Partnership - what is it? Social and non-profit partnership

The word "partner" came to us from the 19th century, when its meaning represented the relationship of participants in a joint performance, game or dance. In the 20th century, partnership is already eeconomic activity (joint business,trade orbusiness partners).

The word comes from the Frenchpartner, exists inEnglish single-root words -parcener, portion, partition, that is, joint heir, portion, share, division. In other words, a partner is one with whom they share and share something.or.

What is a partnership

partnership is a form of cooperation that exists and is understood at two levels. On the first one, it is an organized business registered to several legal entities or individuals. On the second - cooperation, most often of legal entities, which is not fixed by constituent documents, is supported in fact.

In partnership, the organization develops as a sole proprietorship. A partnership was born to overcome the major weaknesses of sole proprietorship management. The name "partnership", in fact, explains itsmeaning. AtIn this form, several participants (or two) agree on the ownership and management of an enterprise. This combines finance and management skills. distributenot only profit, but also possible risks, losses. It happens that all partners have an active management function, another case - some partners are "passive", that is, investing their finances, do not participate in management.

Level 1 partnership

Organization of the partnership The first level implies general economic activity. The basic role is played by the contract, which regulates the obligations and rights of partners, their role in income, the division of property,distributionarrived. Each partner must contribute.

Under intreasure I understandtsya: business reputation, business connections, professional knowledge, property, skills and abilities. The partners make the currency assessment of the contribution by agreement. In another way, a partner can be referred to as a comrade, a shareholder. A partner can be limited, general, junior, senior.

The General Partner has unlimited liability for all duties. I.emissingvuetthe limit of losses that a person can incur. A limited partner has limited liability (within the limits of the contribution).

Forms of partnerships

Business partnershipthere are non-commercial, commercial, strategic, limited, full.

The commercial partnership is based on membership, the main goal is to make a profit.

In a non-profit partnership based on membership, the mainthe goal isassistance to membersin achievementscultural, charitable, scientific, educational and other purposes.

In full partnership, all members share the common and solidarityresponsibility.

In a limited partnership, members have limited liability.

Partnership level 2

The second level of partnership issame strategic cooperation with economically weightynaparno oneat the level of legal entities. In other words: one companypartnerson the other hand, a stronger one, large in financial relations, which is capable of providing a resource for the fulfillment of strategic goals.

Advantages

partnership isan organizational form that has a number of advantages:

• Like sole proprietorship, partnerships are easy to set up. Bureaucratic delaysminimaliswritten agreement.
• The agreement may have a large number of participants. At the same time, high specialization in management is possible.
• Financial resources at the expense of the participants are richer than in the solepossession. Ppartners, pooling their capital for bankers appear to be more reliable payers.

disadvantages

Partnership Development also has some disadvantages.There may be some problems that are not typical for personal ownership.

If several people are involved in the management, the division of power may well lead to inconsistencies in views,inconsistentpolitics, toinactionwhen decisive action is required. For these reasons, management can be difficult.

Finances are limited, although they exceed the possibilities of personal possessions. The resources of several partners may not be enough, and this will delay potential profit growth.

• The duration of the partnership is difficult to predict. The death of one or his exit most often entails the collapse of the partnership, the disruption of activities

• Partners are responsibleequivalent. Takthat if one made the wrong managerial decision, the responsibility for the result falls on everyone. A successful partner must rely on the discretion of less enterprising participants.

Social partnership

Social partnership is understood as such a system of relations where employees and employers cooperate, and the state plays an intermediary role in resolving relations (harmonizing economic interests, resolving social and labor conflicts).

Withsocial partnership(public) - referred to as "tripartism"because there are threeparties: representinginterestworkersorganizations, unionemployers, with a third party - the government.

Social partnership can be called a special ideology, representing the mores of interaction between the market capitalist and the working class, it was formed in the course of the reformist and social democratic movement. In social partnership there are no contradictions between the employer and the hired worker, much less the dictatorship of the proletariat. There is a public contract, the basis is the realization of the interests and rights of both parties.

Under these criteria, the government is transformed into a social one.Hisfinancial and social activity is growing.Ideandpublic andclass peace - the most important in the ideology of public partnership.HThe social partnership itself is a softened method of exploiting hired labor in the conditions of market-capitalist relations between an employee and an employer.

