Two groups of economic sectors. Legal professions by economic sector and field of activity

The economy of a modern state is divided into industries. It includes manufacturing sectors and non-production activities. The concepts of “production” and “non-production” spheres are the largest structural characteristics of the economy.

1. The non-production sector (or service sector) includes activities that do not create a material (material) product. As a rule, the following non-production sectors are distinguished:

Department of Housing and Utilities;
non-production types of consumer services for the population;
health, physical education and social welfare;
public education;
finance, credit, insurance, pensions;
Culture and art;
science and scientific service;
control;
public associations.

2. The production sphere (“real sector” - in modern terminology) is a set of industries and activities, the result of which is a material product (goods). The branches of material production usually include industry, agriculture, transport, and communications.

The division into industries is determined by the social division of labor.

There are three forms of social division of labor: general, private, individual.

1. The general division of labor is expressed in the division of social production into large spheres of material production (industry, agriculture, transport, communications...).

2. The private division of labor manifests itself in the formation of various independent branches within industry, agriculture and other branches of material production. For example, in industry there are:

electric power industry;
fuel industry;
ferrous metallurgy;
non-ferrous metallurgy;
chemical and petrochemical industry;
mechanical engineering and metalworking;
forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries;
construction materials industry;
light industry;
food industry...

In turn, each of them consists of highly specialized industries, for example, non-ferrous metallurgy includes copper, lead-zinc, tin and other industries.

3. A single division of labor takes place in an enterprise, institution, or organization between people of different professions and specialties.

The most important branch of material production is industry, which consists of many industries and industries that are interconnected.

Based on the nature of the impact on the subject, industries are divided into two groups:

Extractive industries provide natural resources of mineral and plant origin, and manufacturing industries provide processing of raw materials obtained in the mining industry, as well as in agriculture. Thus, the mining industry includes mining enterprises - the extraction of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, mining chemical raw materials, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, as well as hydroelectric power stations, forest exploitation enterprises, on fishing and seafood production.
The manufacturing industry includes enterprises producing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled metal, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, light and food industry products, as well as thermal power plants and repair enterprises industrial products.

When analyzing the sectoral structure of industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of industries that represent inter-industry complexes. An industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the production of similar (related) products or the performance of work (services).

Currently, industries are united into the following complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgical, engineering, chemical and forestry, agro-industrial, social, construction complex and military-industrial.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) includes the coal, gas, oil, peat and shale industries, energy, and industries for the production of energy and other types of equipment. All these sectors are united by a common goal - to meet the needs of the national economy for fuel, heat, and electricity.
The metallurgical complex (MC) is an integrated system of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical, mining engineering and repair facilities.
The mechanical engineering complex is a combination of branches of mechanical engineering, metalworking and repair production. The leading branches of the complex are general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and radio electronics, transport engineering, as well as computer production.
The chemical-forest complex is an integrated system of the chemical, petrochemical, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries, mechanical engineering and other industries.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is characterized by the fact that it includes sectors of the economy that are heterogeneous in their technology and production orientation: the agricultural system, processing industries, feed and microbiological industries, agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries. About 80 industries directly or indirectly participate in the activities of the agro-industrial complex. The agrarian-industrial complex can be considered as a set of technologically and economically related units of the national economy, the end result of which is the most complete satisfaction of the population's needs for food and non-food products produced from agricultural raw materials.
The construction complex includes a system of construction industries, the building materials industry, mechanical engineering, and a repair base.
The social complex unites more than 20 sub-sectors of light industry, which can be combined into three main groups: textile; sewing; leather, fur, footwear - producing consumer goods.
The military-industrial complex (MIC) is represented by industries and activities aimed at meeting the needs of the Armed Forces.

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The economy of any country is a single complex of interconnected industries. Each state, depending on its national and historical traditions, geographical and geopolitical conditions and labor skills of the population, creates its own unique set of sectors of the national economy, the formation of which is increasingly influenced by international cooperation with other countries.

When analyzing the national economy, concepts such as spheres, industries, complexes, and sectors of the economy are distinguished.

