The value of dezhnev seeds in a brief biographical encyclopedia. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev, Russian explorer

Russian traveler, explorer of Siberia and the Far East. The first navigator who completely passed through the Bering Strait between Asia and America.

Biography

The exact time and place of birth of S.I. Dezhnev is unknown; according to the most common version, he was born in 1605 in Veliky Ustyug, according to other sources, in one of the villages on the Pinega River. There is practically no information about Dezhnev's childhood and youth. Not later than 1635, Dezhnev ended up in Siberia, serving as a Cossack in Tobolsk and Yeniseisk. In 1638, he, as part of a detachment of the Yenisei Cossacks, arrived in Yakutia, where he began collecting yasak from the local population.

In 1639-1640 (according to other sources in 1641), Dezhnev subdued the native prince Sahey. At this time, the natives, dissatisfied with the collection of yasak, laid siege to the Yakut prison. The siege was unsuccessful and in the end the princes agreed to a settlement agreement with the Yakut authorities, agreeing to pay yasak. However, several Toyons, including Sahei, refused to recognize the agreement. Sahei himself killed two servicemen, Fedot Shivrin and Elfim Zipunk, sent to him. After the murder, he fled to the remote Orguts volost. To deal with Sahey, the Yenisei Cossack Ivan Metlikh was sent there, but his detachment was ambushed, and he himself was killed, according to some sources, by the son of Sahey Tolgytka. After that, Dezhnev was sent to the prince. The details of his stay with Sahey are unknown, however, in his petition to the tsar, Dezhnev indicated that he managed to collect “yasaku 3 forty 20 sables” from the prince and safely return to Yakutsk. In the future, Sahei also showed disobedience, and numerous detachments were sent from Yakutsk to pacify him, but their enterprises were not successful.

In 1641, Dezhnev, as part of the detachment of Dmitry Mikhailov, was collecting yasak from the local population. While returning to Yakutsk with 340 sables collected, the detachment was ambushed by the "Lamut Tungus". During the battle, Dezhnev received several wounds in both legs. The following year, in a detachment under the command of Mikhail Stadukhin, he again took up collecting yasak. According to Dezhnev's petition, they managed to collect sables "against the previous one with a profit", but the detachment was again attacked by five hundred "Tungus". Stadukhin's detachment consisted of only 15 people, but the "yasak" Tunguses and Yakuts came out on his side. According to Dezhnev, they managed to kill 10 attackers and wound many others. There were also losses on the Russian side: the Yakut yasak prince Udai, the “ulus peasant” Tyusyuk, as well as many yasak people. Dezhnev himself also received two wounds in battle.

The members of the detachment, who had lost most of the horses, were forced to use the rest to send the treasury to Yakutsk, and themselves, having built a ship, went down the Oymyakon to the lower reaches of the Indigirka to search for natives who were not taxed. Here Dezhnev met his former commander, Dmitry Mikhailov, whom he managed to persuade to join Stadukhin's detachment. Through joint efforts, they managed to find the Yukagirs who did not yasak and took Prince Mantsit and his son Toita as amanats. During the clash with the Yukagirs, Dezhnev, according to him, received another wound.

In 1643, the combined detachment of Stadukhin and Mikhailov discovered the Kolyma River. During the journey, they founded the Kolyma winter hut, from which the city of Srednekolymsk grew in the future. Soon the leaders of the expedition went to Yakutsk together with the collected yasak, and Dezhnev, along with 13 people, stayed for the winter in the Kolyma prison. During the winter he had to endure a siege from the Yukaghirs. According to Dezhnev's memoirs, the besiegers managed to break into the prison, but during hand-to-hand combat they were driven out of there and retreated back into the tundra. At the same time, information reached the Cossacks from local residents that the lands lying in the east were rich in “fish tooth” and furs. Soon the Kolyma prison became one of the starting points for studying Chukotka. Only in July 1647, the Yakut customs issued 404 people travel letters "down the Lena and by sea to the Kolyma and Indigirka for trading and fishing." Dezhnev himself at that time also remained in Kolyma, coming under the command of Mikhailov, who returned here and the kisser Pyotr Novoselov, who arrived with him. According to their instructions, he was engaged in the cathedral of yasak, and among other things, together with a detachment of 30 people, he went to pacify the Yukaghirs who attacked the prison. During the performance, the detachment managed to take “the Yukagir man Alivin son Cherm” into the amanats, and Dezhnev himself received another wound. Soon, he, along with other people who arrived in Kolyma, began to show interest in trying to find a sea route to the Anadyr River.

