages flickered) 2, (where people fussed) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4)". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X], (followed by ...), (where ...) and (... ).

Punctuation marks at the junction of unions

To arrange in a complex sentence, it is usually enough to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicative parts. The complexity, as a rule, is the punctuation of NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X], [... X], (how (with whom ...), then ...) - when two subordinating unions (allied words) are nearby. This is characteristic of sequential submission. In such a case, you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double union in the sentence. For example, " [An open book remained on the sofa] 1, (which, (if there was time) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2 ". Second option: " [I swear] 1 , (that (when I get back from my trip home) 3 , I will definitely visit you and tell you everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such NGN with several clauses, the rules are as follows. If the second clause can be excluded from the sentence without compromising the meaning, a comma is placed between unions (and / or allied words), if not, it is absent. Let's return to the first example: " [There was a book on the sofa] 1, (which had to be finished in time) 2 ". In the second case, if the second subordinate part is excluded, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated by the word "that".

Should be remembered

A good assistant in mastering the NGN with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the knowledge gained. In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm.

Read the sentence carefully, mark the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
Select all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or used conjunctions.
Establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask a question (s) from it to the subordinate (s).
Build a diagram, showing on it with arrows the dependence of parts on each other, put punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.

Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - NGN with several specific clauses - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.

42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals

Associative compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [ Habit over usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe is] (A. Pushkin).

The semantic relations between simple sentences in allied and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so expresses the consequence because- the reason if- condition, but- opposition, etc.

The semantic relations between simple sentences are less clearly expressed than in the union. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in terms of intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others to complex ones. However, often the same non-union compound sentence in meaning, it can be brought closer to both a complex and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: Searchlights lit up- it became light around; Searchlights were lit, and it became light around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.

Meaningful relationships in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see the section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).

AT non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:

I. enumeration(lists some facts, events, phenomena):

[I_did not see you for a whole week], [Ididn't hear you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such non-union complex sentences approach compound sentences with a connecting union and.

Like their synonymous compound sentences, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity enumerated events and 2) their sequences.

1) \ Bemep howl plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessneighing horses ], [from the taborfloated tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [ fluttered half asleepbirdie ] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Associative compound sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what the first says):

[I unhappy ]: [everydayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinate causes.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first one):

1) [ Items were lost form]: [everything merged first into gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like all Moscow, yourfather is like that ]: [ would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction. namely.

IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or the word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case, we can talk about the omission of words like see, hear etc.):

1) [ Nastya during the storyremembered ]: [she has from yesterdayremained whole intactcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses. (remembered that ...; looks (and sees that) ...).

v. Comparative-adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or opposed to it):

1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family unhappy but in its own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Chinfollowed to him]- [he service suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ah, but.

VI. Conditionally temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .

2) [ see you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate conditions or tense.

VII. Consequences(the second sentence names the consequence of what the first says):

[Smallthe rain sows since morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT

44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic constructions

The identification of two levels of articulation of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which whole complex sentences act as constituent components. Since a subordinating connection is a connection that is the closest (in comparison with a coordinating one, for example), it is natural that a complex sentence usually acts as a single component of a complex syntactic construction, although an union-free association of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.

A complex sentence can be a component of a compound sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.

1. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of the word, and the richer, fuller it is, the happier the days and years that we passed through the field of joys and sorrows, happiness and grief (Dry.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence lies in the fact that the composing union and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative union with something - that, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by the attributive clause.

In addition to the union and, other composing unions are often found in similar syntactic conditions: Our courtship with the countess's house is destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, he would not be again (Vost.); What happened is gone, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe (Ch.).

The following complex constructions with a coordinative connection at the first level of articulation are similar in structure, although they have a different degree of internal complexity:

1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);

2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in a car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the Press House was located, the evening ended and Blok left for the Society of Italian Literature Lovers (Past.).

2. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with an allied connection: For a long time it was done like this: if a Cossack was traveling alone on the road to Millerovo, without comrades, then when he met with the Ukrainians ... he did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol. ). A feature of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of the synsemantic word so, the content of which is concretized by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by a non-free lexical part cost ...

3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [The absence of a heterogeneous syntactic connection in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such sentences and its similarity with the constructions described in this section allow us to place them here in order to preserve the system in the presentation.].

