Lamps are divided into two types. Fixtures

With the right lighting, you can completely transform any room. Moreover, modern technologies allow us to create various lighting effects in any room, whether or not. But in order to correctly place the light accents in the room, you need to use various types of lamps. It is about them that the Country of Soviets will tell you.

At the moment, there are a lot of types of lamps that are used not only for general lighting of the apartment, but also for creating certain lighting effects. Whether you want to hang a chandelier or a pair of sconces in a room, you should always consider the direction and spread of the light. After all, if the light source you have conceived is not enough, the whole effect can be reduced to zero. Therefore, make sure that you have spare options for additional light sources in advance. Let's find out what types of lights you can always use in a room.

It is very difficult to distribute lamps by type. After all, some classify them by type of lighting, and others - by installation method. In order not to get confused in all these intricacies, you will need to know exactly what types of lamps are intended for what.

To begin with, let's take classification according to installation method. This includes such fixtures: ceiling, pendant, recessed, wall, table and floor. Let's look at each of these types of lamps.

To ceiling lights include light sources that are located directly on the ceiling. You can choose among the numerous chandeliers with any number of bulbs the model that you like the most. But if you have a false ceiling at home, then recessed lights are best for you. These types of fixtures give you the ability to create different ceiling lighting schemes.

Pendant lamps often confused with ceiling. No wonder, because they are also suspended from the ceiling. But in fact, pendant lights belong to a separate species. These types of lamps are not used very often, because they are not as decorative as chandeliers. But on the other hand, pendant lamps have their own advantage: they hang on a pendant, the height of which can be adjusted. Agree that sometimes it is very convenient.

Wall types of lamps give you the ability to create spot lighting. This light is soothing. Also, wall lamps are used to illuminate furniture or walls.

Floor lamps good for creating various lighting effects in large rooms. After all, floor types of lamps serve not only to create spot lighting, but also to decorate the interior. Floor lamps are distinguished by a wealth of shapes, so you can easily choose something suitable for yourself.

Table lamps most often used to create local lighting in everyday life. They are very convenient to use, because this type of lamp can always be moved to the place you need. Such decorative lamps fit perfectly into the interior of any room. If you decide, pay attention to the brightness of the light and the ability to regulate its intensity.

But there is another classification based on the type of lighting.. Among these types of lamps, you can always choose sources that give direct, diffused and reflected light.

Yes, everything types of direct light fixtures distinguished by their economy. They are designed to illuminate small rooms with low ceilings. It is also very convenient to use them to create local lighting of the workplace.

The best types of lamps are those that give scattered light. They are suitable for general room lighting. At the same time, their light gently falls on the walls, ceiling and floor. But it should be remembered that for interiors made in dark colors, it is required to use very powerful lamps.

If you need comfortable and uniform lighting, you will need to use reflected light fixtures. Do not be afraid, because these lamps do not create a blinding effect. And in combination with side lighting, this type of fixture gives the best effect.

Properly selected and placed lighting elements affect the atmosphere and mood of the room, as well as give the latter a unique individual character. The issue of lighting occupies an important place in the world of design.

Eminent factories such as FLOS, LOUIS POULSEN, VIBIA, Catellani & Smith, Brand van Egmond, Lasvit and others turn the production of lighting products into a real philosophy of light and create designer lamps that find their place in a variety of interiors and exteriors.

In our blog there will be many articles about the use of different types of fixtures. We will talk about the selection rules, touch on the compatibility of lamps and fixtures, and do not forget about the technical aspects. But without knowledge of theory and classification it is difficult to live. Let's dive into it a little.

Luminaire typologies

A lamp is a device that redirects the radiation of a light source (lamp) and concentrates the light flux at a certain angle. Depending on the type of luminaire, the flow of light inside the device is reflected, refracted, distorted and limited to varying degrees. As a rule, lamps are used to illuminate relatively nearby objects.

Let's delve into the classification. A lamp is a lighting device. Like a spotlight. Exactly! Spotlights are not lamps, but are on the same level with them.

The parameter for difference is the angular concentration with different light flux amplification factors. Typically, spotlights are used to illuminate distant objects, and are most often used in architectural lighting.

Lamps are classified according to a variety of characteristics, ranging from location, ending with materials and the degree of security. We will introduce you to the most important groups.

1. Classification of fixtures according to the place of application.

First of all, the lamps are divided into groups according to the place of application:

for premises;
for open spaces;
for extreme environments.

It is not difficult to imagine lamps for indoors or for open spaces: chandeliers, sconces, floor lamps, spotlights, all kinds of street lamps, etc. But what is hidden under the classification of “extreme” lamps?

This group includes mainly industrial lighting devices that retain their functions in various difficult conditions. High or low temperatures, high humidity or underwater space, small particles or dust - in these conditions it is necessary to use special lamps.

Underwater lights for fountains. Disneyland.

2. Classification of fixtures according to the method of light propagation.

In interior design, the distribution of light in a room plays an important role. Therefore, we believe that it is definitely worth considering the classification of luminaires according to the method of light propagation:

2.1 - Luminaires that create direct illumination

For direct light fixtures, at least 80% of the radiation is directed to the lower hemisphere.

Examples of direct light fixtures:

Pendant lamp Flos Smithfield S ECO Black F1361030

2.2 - Create reflected light

Reflected light luminaires direct more than 80% of the radiation to the upper hemisphere. The properties of reflected light are affected by the shape and direction of the light source, as well as the orientation of the reflective surface and its properties. This type is used when there is a need to avoid shadows. In terms of efficiency, reflected light fixtures lose to direct light fixtures.

Examples of reflected light fixtures:

Floor lamp Sorry Giotto 3 by Catellani&Smith

2.3 - Diffuse luminaires (diffused light)

Lamps of this type emit light evenly in all directions, create soft lighting without glare.

Examples of diffuse light fixtures:

3. Classification of fixtures at the place of installation.

In turn, the above types of fixtures are divided into groups according to the installation site.