Expedition Dezhnev

In 1646, an expedition of Ignatiev was equipped, who managed to get to the Chaun Bay, where he entered into trade relations with the Chukchi. In the absence of an interpreter, he could not enter into close contact with them, however, by indirect evidence, he concluded that the lands located east of the Kolyma were rich. The return of Ignatiev made a splash among the Cossacks, and in 1647 another expedition set off to the east, organized by Fedot Popov, the clerk of the Moscow merchant Alexei Usov. The expedition included 64 people, among whom was Dezhnev himself, who was responsible for collecting yasak. After entering the open sea, the travelers encountered a large amount of ice, which is why they soon had to return back.

However, in 1648 another expedition was equipped. The question of the leadership of the expedition is currently causing controversy among researchers. According to the most common version, Dezhnev himself was the leader of the expedition. According to another, Fedot Popov again became the head of the expedition, and Dezhnev again became responsible for collecting yasak. According to another version, Dezhnev, as a serviceman, became the formal head of the expedition, while Popov was the main organizer, who, however, being a private person, could not become its official leader. It is authentically known, however, that Dezhnev played one of the main roles in the management of the expedition. Another member of the expedition was Gerasim Ankudinov, an ambiguous historical figure, according to some reports, he hunted outright robbery on the Indigirka. Initially, Ankudinov planned to organize his expedition, which caused the displeasure of Dezhnev, who complained about his crimes. As a result, preference was given to Dezhnev, but Ankudinov joined his expedition, leading one of the koches.

In total, about 90 people participated in the expedition of 1648 on 7 kochs. The ships set sail on 20 June. During the journey, two ships crashed on the ice, two more were carried away in an unknown direction during a storm. Their exact fate is unknown. According to reports, they did not return to Kolyma. It is likely that their crews also died. According to the most extravagant version, they crashed off the coast of Alaska, where they founded a small settlement that existed for some time.

At the end of September, under the command of Dezhnev, Koch rounded the extreme eastern point of the continent - the "Big Stone Nose", later named after Dezhnev. In early October, Ankudinov's koch was lost, but his crew managed to get over to Popov's ship.

By this time, only two ships remained in the expedition - Koch Dezhnev and Koch Popova. They soon lost each other in a storm. The further fate of Popov is not exactly known. According to the legendary version, spread in the past among the inhabitants of Kamchatka, his koch reached the peninsula, where the crew successfully overwintered and set off to sea again the following year. Having rounded the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the ship allegedly reached the Penzhina Bay, where its entire crew died in a skirmish with the Koryaks.

According to another version, which Dezhnev sets out in one of his replies, in 1654, during one of the campaigns to the Anadyr mouth, they "repulsed the Yakut woman Fedot Alekseev from the Koryaks." This, apparently, is about the companion of Fedot Popov, who accompanied him during the trip. According to Dezhnev, she told him that Popov and Ankudinov died of scurvy, and the few surviving members of the crew of Popov's ship went on boats in an unknown direction.

In turn, Dezhnev's ship was wrecked in Olyutorsky Bay. Together with the surviving 24 travelers, he managed to get to the Anadyr River. Here a detachment of 12 people went up the river, trying to find natives from whom they could find food. After spending three weeks on the road and exhausted, they decided to return to Dezhnev, however, due to fatigue and lack of food, only 3 people out of 12 were able to get to his camp. During the wintering of 1648-1649, three more members of the expedition died of scurvy. In the spring of 1649, 12 survivors set off up the Anadyr. Here they eventually managed to find the natives-anauls, after a collision with whom Dezhnev's detachment managed to take two amanats. At the same time, they founded the Anadyr prison in the upper reaches of the river, where they spent the winter of 1649-1650. In the spring of 1650, they were discovered by a detachment of the Cossack Semyon Motor, who was looking for an overland route between Anadyr and Kolyma.