1) Let the father not think that if a person was nicknamed Efficient Momun, then he is bad (Aitm.).

2) Everyone knows that since the fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such a good failure will happen to him that they will talk about it in the village for at least ten years (Paust.).

This structural type of a complex sentence is distinguished by the unity of construction: the first subordinating conjunction does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating union has a double union fastening its parts (if ... then, with what ... by that, although ... but etc.) or subordinating unions with particles-braces (if ... then, if ... so, when ... then, since ... then, once ... then, etc.). For example: Who does not know that when a patient wants to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on the completely opposite military enterprise of the year 45 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of pride and in response said loudly, with some even pomposity, that since there is an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it costs him, he will fulfill the order (Sim.).

In the given examples, there is a different degree of internal complexity, but they are united by one common structural indicator: they are built according to the “main part + subordinate” scheme (more often explanatory, but causal, concessive and investigative is also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with relations conditions, reasons, time, comparison, less often - concessions and goals). The specified feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.

As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is the sentence with the union that (at the first level of articulation). However, other unions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. Such combinations of subordinating unions are possible: what once ... then; what if...then; that once ... then; that although ... but; because somehow... then; because once ... then; because if...then; because once ... then; because though...but; so once... then; so if...then; so once ... then; so although...but; because once ... then; because if...then; because just ... then; because although ... but; so as to; although if...then; although once ... then; at least once ... then; although so that others. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me a Roman villa (Kat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly and long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Greene).

Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment was in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L.T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the union but) is a complex sentence.

A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the place of logging, it suddenly became very warm and the sun shone so brightly that it hurt the eyes (gas.).

4. Compound sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I did not want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. As an explanatory clause, a compound sentence with a union is used here not only ... but also.

Such proposals are possible only with gradational unions, for example: not only ... but also; not that ... but; not so much...how much.

5. An allied complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of grasses in other places on the Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand as an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).

48. Fundamentals of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation

Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has a fairly solid foundation - a formal grammatical one. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural articulation of written speech. It is this principle that gives stability to modern punctuation. On this basis, the largest number of signs is put.

The “grammatical” ones include such signs as a dot, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs highlighting functionally diverse constructions introduced into a simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; inserts; appeals; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs with homogeneous members of the sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with distributors, standing after the word being defined or located at a distance, etc.

In any text, one can find such "mandatory", structurally determined signs.

For example: But now I undertook to re-read a few things by Shchedrin. It was about three or four years ago when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy tale fiction. I then took Shchedrin in order to avoid accidental resemblance, but, having begun to read, having thoroughly read, having plunged headlong into the amazing and rediscovered world of Shchedrin's reading, I realized that the resemblance would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Kass.). All the signs here are structurally significant, they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of the parts of sentences: the allocation of subordinate clauses, the fixation of syntactic homogeneity, the designation of the boundary of the parts of a compound sentence, the allocation of homogeneous adverbial phrases.

The structural principle contributes to the development of solid commonly used rules for punctuation. Signs placed on such a basis cannot be optional, author's. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This, finally, is the necessary minimum, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. The division of the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relation of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.

The syntactic articulation of speech ultimately reflects a logical, semantic articulation, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic articulation of speech subjugates the structural, i.e. the concrete meaning dictates the only possible structure.

In the sentence The hut is covered with straw, with a chimney, the comma between the combinations covered with thatch and with a chimney fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, consequently, the grammatical and semantic relation of the prepositional case form with a chimney to the noun hut.

In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: There was an inner lightness. Freely walks the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (designation of one action). In the original version, there is a designation of two different actions: walks the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.

Such punctuation marks help to establish the semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence, clarify the structure of the sentence.

The ellipsis also performs a semantic function, which helps to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer ... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and gate... in the air; The history of peoples ... in dolls; On skis... for berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (moreover, often with emotional overtones).

An important role in understanding the text is also played by the location of the sign that divides the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the state is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, draws attention to the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - to state the state with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of the sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: A tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo for a long time. They gave her such a nickname because she really became an orphan at an early age (gaz.). The dismemberment of the union is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, the designation of the reason is necessary, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.

On a semantic basis, signs are put in non-union complex sentences, since it is they who convey the necessary meanings in written speech. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - There was a whistle - the train started moving.

