USSR and BSSR. Belarus as part of the USSR

The BSSR is the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the 16 republics that were part of the USSR. After the collapse of the USSR, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic of the BSSR became the city of Minsk, which was one of the largest and most populous cities in the Soviet Union. In addition, in the BSSR it is necessary to allocate 6 regions, 117 districts in rural areas, 98 cities, as well as 111 urban-type settlements.

The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic existed for a long time. The flag has been represented by various variants throughout its history. These options are presented in the article.

Interestingly, when Belarusian existed, it almost did not change.

History of education

Between such states as Poland, the Lithuanian SSR, the Latvian SSR, the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was created after the revolution. Its territory totaled about 207,600 km 2. Initially, the BSSR belonged to the RSFSR and only two years later became an independent republic. Immediately after the separation of the BSSR, it united with the Lithuanian Soviet Republic and the Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, or, as it was also called, the LitBel SSR, but only for a year and a half. The Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic of 1919 was actually part of a larger republic. The Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic consisted of two. The Moscow-Lithuanian Treaty, which was signed on July 12, 1920, was an omen of the collapse of the SSR LitBel. And already on July 31, the Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic completely disintegrated. Thus, the BSSR was created in 1919, then entered into a larger association, after, from 1920 to 1991, it existed in its former status and became an independent state.

Economic characteristic

In 1980, 4.3 billion rubles were invested in the BSSR for the development of industry, economy and infrastructure. The most developed industries of this state can be called the chemical, petrochemical and food industries. The rapid economic growth (from 1940 to 1980) was carried out due to the abundant capital investment and labor of the Belarusian people. People who lived in the republic after the war rebuilt cities, many of which, one might say, were rebuilt, set up production, and the volume of production increased by as much as 29 times in just 40 years. The fuel of the BSSR, as well as the Republic of Belarus, was and is provided with the help of its abundant reserves of natural gas, oil, coal and peat. Rich mineral deposits were also developed and developed with the help of investments from the USSR. The length of railways in the BSSR in 1982 was as much as 5,513 km, and roads for vehicles - 36,700 km.

Population

The BSSR was one of the most densely populated parts of the Soviet Union, in 1984 the population density was 47.6 people per 1 km2. The uniform population of the republic is determined by relatively equal population throughout its territory. However, the center of the country was the most populated, which can be explained by the location of large cities here, including Minsk. Between 1950 and 1970, the urban population increased faster than the Soviet average.

Nature of the BSSR

The republic is located on the East European Plain, occupying the basin of the middle Dnieper, as well as the western Dvina and Neman in its upper reaches. The flat surface type prevails. However, the area is characterized by an alternation of uplands and lowlands, which are very swampy in places, in addition, there were a large number of lakes on the territory of the BSSR. Quaternary glaciation determines this feature of the relief. In the northwestern part of the state there is a whole system of finite moraine ridges. Uplands are in the northeast.

Relief

In the direction from west to east, on the territory of the former BSSR, the Belarusian ridge stretches, which consists of separate parts, hills formed in the Moscow glaciation. Parallel to it are the glacial plains. Belarusian Polesye, located in the south of the state, is called a special case of the plain. Hills and ridges also protrude in the south, next to the Belarusian Polesie.

Climate

The BSSR was located in the temperate zone, which means that the climate is temperate continental. The temperature in January is about -4 °С, however, due to the relatively large length from north to south, this value may vary. The average temperature in July is about 17 ° C, but for the same reason the value cannot be accurate for absolutely all regions of the country. The climate is continental, which means that there is little precipitation - 550-700 mm.

Rivers

In the BSSR there were a large number of rivers, both small and large in length. Their total length is considered to be 90,600 km. All of them belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin, namely to the Black and Baltic Seas. Some rivers are used for transportation. The BSSR was very rich in forests, which occupied 1/3 of the entire territory, swamp vegetation and shrubs were located on 1/10 of the territory.

The territory of the BSSR was not located on the edge of the East European Plate, which means that seismological activity could not be strong, the most powerful earthquakes did not even reach 5 points.

Minerals of the BSSR

The most important minerals, which are still found on the territory of Belarus in large quantities, are gas, oil, coal and various salts.

The region of the northern part of the Pripyat trough is very rich in oil and gas. A distinctive feature of oil deposits is their massiveness and their arrangement in layers. Natural gas is not presented in large volumes, and therefore is produced as a by-product.

and shales

Huge reserves of brown coal were also discovered on the territory of the BSSR. Peat is represented by 39 species. It is one of the main types of fuel in Belarus. As many as 7,000 coal deposits, the total area of ​​which is about 2.5 million hectares, simply cannot be unused. The total amount of peat is 1.1 billion tons, these are truly rich reserves.

In addition, oil shale began to be mined in the BSSR, which, according to geologists, are located at a depth of up to 600 m. Huge reserves of shale are also actively used as fuel.

salt

Potash and rock salts are mining and chemical raw materials. The thickness of the layers is 1-40 m. They lie under carbonate-argillaceous rocks. The reserves of potash salts amount to about 7.8 billion tons. They are mined at various deposits, for example, at Starobinsky and Petrikovsky. Rock salts are represented by 20 billion tons, they occur at a depth of up to 750 meters. They are mined at such deposits as Davydovskoye and Mozyrskoye. In addition, the BSSR was rich in phosphorites.

Building rocks

The territory of Belarus also has rich reserves of building and facing stone, chalk rocks, clays and building sands. Stocks of building stone - about 457 million m 3, facing - about 4.6 million m 3. The southern regions of Belarus are richest in building stones. Dolomites, on the other hand, come to the surface in the north. Their reserves are about 437.8 million tons. The BSSR was also rich in chalk rocks, the reserves of which today amount to about 3679 million tons. Clays of various types are represented on the territory of Belarus with reserves of 587 million m , Gomel and Vitebsk regions.

Development of mineral resources

On the territory of the BSSR, as already mentioned, mineral resources were actively mined. Their development began 30,000 years ago, in the late Paleolithic era. At that time, people who lived in this area mined flint from the surface of the earth. About 4500 thousand years ago, flint mining was already developed. A large number of mines have been discovered that were used even in the Cretaceous periods. Their depth is no more than 6 meters, however, given the time of their occurrence, we can assume that the extraction of flint was very developed among the inhabitants of these areas. There were also whole complexes of mines connected by passages, usually up to 5.

Production development

Ancient needles were found in the mines, which were intended for sewing together bags needed to transport the mined mineral. The material was processed near the exit. Flint was used to make axes. Already in the fifth century BC. the development of metal deposits began, from which people who lived on the territory of Belarus created household items and weapons. In addition, utensils for various needs were made from clay. Already from the 16th century, glass factories began to appear, and in the 18th, the first manufactories in this area arose.

Peat mining

Peat extraction in the BSSR has become an independent industry. Volumes have steadily increased due to increased usage. Peat enterprises appeared, which strengthened the industry. But during the Second World War, almost all of them were destroyed. Only by 1949 did the volume of extracted peat reach its previous values.

Salt mining

As already mentioned, potash and rock salts are found in large quantities on the territory of Belarus. But only in 1961 their active mining began. The underground mining method was used. The richest of them is Starobinskoye. The mechanization of most of the mining led to an increase in the volume of salts by 60% in 1965 and by 98% in 1980.

Subsoil protection

Minerals were actively mined in the BSSR, it is easy to guess that this greatly affected the environment. Huge areas were badly damaged. Therefore, recreational activities aimed at enriching the subsoil and restoring resources, such as fertilizing the soil and planting trees, began to be carried out.

Education of industrial specialists

The Belarusian Polytechnic Institute, formed back in the BSSR, trains personnel for work in the mining industry. It was founded in 1933 in Minsk. Already in 1969 there were as many as 12 faculties. There are also other educational institutions. Technical schools still provide education in the development of peat deposits, underground processing of ores and non-metallic minerals, and in other branches of industry.

Arena of Confrontation

In 1920, the BSSR, one might say, was the center of confrontation between bourgeois Europe and the USSR. The latter side wanted to retain power in Poland, the interests of the Soviet Union were represented by a delegation from the RSFSR. The decision was made not in favor of the BSSR. The resolution did not give the possibility of expanding Belarus at the expense of Poland.

The socialists of the BSSR were dissatisfied with the location of the borders with their neighbors, namely with the RSFSR and Poland. They believed that it was impossible to establish boundaries on an ethnographic basis. There was no unity on territorial issues.

The Great Patriotic War

During the Second World War, the BSSR and the Ukrainian SSR suffered more than other parts of the Soviet Union. More than 2 million people died in the BSSR, and about 380 thousand people were taken out of the country. The population that lived before the war was reached only by 1971. The Nazi invaders destroyed 209 cities and regional centers, many of which had to be rebuilt, only 2.8 million square meters of housing stock survived out of almost 10.8.

Gaining independence and interesting facts

In 1990, the Declaration on the BSSR was signed, which meant its imminent separation. On September 19, 1991, it officially became known as the Republic of Belarus. In the same year, an agreement on the creation of the CIS was created and signed. The association included the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus. An interesting fact in the history of this state is that for 46 years this republic, like the Ukrainian SSR, was one of the members of the UN (United Nations), although it remained a dependent state - the BSSR. In the 1920s and 1930s, constitutionalism was developing in the republic.

Socialist Republics. Also, the BSSR, as a founding country, was a member of the UN. In addition to the BSSR, the Ukrainian SSR received the same honor. Both - for special merits in the defeat of Nazi Germany during the Second World War.

Prehistory of the creation of the Byelorussian SSR

The formation of the statehood of Belarus in the Soviet period has passed a difficult path. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the government of the RSFSR did not consider other options in solving the national question, except for “regionalism”. It was proposed to completely eliminate the former administrative-territorial division and create four regions: Moscow, Western, Northern and Ural. The territories of Belarus and Ukraine (the former Smolensk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Minsk, Chernigov, Vilna and Kovno provinces) according to this plan were part of the Western Region. The same position was held in the regional committee of the Communist Party and the Council of People's Commissars.

The Belarusian Commissariat, which was formed on January 31, 1918, headed by leaders represented by A. Chervyakov and D. Zhilunovich, considered it necessary to establish a separate Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Belnatsky was supported by the Belarusian sections of the Communist Party, organized from among the Belarusian refugees in Saratov, Petrograd, Moscow and other cities. Then the Belarusian Commissariat launched active work on the development of national culture and statehood.

In March 1918 (under the conditions of German occupation), the Belarusian government announced the creation of the BNR - the Belarusian National Republic. The sovereignty of the BPR, by decision of the leaders of the Republic, extended to the Mogilev region, separate (Belarusian) parts of the Minsk region, Grodno region (together with the cities of Grodno and the Polish Bialystok), Smolensk region, Vitebsk region, Vilensk region, Chernihiv region and small parts of neighboring territories that are inhabited by Belarusians.

The Belarusian People's Republic did not have time to become a real state. The government had neither its own constitution, nor the sovereignty of the territories that were occupied by the Germans, nor a monopoly on tax collection. The Bolsheviks then declared that the BPR was an attempt by the local bourgeoisie to “tear off” Belarus from Russia, and Germany indicated that this was contrary to the provisions of the Brest Peace.

Creation of the Byelorussian SSR

Until December 1918, the governments did not have a definite position on the issue of creating a separate Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. The decision came after a change in the military-political situation. On December 25, Joseph Stalin (then - People's Commissar for Nationalities) in negotiations with D. Zhilunovich and A. Myasnikov announced the decision to support the creation of the BSSR. A few days later, the territory of the Belarusian state was already precisely defined. The BSSR included Vitebsk, Smolensk, Minsk, Gorodno and Mogilev provinces.

The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) was proclaimed on January 1, 1919 in Smolensk at the Sixth Conference of the Bolshevik Party. True, the official date of the creation of the BSSR is January 2 - on this day the Government Manifesto was read on the radio. Initially, the name was different - the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus. A week after the proclamation of the new Soviet Republic, the government moved from Smolensk to Minsk.

Formation of the BSSR

The history of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) began with constant changes - either in the territorial composition, or in government reshuffles. By the end of January 1919, the independence of the BSSR from Russia was recognized by the central government, the Constitution of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus was adopted, and the first All-Belarusian Congress of Deputies began its work. However, already on February 27, the Byelorussian SSR merged with the Lithuanian, forming the Litbel SSR. This state formation also did not last long - it fell apart after the occupation of its territory by Polish troops.

Restoration of independence

After the liberation of the Belarusian territories by the Red Army, the independence of the Byelorussian SSR was restored. At the end of July 1920, the Declaration of Independence was published. The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the four republics that formed the USSR.

By 1926, the territory of the Byelorussian SSR had almost doubled: Russia transferred parts of the Gomel, Vitebsk and Smolensk provinces to Belarus. The return of the BSSR and other ethnic territories was also expected, for example, part of the Bryansk region and practically the entire Smolensk region. After the beginning of the repressions, this issue was no longer discussed.

In 1939, a part of the Vilna region was transferred to the Republic of Lithuania (representatives of the BSSR did not participate in the negotiations and signing of the agreement), then Western Belarus was annexed to the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (briefly - BSSR), namely the Baranovichi, Pinsk, Brest, Belostok regions and part of Vileika. In the post-war period, the Belarusian Sventsyany, Devyanshiki and other territories were also transferred to the Lithuanian SSR.

State flag of the BSSR

The state symbols of the Byelorussian SSR changed several times during the formation of statehood and joining the Soviet Union. From 1919 to 1927, the flag of the Byelorussian SSR was a dark red flag with a yellow inscription "SSRB" in the upper left corner. In 1919 (from February to September), when the BSSR briefly merged with the Republic of Lithuania, forming the Litbel SSR, the flag was simply a red flag without any inscriptions or other symbols.

From 1927 to 1937, the flag of the BSSR almost completely repeated the one that was in 1919-1927. The same dark red cloth, but now the inscription was not “SSRB”, but “BSSR”, and was additionally surrounded by a yellow frame in the shape of a square. From 1937 to 1951, the frame on the flag disappeared, and the Soviet sickle and hammer appeared above the inscription. From 1951 until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the flag almost exactly repeated the modern Belarusian one. This is a panel consisting of two horizontal stripes (red and green in a ratio of two to one). At the pole there is a national ornament with a vertical stripe. There were also state symbols of the USSR on the red stripe.

Emblem of the Byelorussian SSR

The coat of arms of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is based on the coat of arms of the USSR. It is an image of a hammer and a sickle in the rays of the sun. The hammer and sickle are surrounded by a wreath of rye ears intertwined with flax and clover. Below is part of the globe. The two halves of the wreath are intertwined with red ribbons with the inscription "Proletarians of all countries, unite!". Above the state emblem is a five-pointed Soviet star.

State anthem of the BSSR

The anthem of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic appeared only in 1955, although it was created in 1944. The author of the words is M. Klimkovich, the composer is N. Sokolovsky.

Administrative division

In 1926, the territory of Belarus was divided into ten districts, in 1928 there were eight, in 1935 - four. As of 1991, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic included six regions: Brest, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Minsk, Gomel, Grodno. Previously, separate regions were also Polotsk (abolished in 1954), Baranovichi (existed from 1939 to 1954), Polesskaya (entered Gomel in 1954), Vileika (abolished in 1944), Bialystok (in 1944 most of the territory of the region was ceded to Poland ) other.

To date, all six regions that were part of the BSSR at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union have been preserved in Belarus. Most of these regions were formed in 1938-1939, Grodno - in 1944.

Population of the Byelorussian SSR

Three years after the official announcement of the creation of the BSSR, the population of the Republic totaled one and a half million people. According to the data given in the TSB, by 1924 the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic increased from 52 thousand km 2 to 110 in area, the population amounted to more than four million. In 1939, when the area of ​​the Republic was 223 thousand km2, the number of citizens reached ten million people. The maximum mark of the population of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was recorded in 1989 and amounted to 10.15 million people. The area in this case was equal to 207.6 thousand km 2.

Economy of the Republic

The leading branches of industry in the Byelorussian SSR were light and food, as well as mechanical engineering and metalworking. Energy was based on peat, coal, oil and natural gas. Mechanical engineering and machine tool building stood out, instrument making, radio electronics and radio engineering were also quite developed.

The petrochemical and chemical industry of the BSSR specialized in the production of fertilizers, tires, synthetic materials, chemical fibers, and plastics. Construction materials and furniture were produced, and the glass industry developed.

In Belarus, cereals, potatoes, flax, sugar beet, fodder crops were grown. More than half of agricultural production came from animal husbandry.

The damage inflicted by the Second World War was very strong for Belarus. But already in the first post-war five-year plan, the economy of the BSSR not only reached the pre-war level, but even exceeded it by 31%. The number of workers by that time had already reached 91% of the pre-war level. The tasks were really ambitious, the economy was developing.

In the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s, the BSSR became an all-Union construction site: more than a hundred new plants and factories were put into operation, oil production began, and the volume of production exceeded pre-war figures by 38 times.

Leaders of the BSSR

The leaders of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic changed quite often. From the moment of the proclamation of the BSSR until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the leadership was carried out by the Communist Party. Over the years, the chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Council were V. I. Kozlov, S. O. Pritytsky, I. F. Klimov, Z. M. Bychkovskaya, I. E. Polyakov, N. I. Dementei and others. In the last months of the BSSR and in independent Belarus (until 1994), Stanislav Shushkevich was the leader.

After the collapse of the Soviet Socialist Republic, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished, and a new independent state appeared on the political map of the world - the parliamentary republic of Belarus.

On March 25, 1918, representatives of national parties and movements announced the creation of an independent Belarusian People's Republic (BPR). After the departure of the German troops, its territory was occupied by the Red Army. On January 1, 1919, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus was proclaimed in Smolensk.

From February 1919, the territory of Belarus became the scene of the Soviet-Polish war, during which Polish troops occupied Minsk in August 1919. The Red Army returned to Minsk in July 1920, and in 1921 a Soviet-Polish peace treaty was signed in Riga, according to which the western part of modern Belarus was ceded to Poland. In its eastern part, Soviet power was established and the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) was formed, which became part of the USSR on December 30, 1922.

In the 1920s-1930s, a policy of industrialization and collectivization was carried out on the territory of Soviet Belarus, new branches of industry and agriculture were formed. The language reform of 1933 strengthened the Russification policy. During the years of Stalinist repressions, tens of thousands of representatives of the intelligentsia, the cultural and creative elite, and peasants were shot or exiled to Siberia and Central Asia. Part of the intelligentsia emigrated.

Western Belarus, which went to Poland under the Riga Treaty of 1921, was reunited with the BSSR in 1939, after the defeat of Poland.

Already at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the territory of Belarus was occupied by German troops. Partisan struggle was organized in the occupied territories, there was an underground. In 1943, an advisory body was created under the German occupation administration - the Belarusian Central Rada, which was entrusted with propaganda and some police functions. In the summer of 1944 Belarus was liberated by the Red Army.

According to data updated in 2001, every third inhabitant of Belarus died during the war years. In total, during the Great Patriotic War, German troops burned and destroyed 9,200 settlements. Of these, over 5,295 were destroyed along with all or part of the population during the period of punitive operations. The victims of the three-year policy of genocide and "scorched earth" in Belarus were 2.230 million people.

The role of Belarus in the fight against the invaders and the sacrifices made on the altar of victory over fascism gave her the right to take her place among the founding states of the UN.

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Belarus. Located in the west of the USSR. The oldest monuments of art on the territory of Belarus date back to the Upper Paleolithic (bone pendants, necklaces, amulets with ornaments), the Neolithic and the Bronze Age (wooden, bone and horn ... ... Art Encyclopedia

- (Belarusian Savetskaya Satsyalistichnaya Respublika), Belarus, borders in the west with Poland, in the north-west with Lithuania. SSR, in the north from Latv. SSR, in the north, northeast and east with the RSFSR, in the south with the Ukrainian SSR. Pl. 207.6 thousand km2. Us. 9.8 million people (as of Jan 1, 1983). Capital… … Geological Encyclopedia

BELARUSIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC- BELARUSIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Belarus, located on 3. Europe. parts of the USSR. Pl. 207.6 tons km2. Us. 9878 thousand hours (as of January 1, 1984). The capital is Minsk (1442 vol., as of January 1, 1984). The BSSR was formed on January 1. 1919. In Feb. Aug. 1919… … Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Belarusian Savetskaya Satsyaliktychnaya Respublika) Belarus (Belarus). I. General information The BSSR was formed on January 1, 1919. With the creation of the USSR on December 30, 1922, it became part of it as a union republic. It borders on the west with ... ...

Belarus, located in the west. parts of the USSR, in the basins of the middle reaches of the Dnieper and the West. Dvina, top. currents of the Neman and Zap. Bug; in the west it borders on Poland. The borders of B. within the USSR: in the north-west the Lithuanian SSR, in the north the Latvian SSR, in the north-east and east of the RSFSR, in ...

Owls. power was proclaimed in Nov. 1917. In Feb. Nov. 1918 occupied by German troops. On January 1, 1919, the BSSR was formed. Postage, stamps not issued. Encountered stamps with inscriptions (Belarusian) "Belarus", "BNR", etc. are speculative ... ... Big philatelic dictionary

Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus, Litbel, Soviet Republic (February August 1919), created as a result of the unification of the Lithuanian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR in connection with the commonality of their political and economic interests ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Flag of the Republic of Litbel (Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus) Soviet republic, a state entity created in the territories occupied by the Red Army ... ... Wikipedia

Litbel, owl. republic that existed in Feb. 1919 July 1920. Created as a result of the merger of the Lithuanian and Byelorussian SSRs, dictated by the need to unite the forces of both republics in an environment of increased civil. wars and foreign interventions. ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

The Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (Belarusian. Belarusian Savetskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika) is one of the republics of the Soviet Union. It was one of the 4 states that founded the USSR in 1922. It existed from January 1, 1922 to December 10, 1991.

Belarus during the Civil War. Proclamation of the BNR

On March 25, 1918, representatives of national parties and movements under the German occupation announced the creation of an independent Belarusian People's Republic (BPR). After the departure of the Germans, the territory was occupied by the Red Army, the BNR government was forced to emigrate, and on January 1, 1919, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus (later renamed the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic) was proclaimed in Smolensk, which, after a short period of "Litbel" (Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic; February-August 1919) in December 1922 became part of the USSR.
In February 1919, Polish troops invaded the territory of Belarus. On August 8, Polish troops occupied Minsk, which was recaptured by the Red Army only in July of the following year.
According to the results of the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921, the territories of Western Belarus, located to the east of the Curzon Line, with a predominantly Belarusian population, departed to Poland.

Belarus in the 20-30s

In the 1920-1930s. in Soviet Belarus, industrialization processes were actively going on, new branches of industry and agriculture were formed. At the same time, the Russification policy continued: in particular, during the language reform of 1933, more than 30 phonetic and morphological features characteristic of the Russian language were introduced into the Belarusian language.

On the territory of Western Belarus, annexed by Poland, the Polish government also did not comply with the provisions of the Riga Treaty on the equality of all ethnic groups. Until March 1923 alone, almost all of the 400 existing Belarusian schools were closed, with the exception of 37. At the same time, 3,380 Polish schools were opened in Western Belarus. In 1938-1939 there were only 5 comprehensive Belarusian schools left. 1,300 Orthodox churches were converted to Catholicism, often with violence. After the establishment of the authoritarian “sanation” regime in Poland, there was an increasing infringement of the cultural rights of national minorities. Since 1934, in the city of Bereza-Kartuzskaya (now the city of Bereza, Brest region), a Polish concentration camp operated as a place of extrajudicial internment of opponents of the ruling regime. According to the "Encyclopedia of the History of Belarus", in the period 1921-39, about 300 thousand "siege" colonists, as well as Polish officials of various categories, were resettled from ethnic Polish lands to western Belarus. The osadniks were given estates belonging to persons "hostile to Poland" and state lands.

During the Stalinist repressions, hundreds of thousands of representatives of the intelligentsia, the cultural and creative elite, and simply wealthy peasants were shot, exiled to hard labor in Siberia and Central Asia. Of the 540-570 writers published in Belarus in the 1920-1930s of the twentieth century, at least 440-460 (80%) were repressed, and if we take into account the authors who were forced to leave their homeland, then at least 500 (90%) were repressed, a quarter of the total number of writers (2000) repressed in the USSR. The number of people who passed through the camps is estimated at about 600-700 thousand people, and at least 300 thousand people were shot.

The Second World War

As a result of the invasion of Germany and the Soviet Union into Poland in September 1939, Western Belarus was occupied by Soviet troops and annexed to the BSSR.
Repressions immediately began in the occupied territory. Only in the Baranovichi region from October 1939 to June 29, 1940, according to the most conservative estimates, more than 29 thousand people were repressed; about the same number (33 thousand 733 people) during the occupation will be taken out by the Germans for forced labor in Germany.

At the beginning of the war between Germany and the USSR (1941-1945), the territory of Belarus was occupied by German troops. The territory of Belarus was declared a general district within the Reichskommissariat Ostland. In December 1943, the collaborationist government of the Belarusian Central Rada was created, which had mainly advisory functions.

The partisan movement, which was widely developed in Belarus, became an important factor that forced the Nazis to keep a significant contingent here and contributed to the speedy liberation of Belarus. In 1944, in total, there were 373,942 people in partisan detachments on the territory of Belarus. Belarus was liberated by the Red Army during the Belarusian operation.

On the territory of Belarus, the German invaders created 260 concentration camps, in which about 1.4 million civilians and Soviet prisoners of war were destroyed. From the territory of Belarus, the Nazis took 399 thousand 374 people to work in Germany.

According to the data of the Khatyn memorial complex, the Germans and collaborators carried out more than 140 major punitive operations in Belarus; the population of areas suspected of supporting the partisans were exterminated, deported to death camps or for forced labor in Germany. Of the 9200 settlements destroyed and burned by the German invaders and collaborators in Belarus, over 5295 were destroyed along with all or part of the population. According to other data, the number of settlements destroyed during punitive operations is 628.

Some sources also claim that Soviet partisans carried out punitive operations against civilians. In particular, in the course of work on the book-document “I'm a fiery weight…” Belarusian writers and publicists Ales Adamovich, Yanka Bryl and Vladimir Kolesnik during the interrogation received testimonies from Vera Petrovna Sloboda, a teacher from the village of Dubrova near the village of Osveya Vitebskaya region about the punitive action of a partisan detachment under the command of V.P. Kalaidzhan, during which civilians who did not want to leave the village before the arrival of German troops were exterminated. Eighty people were killed, the village was burned. On April 14, 1943, partisans attacked the village of Drazhno in the Starodorozhsky district of Belarus. The village was burned almost completely, most of the inhabitants were brutally tortured.

During the war years, Belarus lost about a third of its population (34% of the pre-war population of the country within its current borders - 3 million people), the country lost more than half of its national wealth. 209 cities, towns, district centers and more than 9 thousand villages and villages were completely or partially destroyed.

After the end of the war, anti-Soviet partisan groups operated on the territory of Belarus for several more years. Western intelligence agencies tried to establish contact with some of them. Detachments of the NKVD staged punitive operations against the anti-Soviet resistance.

post-war period

In 1945, after the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was a founder and joined the United Nations as a sovereign state. On June 26, 1945, K. V. Kiselev, at the head of the delegation of the Byelorussian SSR, signed the UN Charter, which was ratified by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR on August 30, 1945. In November-December 1945, the Belarusian delegation took part in the work of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations General Assembly in London, where the head of the delegation of the Byelorussian SSR K.V. Kiselev was elected vice-chairman of the fourth committee.

In the 1950s-1970s. The restoration of the country proceeded rapidly, industry and agriculture developed intensively. The economy of Belarus was a key part of the national economic complex of the USSR, Belarus was called the "assembly shop" of the Soviet economy.

The collapse of the USSR

Political processes of the late 1980s - early 1990s. led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the communist system. On July 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty. On September 19, 1991, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) was renamed the Republic of Belarus. It should be noted that on March 17, 1991, at the all-Union referendum on the preservation of the USSR, 82.7% of those who took part in the vote (83.3% of those included in the voting lists took part) spoke in favor of preserving the USSR, which testified to the absence of the desire of the inhabitants of Belarus to secession from the union.

In December 1991, as a result of the Belovezhskaya Accords, Belarus joined the Commonwealth of Independent States.

On March 15, 1994, the Supreme Council adopted the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, according to which it was declared a unitary democratic social legal state. In accordance with the Constitution, the Republic of Belarus is a presidential republic.

Hymn

We, Belarusians, with brother Russia
Time shukali to shchastsyu dear.
Ў battles for freedom, ў battles for a share
For goodness sake, we have succeeded!

We have been abused by Lenin's name, Party to the next time we are marching. Party glory! Glory to Radzima! Glory to you Belarusian people!

Strength of the guard, people of Belarus
Ў fraternal syuz, ў male sam'i
We will be eternal, free people,
Live on your own, free land!

We have been abused by Lenin's name, Party to the next time we are marching. Party glory! Glory to Radzima! Glory to taba, our free people!

Friendship of the people - the strength of the people,
To the best practice sun paths
Proudly, I am aware of the bright heights,
Stsyag kamunizmu - gladastsі stsyag!

We have been abused by Lenin's name, Party to the next time we are marching. Party glory! Glory to Radzima! Glory to Taba, our Savets people!

Translation

We, Belarusians, with brotherly Russia,
Together we searched fortunately for roads.
In battles for will, in battles for share,
With her, we got the flag of victory.

We were united by Lenin's name. The Party, fortunately, leads us on the march of the Party's glory! Glory to the Motherland! Glory to you, Belarusian people!

Gathering strength, the people of Belarus
In fraternal union, in a powerful family
Forever we will be, free people
Live in a happy, free land

We were united by Lenin's name. The Party, fortunately, leads us on the march of the Party's glory! Glory to the Motherland! Glory to you, our free people!

Friendship of peoples is the strength of peoples,
Happily working sunny way
Proudly rise to the bright heights,
The flag of communism is the flag of joy!

We were united by Lenin's name. The Party, fortunately, leads us on the march of the Party's glory! Glory to the Motherland! Glory to you, our Soviet people!