Dezhnev spent the next 9 years on Anadyr, actively engaged in, among other things, the extraction of walrus ivory. In 1659, he handed over the command of the Anadyr prison to Kurbat Ivanov, and he himself, with a load of bones, left first for Kolyma, and then in 1662 for Yakutsk. From Yakutsk he left for Moscow, where he arrived in 1664. Here he filed a series of petitions in which he described his travels and asked to pay a salary for the last 19 years. In addition, he asked permission to take his nephew and his family to Siberia. Dezhnev's requests were fulfilled, in addition, he was promoted to the Cossack chieftains with an annual salary of 9 rubles, 7 quarters of rye, 4 quarters of oats and 2 1/2 pounds of salt.

In 1665, Dezhnev left Moscow for Yakutsk, where he remained until 1670, when he was instructed to deliver the royal treasury to Moscow. Shortly after arriving in the capital, Dezhnev died.

Memory

In honor of Dezhnev, a cape is named - the northeastern extreme point of Eurasia, a bay in the southeastern part of the island of Alexandra Land (the Franz Josef Land archipelago), as well as a group of islands in the Nordenskiöld archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Also, the name Dezhnev bears an icebreaker, a river school, a separate subspecies of the spleen. Streets in Moscow, Kyiv, Kazan, Dnieper (former Dnepropetrovsk), Minsk, Khabarovsk, Zaporozhye, Yakutsk, Krasnogorsk and Veliky Ustyug are named after Dezhnev.

Monuments were erected to Dezhnev in Yakutsk and Veliky Ustyug.

S.I. Dezhnev in art

The film "Semyon Dezhnev", dir. N. Gusarov (1983)

Roman L.M. Demin "Semyon Dezhnev - a pioneer" (M., 2002)

Semyon Dezhnev short biography and interesting facts from the life of the Cossack chieftain, explorer and Arctic navigator, one of the discoverers of the strait between North America and Asia, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, the Chukchi Sea and the Chukchi Peninsula are set out in this article.

Message about Semyon Dezhnev

Dezhnev years of life — 1605 – 1673

He was born in Veliky Ustyug in a family of Pomors. Little is known about childhood. At the end of 1630, he began to serve as an ordinary Cossack in Tobolsk, after which he transferred to Yeniseisk. In 1638 he changed one more place of service - he moved to the Yakut prison. In the period 1639 - 1640 he was engaged in collecting yasak (natural tax). A year later, Dezhnev was assigned to serve in the Stadukhin detachment. In 1641, under his leadership, 14 people (including Dezhnev) went to Oymyakon to collect yasak from the Yakuts and Evenks. During the expedition, troubles constantly arose between two outstanding personalities. Having reached the left tributary of the Indigirka River, the detachment of Mikhailo Stadukhin heard from local residents that there was a certain full-flowing Kolyma River down the river. They were the first to reach the mouth of a previously unknown, mysterious river.

The explorer Semyon Dezhnev in 1647 was included in the expedition of the merchant Fedot Alekseev. Together they tried to swim near the coast of Chukotka, but the operation ended unsuccessfully. A year later, they make a second attempt, sailing out of the mouth of the Kolyma River on sailing ships. They reached the extreme point of northeast Asia, which will be called Cape Dezhnev. On the expedition, the merchant died of scurvy, and further command passed to Semyon Ivanovich. On October 1, 1648, he made a landing at the mouth of the Anadyr, drew up a drawing of the rivers, described the nature of Anadyr and the life of the Eskimos. Here he stayed for 11 years. In 1650, the traveler Semyon Dezhnev made an unsuccessful attempt to explore the Kamchatka Territory.

In the biography of Semyon Ivanovich there were also two campaigns against the indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka in 1654. During the first skirmish, he was stabbed in the chest. In 1671, after another trip, Dezhnev went to Moscow, where he fell seriously ill and died, never returning to his native Yakutia.

What is interesting about Semyon Dezhnev?

• Interestingly, during the expedition, a Yakut woman, who was the first woman to participate in a polar expedition, was with them as part of the merchant Alekseev.
• After a 40-year stay in Siberia, the traveler actively participated in skirmishes and battles. As a result, Dezhnev had more than 13 wounds. Although members of his team describe Semyon Ivanovich as an honest and peaceful person who sought to settle all matters without bloodshed.
• Pathfinder Dezhnev was an illiterate person. All petitions and replies under his dictation were written by other people.
• He was twice married to Yakuts. His first wife is Abakayada Sichu, who gave birth to Dezhnev's son Lyubim. After her death, he married an elderly woman named Kanteminka. Another son, Athanasius, was born in the marriage.