Often, with the help of punctuation marks, the specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two definitions-adjectives (or participles) brings these words together in a semantic sense, i.e. makes it possible to highlight the general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being close in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The crown of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at a cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow flew (Paust.); Cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take out of context the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic, then it is difficult to catch something in common in these pairs, since these possible associative convergences are in the sphere of secondary, not basic, figurative meanings, which become the main ones. in the context.

In part, Russian punctuation is also based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large drop in voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonational dashes, dots, etc. For example, an appeal can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special accentuating intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of a sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: Children will come, let's go to the park. - Children will come - let's go to the park. In the first case, enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonational principle acts only as a secondary, not primary. This is especially evident in cases where the intonation principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical one. For example: Frost lowered the bag and, cowardly putting his head in his shoulders, ran to the horses (Fad.); The deer digs the snow with its front foot and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma is after the union and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (participle turnover and the subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonational principle is violated, because the pause is before the union.

The intonation principle operates in most cases not in an “ideal”, pure form, i.e. some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although it is fixed by a punctuation mark, but ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of a given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: My brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence, its meaning.

So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single consistent principle. However, the formal-grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the semantic and intonation principles act as additional ones, although in some specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that pauses (intonation) served as the initial basis for the articulation of written speech.

Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and a stage that characterizes a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects the structure, meaning, intonation. Written speech is organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not in isolation, but in unity. As a rule, the intonational principle is reduced to semantic, semantic to structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. Separate principles can be singled out only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although with a certain hierarchy. For example, a dot also denotes the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering the voice, a long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).

It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.

Complex sentence and its parts

Types of subordination of subordinate clauses

So, there are four types of submission.

Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?) what to do (for what?) to get there (where?) where I need.
Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it is, where we are and how to get to the airport. There are three subordinate (dependent) parts in this sentence, all of them refer to the word “asked” and answer the question “about what?”.
Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate parts also refer to the same word, but questions are asked about them differently. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to fulfill all my plans (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) In order to catch the train, I have to leave the house early for the station (what?), which is located in another part of the city.

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses

If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second after.
It is necessary to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions to them. Only in this way will we be convinced that we really have a parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we will ask them from different words, then the subordination is really parallel. When I went out into the street, I suddenly remembered that I had been going to visit my friend for a long time. In this sentence, from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "when?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "About" ask a question "about what?» to the second. So, in this case, a parallel method of subordination is used.

Summing up

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In a complex sentence, hereinafter referred to as NGN, all subordinate clauses can refer directly to the entire main sentence or to one of its members. In this case, they indicate a homogeneous subordination of dependent sentences. With homogeneous subordination, we indicate its main features:

all subordinate clauses refer to the main clause or to the same word in the main clause;
clauses have the same meaning and answer the same question, that is, they are clauses of the same type;
are interconnected by coordinating unions or unionless;
pronounced with enumerative intonation,

for example:

It is not known where she lived (1), who she was (2), why a portrait of her was made by a Roman artist (3) and what she thought so sadly about (4).

Unknown (what?). To all subordinate parts, regardless of the fact that they are attached to different allied words ( where, who, why, what), we ask the same question: what? In this NGN, there is a cascade of explanatory clauses that depend on one word in the main part - the predicate of an impersonal sentence expressed by a predicative adverb. Therefore, this is a NGN with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

, (where ...), (who ...), (why ...) and (about what ...).

Between subordinating sentences with enumeration, as in the above example, commas are placed, except for the last two subordinating sentences. If a non-repeating connective or disjunctive union is used between homogeneous subordinate clauses ( and, or, or), then the comma is not put, for example:

We understood that it was already late_ and that we had to hurry home.

Linear scheme of the offer:

, (what…) and (what…).

Examples of sentences with homogeneous subordination of clauses

I understood that I was lying in bed, that I was sick, that I had just been delirious (A. Kuprin).

In spring, the oriole appears late, when the groves are already covered with foliage and all the songbirds have long flown in (I. Sokolov-Mikitov).

Auntie interestingly told that her first husband was a Persian consul and that she lived with him for some time in Tehran (F. Iskander).