3.1 - Ceiling

Such lamps are replete with forms, differ in styles, sizes and methods of execution. Important in such an interior element are both the material of construction and the light source used, we will talk about this separately in other articles. It is the ceiling light, as a rule, that is the main one and sets the character of the entire room. According to the type of ceiling lamps are divided into suspended, invoices and embedded.

An interesting example suspended structure- model PH 50 of the famous Danish factory LOUIS POULSEN. The ascetic style of these luminous sculptures, impeccable lines and authenticity of forms from world design icon Paul Henningsen will suit a variety of interiors.

3.2 - Wall mounted

Such lamps are indispensable assistants for interior designers in various projects. A sconce with soft light in the recreation area will create an atmosphere of comfort and warmth, and a spotlight will favorably emphasize an important object in the interior.

3.3 - Desktop

These lighting devices are an important component of any office or workplace. Bedside lamps create an atmosphere of coziness and comfort in the bedroom. In the development of projects, designers always remember the importance of table lamps, which help to solve functional problems.

Take a look at the Kelvin table lamp by the Italian brand FLOS. It is made in a minimalist style. It combines sophisticated simplicity, convenience and functionality. Such a decorative element is universal and reflects the character of self-confident people. You can position the lamp at any angle (double knee lamp base).

To turn on the lamp, you just need to touch its surface. And it automatically changes the brightness of the LEDs depending on the level of ambient light.

3.4 - floor

The most convenient type of lamps. With the help of such a device, you can temporarily add lighting where necessary (local lighting). The most common example of a floor lamp is a floor lamp.

In this article, we have touched only on the main points regarding the classification of fixtures. to our blog to deepen your knowledge of the art of light, and stay tuned for new articles that will cover each group in detail. We will be glad to see your comments.

Luminaires are devices that scatter and aim lamps for lighting indoors and outdoors, as well as various architectural objects, streets and areas adjacent to the building.

Fixture device

The luminaire redistributes the light of the lamps in the middle of large solid angles and provides an angular orientation of the light flux. Such devices are called artificial light sources. Basically, they include several elements.

Indigenous components of lamps:

Elements of electrical wiring.
Lighting fittings.
Cartridge for lamp installation.
Lamp; - elements of fasteners.

The luminous flux emanating from the lamps passes through the elements of the lighting fittings. Due to this, it is distorted and reflected. The flow of light is beaten off and limited as far as it is provided by a particular type of fixtures.

Luminaires also include chandeliers, backlights, spotlights, and other devices that supply light.

Classification and types of lamps

There are a huge number of lighting fixtures. Therefore, all lamps are usually classified according to:

The principle of light propagation (direct, diffuse, reflected, etc.)
Mounting method (stationary and non-stationary).
Settings(ceiling, wall, desktop and others).
purpose(conditions of use). You can use both indoors and outdoors, so they are divided into two types:

— lighting devices for rooms (chandeliers, sconces, table lamps, etc.);
– lighting devices for open spaces (street, spotlights, lighting for shop windows, billboards, etc.).

Purpose can be divided into household, which are suitable for lighting any room and decorative devices that are used as interior items to create a certain atmosphere.
Functions. According to the main functions that they perform, lighting and light-signal devices are distinguished.
Type of lamps used in lighting fixtures, there are various types:

- incandescent lamps;
- discharge lamps;
- light bulbs of mixed type;
- LED and other lamps.

Lamp power . The lamps can be powered via a DC or AC network (mains lamps), via a network and batteries (combined power supply), as well as via an individual power source.
form. Lighting devices are made in different shapes, they can be symmetrical and non-symmetrical, as well as circularly symmetrical.
environmental protection level . Good fixtures are protected from moisture, dust and solid bodies. The level of protection is indicated by the letters "IP" and two numbers after them. The first number refers to the protection against solids, the values can be from 0 to 6. The second number, which can be from 0 to 8, is the protection against water.
Cooling method . There are devices with natural and forced cooling.
Feasibility of movement during operation . Some can be easily moved or carried, while others are mounted for a long period in a specific location. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish stationary, mobile and portable devices for lighting.

In addition, in some devices, you can change the position of the optical system and lighting characteristics. Therefore, mobile and fixed, as well as adjustable and unregulated, respectively, are distinguished. Also, all lighting devices can be divided by class resistance, protection against electric shock and climatic design.

Marking

Each lamp model has its own marking, which contains all the classification information of the device.

The marking consists of letters and numbers, for example ZhKU nn nx nnn nnn U1, (x-digit). Designation of marking symbols:

1. The first character (letter) is the type of lamp used in the luminaire (Fig. 1).
2. The second letter is the method of installing the device (Fig. 1).
3. The third letter is the purpose of the lamp (Fig. 1).
4. Two-digit number - series number of fixtures.
5. Number with x (for example, 3x) - the number of lamps.
6. A number indicating the power of the light bulb.
7. Three-digit number - modification number.
8. One or more letters and a number indicating the climatic version and the category of placement of the model (Table. 1).

Table. one

For example, NPO 22 2x60 010 Uhl4 is a ceiling lamp of the 22 series with two incandescent lamps for public buildings, modification 010, it can be installed in an area with a temperate and cold climate in the open air.

Types of luminaires according to the principle of light distribution

Lamps can distribute light in different ways, so they are divided into types according to the nature of the lighting created. Lighting created by different devices:

General lighting. This is a uniform illumination of the entire room, which is created using lamps located at the top of the room.
Local. To form this type of lighting, they are used as auxiliary light sources for various workplaces.
direct. This is the illumination of a specific object. Basically, the light in such lamps is directed downwards. Such devices include spotlights, backlights for paintings and mirrors, as well as various built-in appliances.
Reflected. This is an unusually beautiful lighting, formed by the projection of rays of artificial light on the ceiling. Light-reflecting fixtures include chandeliers, sconces, pendant lamps, and some portable lamps.
directional. Such lighting is provided by lighting devices, the stream of light of which is focused on a certain surface. Directional light has table lamps, ceiling lamps, pendant and some built-in models.
Scattered. This is uniform illumination, which is formed by light scattering. Uniform diffused light is best created by devices with a translucent shade or with a lampshade.