What discoveries were made by Semyon Dezhnev, the Cossack chieftain, traveler and explorer, you will learn from this article.

Semyon Dezhnev discovered what? briefly

On June 30, 1648, the great Russian traveler set off on a great voyage, in which he made a grand discovery - the Bering Strait, proving that there is a passage between Asia and North America. It all started with the fact that his team of 90 people sailed from Kolyma on seven ships to the sea, heading east. During a long voyage, three ships sank in a storm. But Semyon Ivanovich managed to successfully complete the expedition and become the first person in history to leave the Arctic Ocean for the Pacific Ocean. In September 1648, Dezhnev reached the Chukotka Cape (it was later renamed in honor of Semyon Ivanovich). His sailors entered the strait and discovered 2 small islands. So Semyon Dezhnev opened the strait which, only 80 years later, will reach Vitus Bering, after whom it will be named. And those two small islands discovered by Dezhnev, Bering will call Small and Big Diomede. Semyon Dezhnev, whose discoveries did not end there, crossed the Bering Strait from north to south, from Chukotka to Alaska. And Vitus Bering explored only its southern part.

Another important discovery of the traveler is study of the mouth of the Anadyr River. At its mouth, he founded a prison and lived here for 10 years. Not far from the habitat, Semyon Ivanovich found a scythe, which was dotted with walrus tusks. He twice delivered walrus tusks and furs to Moscow. Dezhnev was the first to describe in detail life in Chukotka, the nature and life of local residents.

(circa 1605 - early 1673), Cossack chieftain, explorer and Arctic navigator, one of the discoverers of the strait between Asia and North America, the Chukchi Sea, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and the Chukchi Peninsula.

Born in Pinega in a family of Pomor peasants. Siberian service as an ordinary Cossack began in Tobolsk at the end of 1630; then he moved to Yeniseisk, and in 1638 - to the Yakut prison. In 1639 and in the summer of 1640 he collected yasak on the Middle Vilyui, as well as on the Tatta and Amga, the left tributaries of the Aldan. In the winter of 1640/41, he served in the basin of the Upper Yana in the detachment of D. Erila (Zyryan). In the summer of 1641, he was assigned to the detachment, got with him to the prison on the Oymyakon (the left tributary of the Indigirka).

In the spring of 1642, up to 500 people attacked Ostrozhek, and Cossacks, Yasak Tunguses and Yakuts came to the rescue. The enemy retreated with losses. At the beginning of the summer of 1643, a detachment, including Dezhnev, on a built koch went down the Indigirka to the mouth, crossed the sea to the Alazeya River and met the Erila koch in its lower reaches. Dezhnev managed to persuade him to take joint action, and the united detachment, led by two ships, moved east.

In mid-July, the Cossacks reached the Kolyma delta, were attacked by the Yukagirs, but broke through up the river and in early August they set up an ostrog (now Srednekolymsk) on its middle course. Dezhnev served in Kolyma until the summer of 1647. In the spring, with three companions, he delivered a load of furs to Yakutsk, repelling an Even attack along the way. Then, at his request, he was included in the fishing expedition of F. Popov as a collector of yasak. However, the heavy ice situation in 1647 forced the sailors to return. It was not until the following summer that Popov and Dezhnev moved east with 90 people on seven koches.

Map-scheme of the voyage and campaign of S. Dezhnev in 1648–1649

According to the generally accepted version, only three ships reached the Bering Strait - two were lost in a storm, two were missing; another shipwrecked in the strait. Already in the Bering Sea in early October, another storm separated the two remaining koches. Dezhnev with 25 satellites was thrown back to the Olyutorsky Peninsula, and only ten weeks later they were able to reach the lower reaches of the Anadyr. This version contradicts the testimony of Dezhnev himself, recorded in 1662: six ships out of seven passed the Bering Strait, and five ships, including Popov's ship, died in the Bering Sea or in the Gulf of Anadyr in "bad weather".