Based on participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large spheres: material production and the intangible sphere.

The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sector and the population), healthcare, physical education and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, activities of the administrative apparatus .

In turn, each sector of the economy is divided into industries.

An industry is a set of enterprises and organizations characterized by a commonality of products, production technology, fixed assets, professional training of workers and satisfied needs.

According to Russian statistics, industry is divided into heavy, light and food industries. Heavy industry includes: electric power, fuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, as well as the building materials industry.

Light industry includes textile, clothing, leather, footwear, and fur industries. Food industry - food processing, meat, dairy, fishing industries.

The sectoral division of the economy is the result of the historical process of development of the social division of labor. The development of society and the economy, the further deepening of production specialization lead to the formation of new industries.

Along with specialization and differentiation, there are processes of cooperation and integration of production, leading to the development of stable production links between industries, to the creation of mixed production and inter-industry complexes.

An intersectoral complex is an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product. In industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes.

The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, have a more complex structure.

Based on the division of labor, inter-industry and single-industry, territorial-production, inter-industry scientific and technical complexes can be distinguished.

The constituent elements of the economic complex can be grouped into economic sectors.

A sector is understood as a collection of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. Thus, the sector of non-financial enterprises unites enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue the goal of making a profit.

The financial enterprises sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.

The government sector is a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector mainly includes consuming units.

The external sector is a set of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country) with economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations located on the territory of a given country.

There is also a distinction between the public sector as a set of enterprises, organizations, institutions that are state-owned and managed by government bodies or persons appointed by them, and the private sector as part of the economy that is not under state control.

According to international statistics, the economy is usually divided into industries that produce goods and industries that provide services. Industries that produce goods include industry, agriculture, construction and other sectors of material production (publishing, recycling of secondary raw materials, collection of wild mushrooms and berries, etc.).

Industries providing services include education, transport, trade, healthcare, general government, defense, etc.

When analyzing the national economy in economic research, concepts such as sphere, industry, and sector of the economy are usually used.

Spheres of the economy

From the point of view of participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large spheres: material production and non-production sphere.

Material production includes industry, agriculture and forestry, freight transport, communications (serving material production), construction, trade, catering, information and computing services, and other activities in the sphere of material production. The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sector and the population), healthcare, physical education and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, activities of the administrative apparatus .

Sectors of the economy

Spheres of the economy are divided into specialized industries. Industry is a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions), characterized by special production conditions in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in the national economy.

For example, the sphere of material production includes industries in which the means of production and consumer goods necessary for the life and development of society are created.

The sectoral division of the economy is the result of a historical process, the development of the social division of labor.

Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is divided into complex industries and types of production. The industry, for example, includes more than 15 large industries such as electric power, fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, pulp and paper industry, construction materials industry, light and food industries and others industry.

Specialized industries are characterized by varying degrees of differentiation of production. The development of society and the economy, the further deepening of the specialization of production leads to the formation of new industries and types of production. Along with specialization and differentiation, there are processes of cooperation and integration of production, leading to the development of stable production links between industries, to the creation of mixed production and inter-industry complexes.

Intersectoral e complexes

Intersectoral complex- an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product.

Intersectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between different sectors. In industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes. The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, have a more complex structure.

Intersectoral national economic complexes can be conditionally divided into targeted and functional. The basis for identifying target complexes is the reproductive principle and the criterion of participation in the creation of the final product. For example, we can distinguish the machine-building complex, the fuel and energy and agro-industrial complex, the forestry and mineral resources complex, the transport complex, etc.

The basis for identifying functional complexes is the principle and criterion of specialization of a complex on a specific function. Here we can distinguish the investment and infrastructure complexes, the scientific and technical complex, and, to a certain extent, the environmental complex.

Based on the division of labor, we can distinguish multi-industry and single-industry complexes, territorial-production complexes, and inter-industry scientific and technical complexes.

Economic sectors

The constituent elements of the national economic complex can be grouped according to various economic characteristics. In foreign studies, based on the system of national accounts, large sectors of the economy are identified to generalize the characteristics of economic processes.