Popular indoor lamps

Devices that emit artificial light can be installed in different ways, so there are many types of fixtures. Some of them can be installed in several ways at the same time. Some are more suitable for use in the corridor, others in the kitchen, hall.

Ceiling, recessed, pendant and wall lighting fixtures remain more popular for indoors. Table lamps and floor lamps are also no less famous.

Some types of lighting fixtures are installed more often in a particular room or place. For example, table lamps are considered an indispensable attribute on the desktop in the office or at home, as well as on the child's school desk. And floor lamps can be placed in the hall or bedroom, they are a noticeable element of the interior and always attract attention, emphasizing the elegance of the room.

A classic ceiling chandelier is mounted mainly in halls or fairly spacious bedrooms. To create local lighting, it is customary to supplement it with wall sconces or spotlights on the ceiling. Recessed mounted in a suspended ceiling in places where you need to create the most bright lighting, while minimizing energy costs. They look great in the hallway and in the kitchen, they can also be seen in offices and shops.

Spotlights can be both the main and additional source of light. The light source in these devices is often an LED light bulb. With small shimmering dots, you can achieve many design spectacular solutions. They are used to illuminate the sink, stove in the kitchen, desk, etc. Moreover, they can be installed directly in furniture (cabinets, mirrors).

Wall sconces are more often installed in bedrooms near the bed or to highlight certain decorative elements. With their help, you can create the perfect diffused light. Lighting for mirrors and paintings that are installed in the bathroom and art galleries are quite popular.

Hanging chandeliers are an excellent way to zone a room. They are able to transform the appearance of the room and create local lighting. Lamps of this type are practical and functional. In suspension chandeliers, the height is adjusted with a cable and the angle of inclination of the shades, so that you can change the area of illumination. They are most often seen in the kitchen, in the hallway, living room, office. They are also used in cafes and restaurants.

Street lighting

Street lamps are important attributes of the city and they are used for various purposes, they give the city comfort, they decorate parks, squares and streets.

Floodlights are installed to illuminate parking lots and stadiums. There are also ceiling, wall and recessed street lights. Wall-mounted ones are mounted on the outer wall of the house, they are often made with motion sensors, and ceiling-mounted ones are more suitable for gazebos. Built-in lighting devices illuminate architectural monuments, swimming pools, and also create marked flickering paths in parks and private areas.

Luminaires are short-range lighting devices and they are designed for rational redistribution of the luminous flux of lamps, as well as eye protection from excessive brightness, protect light sources from pollution and mechanical damage. Structurally, they consist of a reflector body and (or) a diffuser, a cartridge and a fastening device.

All luminaires, depending on the ratio of the luminous flux emitted into the lower hemisphere ( F) to the entire luminous flux of the luminaire ( F c) are divided into the following five classes:

P - direct light

H - mostly direct light

P - scattered light

B - predominantly reflected light

O - reflected light .

Each of the fixtures can be characterized by one of seven typical luminous intensity curves: concentrated (K), deep (D), cosine (D), semi-wide (L), wide (W), uniform (M) and sine (S). Typical curves are shown in fig. 2.1.

The ratio of luminous fluxes and light distribution curves are the most important lighting characteristics of a luminaire, which determine the distribution of its luminous flux in the space surrounding the luminaire.

Rice. 2.1. Typical luminous intensity curves for luminaires

According to the design, in the general case, the lamps are divided into:

open - the lamp is not separated from the external environment;

protected - the lamp is protected from mechanical damage;

closed - protected from dust penetration and mechanical damage to the lamp;

dust-tight - protected from the ingress of fine dust;

waterproof - resist moisture;

explosion-proof - resist the appearance of an explosion (B - explosion-proof, H - increased reliability against an explosion).

Similarly with the classification of electrical equipment by design, which simultaneously determines the degree of protection of equipment from the ingress of solid foreign bodies (in particular dust), the degree of protection of personnel from contact with live parts located inside the shell of products and the degree of protection against moisture, for luminaires also have an international protection system, consisting of the letters IP (International Protection) and two numbers indicating the degree of protection. The first digit determines the dust protection of the lamp. There are six following protection classes for luminaires against dust:

unprotected (open - 2, overlapped - 2 ");

dustproof (fully - 5, partially - 5 ");

dust-tight (fully - 6, partially - 6"),

and seven following moisture protection classes:

0 - waterproof - no protection;

2 - drip-proof - protection against drops falling from above at an angle of 15 ° to the vertical;

3 - protected - protection against drops or jets of water falling from above at an angle of 60 ° to the vertical;

4 - splash-proof - protection against drops or splashes at any angle;

5 - jet-proof - protection against water ingress when pouring with a jet at any angle;

7 - waterproof - protection against water ingress during short-term immersion in water;

8 - sealed - protection against water ingress during unlimited immersion in water.

If a number with a "stroke" is indicated, the letters IP in the protection designation are not indicated, for example 6 "3.

Protection of lamps from dust, water and aggressive environments is provided, as a rule, by structural and lighting materials, various degrees of sealing of the internal volume of the lamp or its individual cavities, current-carrying elements and (or) electrical contacts.

In addition, the main characteristics of the lamps are:

gain (To y), representing the ratio of the maximum luminous intensity of the lamp ( I max) to average spherical luminous intensity ( I sf.):

, (2.3)

where .

The gain characterizes the increase in the luminous intensity of the lamp in a given direction;

efficiency (h):

, (2.4)

where F sv - luminous flux of the lamp;

F l is the luminous flux of the light source;

protective angle(g) - determines the degree of protection of the eye from exposure to bright parts of the light source.