One way or another, after crossing the Koryak Highlands, Dezhnev and his comrades reached Anadyr "cold and hungry, naked and barefoot." Of the 12 people who went in search of camps, only three returned; somehow 17 Cossacks survived the winter of 1648/49 on Anadyr and were even able to build river boats before the ice drifted. In the summer, having climbed 600 kilometers against the current, Dezhnev founded a yasak winter hut on the Upper Anadyr, where he met the new year, 1650. In early April, detachments of Semyon Motora and. Dezhnev agreed with Motoroy to unite and in the fall made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the Penzhina River, but, having no guide, wandered in the mountains for three weeks.

In late autumn, Dezhnev sent some people to the lower reaches of the Anadyr to purchase food from local residents. In January 1651, he robbed this food detachment and beat the purveyors, but in mid-February he himself went south - to Penzhina. The Dezhnevites lasted until spring, and in the summer and autumn they were engaged in the food problem and reconnaissance (unsuccessfully) of "sable places". As a result, they got acquainted with the Anadyr and most of its tributaries; Dezhnev drew up a drawing of the pool (not yet found). In the summer of 1652, in the south of the Anadyr estuary, he discovered the richest walrus rookery with a huge amount of "dead tooth" - fangs of dead animals on the shallows.

In 1660, at his request, Dezhnev was replaced, and with a load of "bone treasury" he crossed overland to Kolyma, and from there by sea to the Lower Lena. After wintering in Zhigansk, through Yakutsk, he reached Moscow in September 1664. For the service and fishing of 289 pounds (slightly more than 4.6 tons) of walrus tusks in the amount of 17,340 rubles, a full payment was made to Dezhnev. In January 1650, he received 126 rubles and the rank of Cossack ataman.

Upon his return to Siberia, he collected yasak on the Olenyok, Yana and Vilyui rivers, at the end of 1671 he delivered a sable treasury to Moscow and fell ill. He died early in 1673.

During the 40 years of his stay in Siberia, Dezhnev participated in numerous battles and skirmishes, had at least 13 wounds, including three severe ones. Judging by the written testimonies, he was distinguished by reliability, honesty and peacefulness, the desire to do the job without bloodshed.

A cape, an island, a bay, a peninsula and a village are named after Dezhnev. In the center of Veliky Ustyug in 1972 a monument was erected to him.

(1605-1673) Russian polar sailor

Semyon Dezhnev was from Veliky Ustyug. He came from the poor strata of the population. Necessity forced him to go to Siberia in search of happiness in his early youth. Having served for a short time in the royal service in Tobolsk and Yeniseisk, Dezhnev in 1638 was enrolled in the Cossacks of the Yakut prison. The service was difficult, he was often sent on long and dangerous trips. Dezhnev himself wrote about his service as follows: “... he received great wounds, shed his blood, endured great cold and hunger ...” Over 20 years of service, he received 20 serious injuries. In 1641, in a small detachment of Dmitry Mikhailov, consisting of 15 people, Semyon Ivanovich was sent to collect yasak (natural tax) on the Yana River and safely delivered it to Yakutsk. The following year, he, with a small detachment, together with the ataman Mikhailo Stadukhin, went to the Omolon River. A koch was built here (a flat-bottomed single-deck vessel, rowed and sailed, up to 25 meters long). On this ship, Stadukhin and Dezhnev went to the Indigirka River, and along it they reached the Arctic Ocean. Going out into the ocean, Koch went to the lower reaches of the Kolyma River, where the Cossacks set up a winter hut, which was later called the Nizhnekolymsky prison. Dezhnev lived there for three years and remained in Kolyma when his comrades took yasak to Yakutsk.

In 1646, the industrialist Isai Ignatiev, a native of Mezen, made the first voyage from the mouth of the Kolyma to the Chaun Bay and brought to Nizhnekolymsk "fish tooth" - walrus tusks, which he bartered from the coastal Chukchi. Impressed by Ignatiev's stories about the riches he saw, a partnership was formed to search for the Anadyr River, where, according to rumors, there were many walrus tusks. At the head of the partnership was the clerk of the Moscow merchant Usova Popov (Fedot Alekseev). He asked “for the protection of the state of interest” to send Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev at the head of the detachment, who by that time was highly respected for his courage and diligence.