Under sector is understood as a set of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. These usually include: the enterprise sector, the household sector, the government sector and the external sector. The enterprise sector is usually divided into the financial enterprise sector and the non-financial enterprise sector.

Non-financial enterprise sector unites enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue profit. Depending on who controls their activities, they, in turn, are divided into state, national, private and foreign non-financial enterprises.

Financial Enterprises Sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.

The government sector is a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector consists mainly of consuming units, i.e. households and enterprises formed by them.

The external sector, or the “rest of the world” sector, is a set of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country) with economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations located on the territory of a given countries.

According to the degree of connection with the market in the national economy, market and non-market sectors are often distinguished.

The market sector includes the production of goods and services intended to be sold on the market at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for those goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services through barter, wages in kind, and inventories of finished goods.

The non-market sector is the production of products and services intended for use directly by producers or business owners, and also provided to other consumers free of charge or at prices that do not affect demand.

Sometimes mixed industries are additionally distinguished, which provide market and non-market services.

According to international statistics, the economy is usually divided into industries that produce goods and industries that provide services. The first group includes industry, agriculture, construction and other sectors of material production (publishing, recycling of secondary raw materials, collecting wild mushrooms and berries, etc.). Industries providing services include education, transport, trade, healthcare, general government, defense, etc.

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1. Solve the crossword puzzle and you will find out what economics is.

Use your textbook to complete the definition.

Economy - This is the economic activity of people.

2. Do you know the sectors of the economy? Label the pictures yourself or with the help of a textbook.

3. In addition to those listed in the textbook, there are other sectors of the economy. For example, forestry, communications, catering, housing and communal services, banking sector, consumer services. Think about and explain (verbally) what each of these industries does.

Forestry is a branch of the economy that deals with forests: it studies forests, takes care of their reproduction, protects forests from pests and fires, and regulates the use of forests for economic purposes.
Communications is a branch of the economy that develops and regulates means of communication: radio, television, Internet, telephony, etc.
Public catering is a branch of the economy engaged in the production and sale of culinary products: restaurants, cafes, canteens, buffets, confectionery shops, bakeries, cafeterias, dumpling shops, etc.
Housing and communal services is a branch of the economy that ensures the operation of engineering infrastructure in populated areas: hot and cold water supply systems; supply of heat, electricity, gas to houses; waste collection and landscaping systems.
The banking sector is a branch of the economy that ensures the operation of banks and the country's financial system. It includes state and private banks, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and other institutions.
Consumer services are a branch of the economy responsible for providing various services to the population: repair services (shoes, clothing, household appliances, etc.), transport services (taxi, transportation of furniture and large items), dry cleaning and laundry services, repair and decoration of apartments, hairdressing services, manicure services, rental services of bicycles, mopeds and scooters, and other services.

4. Our enterprising Parrot offers a task. Collect on p. 69 small collection of coins. To do this, place different coins under the page and use a simple pencil to make their prints.

5. At home, find out from adults what sectors of the economy they work in. Write it down.

My mother works as a teacher in the Education sector, and my father works as a programmer in the Information Technology sector.

6. Using the book “Encyclopedia of Travel. Countries of the World" fill out the table (according to the model given in the first line).

Countries	Currency
Hungary	Forint
Brazil	Real
India	Rupee
China	Yuan
Poland	Zloty
Switzerland	Swiss frank
Japan	Jena

Additional information: message about world currencies.

Message plan:

What is a monetary unit and why is it needed?
Dollar
Euro
GBP
Russian ruble

The most famous monetary units of the world

Once upon a time, people knew nothing about money. They exchanged goods: milk was exchanged for eggs, flour for clothes, and meat for clay mounds. Over time, the variety of goods became so great that it became inconvenient to exchange goods and people came up with a universal means of comparing the cost of things and services - money.

Money, or monetary units, is an equivalent with which you can measure and compare the cost of any goods and services. Each country has its own monetary units: the ruble in Russia, the dollar in the USA, the crown in the Czech Republic, the lira in Italy, etc. At the same time, the monetary unit (currencies) of different countries can be exchanged among themselves at a specially established price (exchange rate) and goods from other countries can be purchased with them.