On fig. 2.2 shows the designation structure and marking of fixtures in accordance with GOST 13828-74.

X X X XX–X ´ X–XXX–XX

Type of light source (one letter in the first place in the code): H - incandescent lamp; I - halogen; L - fluorescent lamps; P - DRL; G - metal halide; G - sodium; B - bactericidal; K - xenon. The main way to install the lamp: C - suspended; P - ceiling; B - wall; H - desktop; T - floor; B - built-in; K - console; R - manual. The main purpose of the lamp: P - for industrial enterprises; R - for mines and mines; O - for public buildings; B - for residential (domestic) premises; U - for outdoor lighting; T - for television studios. Series number to which the luminaire belongs (two digits); Number of lamps in the luminaire: Lamp power, W: Number of the luminaire modification (three-digit number): Designation of the climatic version and placement category.

Rice. 2.2. Designation structure and marking of fixtures

Examples of fixture designations:

NSP05´500-016-U3 - a luminaire with a 500 W incandescent lamp, general purpose, suspended for industrial enterprises, series 05, modification 016, climatic version U, placement category 3;

LS02-2´40-005-U3 - pendant luminaire with two 40 W fluorescent lamps, for public buildings, series 02, modification 005, climatic version U, placement category 4;

RKU08´400-014-KhL1 – luminaire with a mercury lamp of the DRL type with a power of 400 W, console, outdoor, series 08, modification 014, climatic modification HL (cold climate), placement category 1.

Along with the given symbol, the luminaires can be assigned their own names, for example: "Deep emitter". In addition, even earlier GOSTs are in effect, as well as designations assigned by the manufacturer. All this creates certain difficulties in deciphering the symbol of lamps.

With the existing variety of luminaires, their main distinguishing features are the type of light source, its power, design with a certain protection from environmental influences, and light distribution.

Table 2.1 shows the main parameters of some types of luminaires used for general lighting of industrial premises and premises of public buildings.

Table 2.1

Nomenclature and basic parameters of some fixtures

Type, lamp series	Quantity and power, W	Degree of protection	KSS / Light distribution class according to GOST 17677-82	Efficiency, %	Installation method	Mounting method
Luminaires with high pressure mercury lamps
RPP01	50, 80, 125	IP54	D1/P		P
GPP01		IP54	D2/P		P
ZHPP01	70, 100	IP54	D3/P		P
RPP05	80, 125	IP54	M/P		P	2, 4
RSP05	250-1000	IP20	D2/P		With	1; 2; 3
RSP08	250, 400	IP20	D3/P		With
RSP11		IP52	D1/P		With
RSP12		IP52	D3/P		With
RSP13	400,700,1000	IP53	D3/P		With	1; 2
GSP15		IP52	G1/P		With	1; 2; 3
GSP18	250,400,700	IP20	G1/P		With	1; 2
Luminaires with fluorescent lamps
LSP02	2´40(2´36)	IP20	D2/P		With	2; 3; 5
HDL02	4´80	IP20	D1/P		AT
HDL06	5´65(5´58)	IP20	D1/P		AT
LSP13	2´40(2´36)	IP20	W1/P		With	2; 3; 8
LDOR	2´40,2´80	IP20	D2/N		With	5; 6
PVLP1	2´40	IP54	D1/P		With	2; 5
PVLM	2´40		M/N		With	5; 6

The end of the table. 2.1

LSR01-20		IP54	M/R	With
LSR01-40		IP54	M/R	With
LSP29	2´18,2´36	IP54	D1/R	With	1; 7
Lighting fixtures with incandescent lamps
NSR01	100, 200	IP54	G/P	With	1; 3
NSP02		IP52	N/M	With
NSP03M		IP54	-/N	With
NPP04		IP20	M/R	N, B, D	5; 6
NSP17	200-1000	IP20	SH1,G2/P	With	1; 2; 3
NSP20	500, 1000	IP52	D2/P	With	1; 2
N4BN		IP54	D1/P	With
N4B-300MA		IP54	D1/P	With	1; 2
VZG/V4A200		IP54	D1/P	With
PSH 60M		IP54	W1/P	With	1;2;3;4

Notes:

Mounting method for fixtures with mercury lamps: 1 - on a pipe with a 20 mm thread; 2 - on the mounting profile; 3 - on the hook; 4 - on the supporting surface; 5 - special fastening.

Mounting method for luminaires with fluorescent lamps: 1 - on a pipe with a 20 mm thread; 2 - on the busbar; 3 - on the rods; 5 - on the ceiling; 6 - on rods; 7 - on the hook; 8 - on the mounting profile.

Mounting method for luminaires with incandescent lamps: 1 - on a pipe with a 20 mm thread; 2 - on the mounting profile; 3 - on the hook; 4 - on the ceiling; 5 - on a horizontal support surface; 6 - on an inclined supporting surface.

The main factors determining selection of fixtures are:

a) environmental conditions (presence of dust, moisture, chemical aggressiveness, fire and explosive zones);

b) building characteristics of the premises (dimensions of the premises, including its height, presence of trusses, technological bridges, dimensions of the building module, reflecting the properties of walls, ceiling, floor and work surfaces);

c) requirements for the quality of lighting.

The choice of a particular type of luminaire is carried out according to the design, light distribution and glare limitation, and economic considerations.

Design A luminaire is largely determined by the level of its protection from environmental influences.

The design of the luminaires determines their reliability and durability in the given environmental conditions of the room, safety against fire, explosion and electric shock, as well as ease of maintenance.

All types of unprotected (IP20) luminaires can be used in normal dry and damp rooms.

In damp rooms, the use of unprotected (IP20) lamps is also allowed, but on condition that the cartridge body is made of insulating and moisture-resistant materials.

In particularly damp rooms and in rooms with a chemically active environment, it is recommended to use luminaires with a degree of protection of at least IP22, in dusty rooms - at least IP44.

In hot rooms - not lower than IP20, and in luminaires with fluorescent lamps, the use of amalgam lamps is recommended.

In fire hazardous areas, luminaires with the minimum permissible degrees of protection indicated in Table 1 are used. 2.2.

Table 2.2

Minimum admissible degrees of protection of luminaires depending on

from fire zone class

Note. It is allowed to change the degree of protection of the shell against water penetration (2nd digit of the designation) depending on the conditions of the environment in which the luminaires are installed.

In hazardous areas, luminaires can be used, provided that the level of their explosion protection or the degree of protection corresponds to Table. 2.3 or higher.

Table 2.3

Permissible level of explosion protection of luminaires depending on the class of the explosive zone

If the existing range of luminaires provides the possibility of using not only one, but several possible luminaires in the room, it is almost always advisable to choose the one that has the highest operational group (Table A7), which characterizes the ability of the luminaire to maintain high lighting qualities during operation . This approach allows, under certain conditions, to accept lower values of the safety factors, which in turn leads to a decrease in the installed power of light sources, a decrease in electricity consumption.

Choosing the right luminaire light distribution causes economical use of the luminous flux of the light source, leads to a decrease in the installed power of the lighting installation. Under equal conditions, it is preferable to choose fixtures with higher efficiency, despite their higher cost. These additional costs are offset by energy savings.

In industrial premises with low reflection coefficients of walls and ceilings, it is advisable to use direct light class P luminaires with light distribution type K (concentrated) with high ceilings (more than 6-8 m), with lower ceiling heights - with light distribution type D (cosine), less often G (deep). With an increase in the height of the room, the luminaire used should have a higher degree of concentration of the luminous flux (K, G) and vice versa, in low rooms it is recommended to use luminaires with a wider light distribution (D, G).

With high reflective properties of the walls and ceilings of industrial premises (light ceilings and walls), it is advisable to use luminaires with predominantly direct light of class H.

With high reflective properties of the floor or work surfaces, class P luminaires are advantageous, since in this case, due to reflection, enough luminous flux enters the upper hemisphere to create acceptable visual comfort.

Luminaires of predominantly direct light class P and diffused light class R with light distribution curves D (cosine) and L (semi-wide) should be used for lighting administrative, educational premises, laboratories, etc.

Luminaires of classes B (mainly reflected light) and O (reflected light) are used to create architectural lighting for industrial premises, civil buildings. For outdoor lighting - luminaires with a luminous intensity curve Ш (wide).

When choosing luminaires, their dazzling effect is taken into account according to blindness index, which is normalized and compared with the actual glare. The calculation of this indicator is given in, but in practice, when designing lighting installations, due to the difficulty of calculating this indicator, this characteristic is taken into account indirectly by the minimum allowable suspension height of luminaires.

Selection of luminaires by criterion economy performed at the minimum cost. However, taking into account that the main component of annual operating costs is the cost of electricity, it is possible to estimate the efficiency of a lamp with some approximation by the criterion of energy efficiency ( E e). Energy efficiency is understood as the ratio of normalized (minimum) illumination ( E min) to power density R oud:

, (2.5)

where R sp - specific power, equal to the ratio of the installed power of the lamps to the area of the illuminated room.

The increase in energy efficiency in accordance with expression (2.5) is a consequence of a decrease in the specific installed power of light sources required to create a given illumination.

It was found that energy efficiency is a function of the combined argument , where E min - illumination according to the norms, To h - safety factor, H p - the estimated height of the suspension of fixtures above the working surface (see Fig. 2.3).

This allows you to determine the areas that are economically feasible for the use of various types of luminaires. For some types of luminaires, the largest and smallest lamp powers and the corresponding argument values \u200b\u200bare given . If, during design, the actual value of the argument will be less than the lower limit for this lamp, then it is not recommended to use it. When the actual values of the argument are greater than the upper limit for a given luminaire, its use can be allowed provided that there is no other, more economical luminaire.

As you can see from the argument The energy efficiency of luminaires largely depends on the estimated height of the luminaire suspension ( H R); which to a certain extent depends on the height of the room.

At a low height (up to 6 m), it is possible to achieve quality indicators, such as minimal illumination unevenness, acceptable pulsation and glare, only with the help of a large number of lamps with a relatively low unit power of the light source (LN and LL). In high rooms, it is more economical to use powerful light sources (DRL, DRI, HPS) and a small number of lamps, each of which must have the optimal light distribution for a particular option.

Therefore, the choice of the type of luminaires is carried out simultaneously with the choice of their placement schemes on the plan of the illuminated room.

The height of the illuminated room also determines the economical type of light distribution of the luminaires.

For each typical luminous intensity curve (luminaire type) there is the most favorable relative distance between luminaires, which provides the greatest uniformity of illumination distribution, as well as the most advantageous relative distance between luminaires which ensures maximum energy efficiency. The relative distance between lamps is understood as the ratio of the distance between them ( L) to the estimated height of the suspension of fixtures above the working surface ( H p) (Tables A.8, A.9).

The selected luminaires must be located and installed in such a way as to ensure:

a) safety and convenient access to fixtures for maintenance;

b) creation of normalized illumination in the most economical way;

c) compliance with the requirements for the quality of illumination (uniformity of illumination, direction of light, limitation of harmful factors: shadows, pulsations of illumination, direct and reflected brilliance);

d) the smallest length and ease of installation of a group network;

e) reliability of fastening fixtures.

Luminaire suspension height

Suspension height of luminaires above the illuminated surface ( H P) - the estimated height of the suspension of fixtures (Fig. 2.3) largely determines the characteristics and technical and economic indicators of the designed lighting installation.

The installed power of light sources, the placement of lamps on the plan depends on its value; suspension height determines the quality indicators of lighting, the choice of luminaires for light distribution, economic considerations.

h p

H p

Rice. 2.3. Placement of the lamp according to the height of the room:

H is the height of the room; H p - the height of the suspension of the lamp above

illuminated surface; h c - the height of the overhang of the lamp;

h p - height of the working surface

Due to the fact that a number of OS indicators are regulated by the norms of artificial lighting, the height of the suspension of lamps is taken simultaneously with the solution of other design problems - the choice of the type of lamps, their placement and maintenance, etc.

The minimum suspension height of the luminaires is limited by the condition of their dazzling effect (normalized dazzle index).

The maximum height is limited by the size of the room and the maintenance conditions of the luminaires.

When choosing the height of the suspension, the building features of the premises are taken into account - the presence of trusses, technological bridges, the dimensions of the building module; at the same time, methods for laying and installing wires and cables of the lighting network are considered.

In rooms of limited height, the luminaires are installed either on overhangs or directly on the ceiling and are serviced from ladders or stepladders. According to the condition of accessibility, the height of the luminaires suspension should not exceed 5 m from the floor, and the luminaires should not be located above large equipment, pits and in other places where it is impossible to install ladders or ladders.

In rooms with a truss ceiling, general lighting fixtures are most often installed on trusses. In these cases, they can be serviced from overhead cranes, and the luminaires must be placed at least 1.8 m above the flooring of the service platform on the crane or at the level of the lower chord of the trusses.

When designing lighting installations, it is necessary to ensure that the largest possible part of the luminaires is accessible for maintenance from the floor using portable devices (stools, ladders and ladders).

These measures include:

a) installation of fixtures using brackets on walls or columns at a height of not more than 5 m;

b) suspension of fixtures on cables, boxes, pipes, mounting profiles, etc. at a height of not more than 5 m or on cables with lowering devices;

c) installation of luminaires on bridges or platforms intended for servicing bus ducts, hoists, etc., as well as installation on large technological equipment;

d) the use of technological platforms of the upper marks for the installation of lamps on them, illuminating the lower marks.

2.1 - in electrical rooms, when installing lamps near open live parts;

no more than 3.5 - at technological sites, bridges, transitions, etc. when installing fixtures on the walls;

2.5 - on technological sites, bridges, transitions, etc. when installing fixtures on racks along fences;

at the level of the flooring ± 0.5 - on the bridges for servicing fixtures.

Pendant lamps for general lighting installed on ceilings or trusses, as a rule, should be attached to the latter with an overhang of no more than 1.5 m. An increase in the overhang of these lamps can be provided in the following cases:

a) if necessary in order to provide access to luminaires for maintenance;

b) when it allows to improve the economic performance of the installation without compromising the quality of lighting.

When installing luminaires with an increased overhang, the design of their fastening should limit the possibility of swaying the luminaires under the influence of air currents.

In the general case, the estimated height of the suspension of fixtures is determined by the expression:

H p= H- (h c + h p), (2.6)

where H- the height of the room;

h c is the height of the luminaire overhang;

h p is the height of the working surface, in the absence of a specific value, it is taken equal to 0.8 m.

Luminaires are devices that distribute artificial light in residential premises, offices and on the street. With their help, you can visually enlarge the space, create a romantic or solemn atmosphere, focus on interior details (mirrors, paintings).

Types of fixtures

In the general classification, two types of lamps are distinguished: industrial and household. Industrial lamps are designed for offices and industrial premises, household - for houses and apartments.

What are

- functional luminaires that are suitable for spacious rooms and rooms with low ceilings. For large rooms, chandeliers with additional cords or chains and light bulbs are used. Mini ceiling lamps fit into a small space.
Sconces - wall lamps that are used for lighting. Mirror coatings require directional lighting. Plafonds, made of frosted or colored glass, create a uniform background lighting.
Floor lamp - a lamp for the bedroom, gives a soft subdued light. You can place such devices at different heights from the floor. They are also installed in the corners of dark rooms or illuminate the space intended for reading in living rooms.

A night light is a table lamp that projects an optical image onto the ceiling or walls of a room. Designs are most often used for children's rooms, they are made in the form of animals.
Spotlights are high power lighting devices used to illuminate industrial premises.
Low voltage, built into false ceilings. Feature: can change the light in the right direction. Suitable for large industrial premises.
Current-carrying bars are small rails on the ceiling with swivel lamps mounted in them. Successfully fit into the design of the kitchen, dining room, living room, hallway.
LED lamps are devices in which light sources are light-emitting diodes. Advantages of designs: energy saving, durability, compactness.

What materials

Wood is an environmentally friendly material, products from which will create an atmosphere of warmth and harmony in the interior. Suitable for high-tech style.
Glass is a decorative material that is used in the decoration of modern interiors. Such products will bring lightness and airiness to the atmosphere of the room.
Rattan is a natural material that is lightweight and durable. Rattan products are favorably combined with modern styles, creating an atmosphere that is conducive to relaxation.
Fabric is a material that has interesting draperies. It will create a romantic atmosphere in the house.
Bumara is a material that harmonizes cold elements in modern European interiors.
Metal lamps are a durable and wear-resistant material, often used in decor. Forged elements give the room lightness and sophistication.
Gypsum lamps are a material suitable for decorating strict interiors in monochrome colors.

How they work

The lamp consists of a lamp and auxiliary elements that drive the mechanism: a starter and a throttle.

Starter - neon lamp with two bimetallic electrodes. Voltage is applied to the lamp, a discharge is formed in it, after which the starter elements are closed. A strong current flows between the lamp bulb and the starter electrodes.

Then the electrodes open the system, the voltage increases sharply through the inductor. Under the influence of voltage, the gas gap in the bulb breaks through, and it lights up.

The throttle is connected to the lamp in series, so the voltage is divided into both elements, the starter is connected in parallel, so there is not enough voltage to re-close the starter electrodes.

The inductor limits the current after turning on the device, maintains stable operation of the lamp.