Since the birch trees have undressed and different grasses have grown under them with spikelets and cones and necks of different colors, much, much water has flowed from the stream (M. Prishvin).

In the morning, the grandmother complained that all the apples in the garden were knocked down at night and one old plum was broken (A. Chekhov).

Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause (time, concessions, reasons, conditions, etc.) or to one of its members (definitive, explanatory, measures and degrees, places, modes of action) may be heterogeneous, that is, different in value and belong to different types, for example:

When the fishermen gathered (1), Ivan Ivanovich already somehow deduced in his own way that by the evening the wind would drive the ice to noon (2) (M. Prishvin).

Two subordinate clauses depend on the main clause:

one - adjective of time ( when the fishermen gathered);
the second is an explanatory clause ( that in the evening the wind will drive the ice to noon).

Linear scheme of the offer:

(When what…).

Examples of sentences with parallel subordination of clauses

But although they were neighbors all their lives, Ulya never saw Anatoly except for school and Komsomol meetings, where he often made presentations (A. Fadeev).

As soon as the heat subsided, it began to get colder and darker in the forest so quickly that I did not want to stay in it (I. Turgenev).

When I have a new book in my hands, I feel that something new, speaking, wonderful has entered my life (M. Gorky).

The river along which we went turned sharply every now and then, so that its gleaming mirror rested in the distance either against willow thickets or against a sandy cliff (V. Soloukhin).

When I peer, it even seems to me that I begin to see hundreds, thousands of kilometers around (M. Bubennov).

In early spring, as soon as the snow melts, the field where winter rye was sown is covered with lush greenery (L. Leonov).

Proposals with sequential submission

Complex sentences with sequential subordination are discussed in detail with examples in this article.

Let us give more examples of sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.

The time of our journey has expired, although we managed to pass only half of what we planned (V. Soloukhin).

Everything is available to a person in this life, if only one passionately desires, so passionately that one does not feel sorry for life itself at the same time (L. Leonov).

A knot on the trunk is known, on which you put your foot when you want to climb an apple tree (V. Soloukhin).

If every person on a piece of his land would do everything he can, how beautiful our land would be (A. Chekhov).

The clause in NGN does not have to be one. There may be several of them. Then it is worth considering all the options for what kind of relationship develops between the subordinate clauses and the main one.

It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal) as in the examples above. In order to visually demonstrate the dependent relationships between the main clause and several subordinate clauses, flowcharts are better suited ( vertical).

So, for several subordinate clauses, the following cases are possible:

Homogeneous submission. All subordinate clauses refer to the main (or to some word in its composition). In addition, they answer one question. And among themselves the subordinate clauses are connected according to the same principle as the homogeneous members of the sentence.

The children stamped their feet with impatience and could not wait until it was time to set off, when they would finally see the sea, when everyone could run along the shore to their heart's content.

parallel submission. All subordinate clauses belong to the main clause. But they answer different questions.

When it was her turn to choose, Olya took the box that first came to her hand.

Consistent submission. One subordinate clause is attached to the main one (it is called the first degree clause). Another subordinate clause, of the second degree, joins the subordinate clause of the first degree. By the way, with this type of subordination, one subordinate clause can be included in another.

The guys decided that all together they would cope with the difficult task that Misha courageously decided to take on his shoulders.

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence

A reasonable question may arise why all these NGN schemes are needed. They have at least one applied purpose - an obligatory part of the syntactic analysis of a complex sentence is the compilation of its scheme.

In addition, just the scheme of a complex sentence will help to correctly analyze it for analysis.

SPP parsing scheme includes the following tasks:

Determine what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement: declarative, interrogative or incentive.

What - according to emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

To prove that a sentence is complex, it is necessary to define and designate grammatical foundations.

Indicate what type of connection of parts of a complex sentence is present: allied connection, intonation.

Indicate the type of complex sentence: complex sentence.

Indicate how many simple sentences are included in the complex one, by what means the subordinate clauses are attached to the main one.

Designate the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, they should be indicated by numbers (degrees of subordination).

Indicate with which word in the main clause (or with the whole sentence) the subordinate clause is associated.

Mark the way of connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence: union or allied word.

If there are any, mark indicative words in the main part.

Indicate the type of subordinate clause: explanatory, attributive, adjunctive, adverbial.

And finally, draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.