In June 1647, an expedition on four koches set off from Kolyma to the east. However, the voyage failed, as a strong accumulation of ice forced the sailors to return. A year later, in June 1648, the expedition set sail again. Already 7 koches were equipped, on which there were about 90 people. Ice conditions initially favored swimming. However, beyond Shelagsky Cape, sailors got into a severe storm, and several koches were washed ashore.

Three months after the start of the voyage, the ships reached the Big Stone Nose. It was a high rocky massif that steeply cut off to the sea. From the top, it sloped gently to the west and passed into the isthmus, which connected the massif with the Chukchi Peninsula. Subsequently, Semyon Dezhnev wrote to the Yakut voivode: “... and that nose went out to sea much farther and the Chuhchi people live on it ...”, “... standing here at the Chukhochs it was done that the towers were made of whale bone ...”, "... and a good run from the nose to the Anadyr river for three days, but no more ..."

Near the Big Stone Nose, travelers landed on the shore, but the Chukchi met the sailors unfriendly. Then they got acquainted with the island of Diomede and its inhabitants. "Forgotten Chuhchi" Dezhnev called the Eskimos who lived on these islands. This name is due to the fact that the Eskimos cut the corners of their mouths and inserted bone sticks for decoration.

Kochi continued on their way. Autumn was coming, the time of storms was approaching. In early October, the koch, on which the SI sailed. Dezhnev, was washed ashore in the region of Olyutorsky Bay. 25 people went ashore to search for the mouth of the Anadyr River. At this time, the detachment was subjected to the most difficult trials. Some of the people went up the river to look for a camp of nomads. For twenty long days they traveled across the tundra, and most of them starved to death. Semyon Dezhnev had only 12 people left.

After wintering at the mouth of the Anadyr River, in the summer of 1649 he built a boat and went up the river to the first settlements of the Chukchi. A winter hut was arranged here, which was later called the Anadyr prison. Living in this winter hut, Dezhnev and his comrades compiled a map of Anadyr, on which they indicated the rivers flowing into it and a rocky shoal - a place where walruses lay, where he collected rich prey.

Dezhnev lived in the Anadyr prison for eleven years. During this time, he accumulated many valuable items and began to think about sending the collection to Nizhnekolymsk. He could not take the return journey by sea: there were no koches, food supplies and a sufficient number of people. In this regard, Dezhnev decided to use the dry route between Anadyr and Kolyma, which by that time was well known.

In the summer of 1662, Semyon Dezhnev was sent from Yakutsk to Moscow with a tax collected by the Yakut governor. He was in the capital from 1664 to 1665. Here he submitted to the king notes about his travels, as well as a petition for a salary, which he did not receive for 19 years. This request was granted: they gave out "a third in money, and two-thirds in cloth." In Moscow, Semyon Dezhnev was "made for blood and wounds" to chieftains and appointed clerk in Omsk. From Moscow he returned to Yakutsk and served there for another four years.

Soon he was appointed head of the detachment, which again accompanied the sovereign's sable treasury from Yakutsk to Moscow, which was estimated at that time at 47 thousand rubles. After spending a year and a half on the road, Dezhnev delivered her to Moscow. However, the brave explorer and navigator was not destined to return home: in 1673 he died in Moscow.

Dezhnev spent most of his life on campaigns. He, along with his companions, was the first to circle the eastern tip of Asia and discovered the strait that separates it from America. But for more than eighty years, Dezhnev's report lay in the archives of Yakutsk about his voyage around the Chukotka Peninsula. Only during the Great Northern Expedition (second quarter of the 18th century) a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an employee of the second expedition of V. Bering in 1736, discovered the report of S.I. Dezhnev and in 1758 published it. By this time, the name of Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev was forgotten even in Yakutsk, and the strait he discovered in the 18th century was named after the Dane Vitus Bering, who at one time also set off in search of him. The English navigator Cook, who had not heard of Dezhnev's voyage, suggested that the strait be named after Bering.

In 1898, the memory of the brave sailor and explorer was immortalized. Big Stone Nose - the northeastern tip of Eurasia - was named after Dezhnev. A mountain range on the Chukchi Peninsula and a bay in the Bering Sea are also named after him.

S.I. Dezhnev enriched science with the most important geographical discoveries and laid the foundation for the development of the Northern Sea Route.