Luminaire characteristics

Luminous flux - the power of light radiation, which is perceived by a person as visible light. The unit of measurement is lumens.
The intensity of light is the ratio of the luminous flux that propagates inside a solid angle to this angle. The value is measured in candela.
Luminous efficiency - the ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical power used by it. The unit of measure is lumens per watt.
Illumination is a quantity that determines how much light flux falls on a unit area of the illuminated surface. Measured in lux.
Color temperature is a value that indicates the intensity (spectrum) of radiation. The unit of measure is kelvin.
The color rendering index is characterized by the naturalness and correctness of the image transmission.
Luminosity is the ratio of the luminous flux emanating from the considered small area of the surface to the area on which the light is emitted. It is measured in watts per m2.

The standard kit of the luminaire includes the body of the device, the driver and the model with the lamp. Among additional accessories: cartridges, electromagnetic ballasts, electronic transformers, starters, lampholders, chokes.

Advantages

illuminate the room completely;
variety of designs;
comfortable color reproduction;
durability with proper use;
add luxury and elegance to the interior.

choice of color temperature;
regulation of light brightness;
ecological cleanliness;
colored decorative lighting;
compactness and flexibility of modules.

mobility;
saving electricity;
the possibility of using directional light;
ease of use;
devices can be transferred;
fit different styles.

creation of illumination of decorative elements and background lighting;
the possibility of zoning space;
a wide range of applications;
small sizes;
ease of installation and use.

long term;
high brightness;
resistance to mechanical damage;
low energy consumption;
the possibility of creating directional light.

environmental Safety;
ease of use and disposal;
does not require a DC source for operation;
made of durable materials (aluminum, polycarbonate);
the possibility of using directional light.

used to create emergency light in the premises;
original design and interesting shapes of devices for children;
possibility of transportation;
compactness;
ease of use.

anti-corrosion properties;
wear resistance;
the ability to change the direction of the light;
durability.

Problems

difficult installation;
need careful care;
low security;
large product sizes.

fragility;
an unpleasant glow spectrum;
large in size;
requires expensive power supplies and cooling systems to operate.

illuminate a small space;
potential flammability;
dependence of the device on the outlet.

not used for main lighting;
there is no way to hide the wiring;
small luminous flux;
potential flammability.

difficulty in operation;
burn out from overheating;
high frequency flicker;
high price.

sensitivity to interruptions in voltage;
fragility.

dim lighting;
low color intensity;
can not be used as the main lighting.

limited functionality;
electric current instability.

How to choose a lamp

Decide for what purpose you need a lamp. Consider the size of the room and safety precautions. In rooms with high ceilings, use hanging products; for low ceilings, ceiling-mounted appliances with rigid mounts are suitable.

In rooms with a height of 2.5-3 meters, hang the chandelier at a distance of 2-2.2 meters from the floor. If the height of the room is more than three meters, the choice of location depends on your aesthetic preferences.

The most durable and durable materials are glass, followed by plastic and metal. Fabric, paper, wood are flammable.
For a spacious living room, choose hanging chandeliers with multiple bulbs.
For kitchens, choose chandeliers with adjustable hanging cord length. Suitable ceiling lights with two or three shades. The main rule is ease of care, since soon carbon deposits will appear on the surface of the lamp after the fat drops have settled.

Do not buy textile lamps, it is better to look at options with decorative metal, glass or acrylic elements.

For children's rooms, buy devices that are interesting in design: in the form of butterflies, flowers, fairy-tale characters. Lighting should be bright, but soft, not create glare and streaks on the walls.

Refuse models made of crystal or thin glass, choose safe materials - textiles or plastic.

Lamps with a fabric or matte lampshade will fit favorably into the bedroom, they will give a subdued light. You can illuminate the reading nook with sconces or floor lamps with soft light.
Use sconces to illuminate small rooms (hallways, corridors), with the help of lamps of this type, you can change the dimensions of the premises. Sconces with an upward orientation visually increase the space in height.

To expand the room, hang appliances on a wide wall. For a long and narrow corridor, choose products with a rectangular or oblong shape. Give preference to a chandelier with swivel spots that change the direction of light.

For overhead lighting in bathrooms, use ceiling lights with frosted or white shades. To focus on the wash area or the mirror area, hang a sconce.
If a floor lamp is needed for background lighting, its light should be soft and well diffused. If you want to illuminate only part of the room for reading or work, you will need a powerful device.

For convenience, use products with a table, as a decor - floor lamps. Select the height of the devices depending on the spatial dimensions of the room.

Choose lamps for work according to functionality. Pay attention to how the light is reflected. The heavier the stand, the better the lamp will hold up. Good options are lighting fixtures with adjustable height.

The tripod of the desktop instrument must be flexible and change the angle of inclination.

Choose the tone of the chandelier according to the interior. Dark shades absorb light, while white ones reflect. Greenish shades are calming, red ones are annoying. A universal option is lamps that give a soft orange or yellow light.
Lighting equipment should match the style of the room. Art Deco combines whimsical shapes and a variety of materials.

Country-style lamps are distinguished by the use of plant and rustic themes, made in yellow, light green shades. Cold tones and imitation of candles in shades are used for Provence-style lamps.

The urban loft uses a variety of design solutions: LED lighting, soffit chandeliers, spotlights, etc. The Tiffany style is distinguished by openwork designs, the use of stained glass and forged elements.

If the room is located on the sunny side, then you will use the lamp only in the evening. You can get by with a floor lamp or a hanging lampshade.

Rooms on the shady side need regular lighting. To do this, place the devices evenly around the room.

Decide on the number of lamps. If you choose one appliance, it should stand out from other pieces of furniture. Use large or medium size products. When choosing a set, pay attention to the fact that it is made in one color.

Which is better

The best lamp should:

consume little electricity;
do not have interruptions in voltage;
correctly positioned at the height of the room;
be functional, be used for its intended purpose and illuminate the necessary space;
have the necessary strength and brightness of light;
be convenient to use and maintain;
be made of durable and safe material;
fit the room in size, radiation strength, color and style, fit into the overall design.

How to use

To clean the fixtures, use special detergents with sprays. Before starting work, turn off the power supply and wait until the bulb has cooled down.

The second way: remove the lamp, disassemble it in detail and wash it. Antistatic wipes can be used for cleaning.

To wash crystal products, first apply detergent to the surface of the device. When the water starts to drain, wipe the equipment dry. After 2 hours, you can turn on the lamp.
Wipe the plafonds made of frosted or transparent glass with a damp sponge soaked in a detergent solution.
Keep wooden, fabric and paper sconces away from sources of fire. During repair, do not forget to turn off the power supply.

What is the warranty for the lamps

The warranty period for lamps is 18 months, unless otherwise specified in the device passport.

The warranty does not apply to products in the following cases:

in case of violation of the rules of storage and operation;
installation or repair was carried out by unqualified specialists;
lighting equipment was connected to the network with the wrong voltage;
the user has handled the device carelessly;
traces of mechanical damage or changes in the design of the device are visible;
if during the operation of the equipment an incorrect color rendition was noticed.

The warranty obligation provides for the repair, replacement of parts or a complete exchange of goods. Batteries, starters and other batteries, as well as additional accessories, are not covered by the warranty.

The presentation of the passport for the purchased goods and the warranty card is mandatory.

Lack of wire contact with the cartridge. For repair, disassemble the design of the lamp. If the cartridge of the old model worked in the device, replace it with a new one. Check if the wire is firmly attached to the screws.

To increase the strength of the connection, it is necessary to additionally solder the ends of the wires.

No wire contact with plug. The wire at the entrance to the plug often fails. With such a breakdown, the plug is cut off and replaced with a new one. Pay attention to the diameter of the plugs of the old part.

Solder the wire to the plug for a secure fit. You can add the diameter with a thick elastic band or electrical tape.

Switch not working. Turn off the switch. Using a multimeter or tester, check how it works. If it cannot pass electrical signals, then the mechanism is out of order.

Replace the switch or connect the wires directly. Then the lamp will light up immediately after switching on.

Broken wire. A sign of a breakdown is the flashing of a light bulb during transfer. Replace the wire with a new one with the same gauge. If the cord has tight bends, use plastic or rubber tubes to prolong the life of the equipment.

In case of serious damage, contact a specialist.

Luminaire manufacturers

Lighting company founded in 2001. Assortment - more than 800 positions of goods. Models of halogen and energy-saving lamps, table lamps and floor lamps have been developed.

Lighting equipment manufactured using LED technology is being introduced into production.

A company that manufactures lighting equipment of non-standard shapes and designs. Materials - bronze, crystal, minerals. Among the goods are chandeliers, wall sconces, table lamps, floor lamps, candlesticks and candelabra.

We offer services for the reconstruction of lamps of an outdated format, the dismantling of lighting equipment, and the repair of equipment. The wishes of the client are taken into account, it is possible to issue an individual order.

A company that was founded in 1994 in Denmark and first specialized in the production of Scandinavian-style halogen lamps. Today - production for the manufacture of lighting equipment for residential premises and offices of any style.

When developing new products, it focuses on proven technologies and original design. Among the clients are construction hypermarkets and companies, lighting equipment stores.

Products are certified and marked, with a high level of technical safety. The price is acceptable.

Models of the Italian company combine European fashion, elegance and classics with an original and sophisticated design. Color schemes: golden, steel, orange, bright red; it will be easy to choose lighting equipment for the interior.

Characterized by stylish ornaments, streamlining and bizarre geometry of forms.

EGLO

An Australian company that specializes in the manufacture of decorative lamps for interior spaces and public buildings. Table, ceiling and pendant models, spotlights and wall lamps for bathrooms and children's rooms are presented.

An exclusive brand that produces lighting equipment in different styles in line with modern architectural and design trends. Materials - crystal, glass, fabrics, wood, acrylic.

Lamps are made on German equipment, then processed manually. The company's products are divided into the following series: Antic, Bergamo, Retro, Royal, Moon, Mocco, Rotonda.

Globo

A popular Australian brand that manufactures original lamps. Models for indoor and outdoor lighting are available. Lighting devices and modular systems of the company are popular in 50 countries of the world.

Among the buyers are furniture stores, construction companies. The range of products - more than 2 thousand lighting fixtures.

Halogen products are also produced with high technical characteristics, functionality and excellent design. The price is affordable.

The range includes a wide range of interior lamps. The products are distinguished by a thoughtful design, high-quality materials and new technologies are used in production.

Among the products are wall lamps, chandeliers, sconces, floor lamps and spots that change the direction of light. Designs are different in shape, size, color and style.

The principle of the company's work is to provide a flexible system of discounts and promotional programs. Acceptable value for money.

The company is engaged in the production of decorative lighting for residential and office premises, shopping centers. The catalog is updated annually, the goods are guided by fashionable novelties and technical improvements.

Products with strict certification, environmentally friendly materials are used in production. Plus firms - strong and durable products at an affordable price.

German brand that specializes in the manufacture of lighting equipment. Crystal is used for production. The company has repeatedly become a participant in international exhibitions. The company's products will make the design elegant and modern.

The assortment of the company is 400 models from 90 series of the company's products. Appliances of different styles are presented: classic chandeliers and pendants, ecological models made of wood, modern masterpieces in modern and high-tech style.

A wide range of colors for lampshades and plafonds. The equipment is durable, strong and safe.

Collection of lighting equipment in classic and modern style. The devices are made according to European technologies. Among the products are more than 60 series of chandeliers and 6 series of floor lamps, which will provide the room with top and side light at the same time.

Crystal products are made using Egyptian ASFOUR crystal.

Sonex

Russian manufacturer. Lighting equipment includes pendant and wall lamps, table lamps and floor lamps. The design combines classic and modern motifs, a variety of shapes and colors.

Notable collections: Alabastro, Quadro, Sakura, Duna, Ferola. Products are available at a cost.

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