Definition of non-profit partnership

Proper management makes this form of partnership most successful in achieving many goals, for example in construction. Hnon-commercial partnershiphfixedlegislationpom. This is a non-profit organization that is based on the membership of partners. It is established by individuals or legal entities in order to achieve their goals and carry out cultural, charitable, scientific, educational and other activities.TWhat partnership is characterized as a non-profit organization, that is, one that does not have the main goal of generating income andarrived.

A non-profit partnership is created in order to obtain the rights to conduct business activities. Transactions by members of such a partnershipare made fromhis name. However, there is a limitation inresponsibility- members are notresponsible for partners' debts. The non-profit partnership itself is not responsible for the debts of the members of the partnership.

By entering into a non-profit partnership, hfiefs contribute any property and pay membership feescontributions. Afterof such transfer, the non-profit partnership becomes the owner of the property. When leaving the partnership, the property is transferred back to the ownership of the members or its cash equivalent. Partners have the right to participate in solving a variety of issues thatlinked topartnership activities.

Public private partnership

In recent decades, a new form of partnership has emerged in the economy - the merger of government and business. This is a public-private partnership (PPP). It is an organized union of state power and private business. The goal is to implement the most important public projects in various fields of activity on the scale of the whole country or a separate territory. Various formsPPP boomingdevelop in many economic sectors around the world. That is why this form of partnership can be interpreted as modern, meeting the needs of the economy.

THow did it happen thatandhas a traditiondelegationin infrastructure industries. The government is fully responsible to citizens for providing public goods - this explains the safety of a number of industries in the hands of the state.

At the same time, it is personal entrepreneurship that is characterized by mobility, a tendency toinnovation, efficient use of resources. The creation of a PPP allows you to use bothkindpartnerships together without causing any deep economic changes and government upheavals.

Modern forms of PPP allow the state to keep some serious objects in its ownership and at the same time transfer some functions to private entrepreneurs. What is meant? Operation, construction, maintenance of social and industrial infrastructure, their management. When the state and, uhthat makes it possiblebringinto the municipal sector of the economy personal services andPproducts. Which leads to rational andoptimal controland use of resources.

PPP Models

ATAll newly emerging PPP partnerships can be divided into main models (types). ATacc.in accordance with the goals of the partnership, there are organizational types, modelscooperationand funding. ATmostcases of PPP formbuild up basedon the main benefitsvarioussmodels and their combinations.

If we consider the organizational model, there is no deep intrusion into the affairs. Cooperation occurs through the recruitment of third organizations, the assignment of certain functions, as well as specific responsibilities. There is a transfer of objects to external management. At the current timeall Rwidespreadorganizational model of public-privatepartnerships- concession.

The financial models of public-private partnership include the following forms: lease, commercial lease, various forms of leasing, integrated and pre-financing.

The model of cooperation is a variety of forms, andalso ways to combine the efforts of several partners who are responsible for the overall process of creating consumer prices as a public good. Such cooperations are asked to organize complex, including holdingstructures forconstruction of facilities, as well as their operation in various areas of social andproduction infrastructure.

Forms of PPP

An agreement (administrative contract) is concluded between the state and a private company, where the ways of implementing the affairs necessary for society are stipulated. Common in PPP practice Performance contractsworks, supply of products, provision of services or provision of technical assistance.

In administrative contracts, possiblethe danger is entirely borne by the state. In this case, the ownership rights completely depart to him. A personal partner under the Agreement is entitled to a share in income, he is guaranteed to have a stable sales market and income, and some benefits.

Lease (lease contract or form of leasing) is a special relationship whenpersonalthe partner is given temporary use rights for a fee for a certain time. Classic lease implies the age of the leased property, sometimes there is a clause - with a subsequent purchase. If a leasing contract is concluded, then there is an opportunity to buy the leased property from the state.

Concession is a special form of PPP, when, within the framework of partnership relations, the state remains the ownerproperty, gives the partner the authority to carry out activities for a certain period of time to ensure the functioning of the subject of the concession. The right to the produced products belongs to the concessionaire.