The most common currency units in the world are the US dollar, the European Euro, the British pound sterling, the Japanese Yen and the Swiss franc. These currencies are easily exchanged for any other currency in the world.

The US dollar is a fairly old currency. It became the official currency of the United States of America back in the 18th century, and before that, various coins were called dollars in many European countries. Now the dollar is the national currency of more than 20 countries, and is also considered an international means of payment.

The euro is a very young currency. The Euro became a full-fledged means of payment only in 2002. The Euro was invented specifically as a single monetary unit for the countries of the European Union. The Euro is now the official currency of 29 countries, most of these countries are members of the European Union.

The pound sterling is the national currency of the United Kingdom. This coin appeared in the 12th century and its name originally meant “pound of pure silver.” The coins were actually minted from real silver and 240 of these coins were supposed to weigh exactly a pound (about 350 grams). So counterfeit pounds sterling could be easily identified using a scale. Now the pound sterling is the most expensive currency in the world and, moreover, one of the most stable.

The Russian ruble is the official currency of our country. The ruble has almost as long a history as the English pound sterling - the ruble has been known since the 13th century. Over the many centuries of its existence, the ruble has changed both its appearance and its value many times. For example, in the 16th century, for 1 ruble you could buy a live cow or horse, in the 80s of the last century, for a ruble you could buy half a kilogram of sausage or have a great meal in the canteen, and now for 1 ruble you can only buy a box of matches, and even then not in all cities of Russia.

The ruble is used as a national currency not only in Russia, but also in some other countries: in Belarus the Belarusian ruble is used, in Moldova - the Transnistrian ruble. Now our state is striving to make the Russian ruble the same global currency as the euro dollar or pound sterling.

All sectors of the national economy are divided into two large areas: production and non-production. The existence of organizations belonging to the second group (culture, education, consumer services, management) is impossible without the successful development of enterprises of the first.

Industrial sectors: definition

Enterprises that carry out activities aimed at creating material wealth belong to this part of the national economy. Also, organizations in this group carry out their sorting, movement, etc. The exact definition of the production sector is as follows: “A set of enterprises that manufacture a material product and provide material services.”

General classification

It plays a very significant role in the development of the national economy. It is the enterprises related to it that create national income and conditions for the development of intangible production. There are the following main branches of the production sector:

industry,
Agriculture,
construction,
transport,
trade and catering,
logistics.

Industry

This industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of raw materials, equipment manufacturing, energy production, consumer goods, as well as other similar organizations that are a major part of such an area as the manufacturing sector. Sectors of the economy related to industry are divided into:

All industrial enterprises are classified into two large groups:

Extractive - mines, quarries, mines, wells.
Processing - plants, factories, workshops.

Agriculture

This is also a very important area of the state’s economy, falling under the definition of “production sector”. Branches of the economy in this area are primarily responsible for the production and partial processing of food products. They are divided into two groups: livestock farming and crop farming. The structure of the first includes enterprises engaged in:

Cattle breeding. Raising large and small livestock makes it possible to provide the population with such important food products as meat and milk.
Pig farming. Enterprises of this group supply lard and meat to the market.
Fur farming. The skins of small animals are mainly used to make wearable items. A very large percentage of these products are exported.
Poultry farming. This group supplies the market with dietary meat, eggs and feathers.

Crop production includes such sub-sectors as:

Growing grains. This is the most important sub-sector of agriculture, the most developed in our country. Agricultural enterprises of this group of production sphere are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, etc. The degree of provision of the population with such important products as bread, flour, and cereals depends on how effectively this industry will be developed.
Vegetable growing. This type of activity in our country is carried out mainly by small and medium-sized organizations, as well as farms.
Fruit growing and viticulture. Developed mainly in the southern regions of the country. Agricultural enterprises of this group supply fruits and wines to the market.

Sub-sectors such as potato growing, flax growing, melon growing, etc. also belong to plant growing.

Transport

Organizations in this area of the national economy are responsible for the transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. It includes the following industrial sectors: