Soviet five-year plans. P \ 'five-year plans in the USSR All five-year plans of the USSR

A brief analysis of the results achieved during the years of the first Soviet five-year plan (1928-1933).

The turn towards accelerated economic development of the USSR began in 1929, when the first five-year plan was adopted at the XVI Party Conference, covering the period from October 1928 to September 1933. After the approval of the V Congress of Soviets of the USSR in May 1929, the plan became law, binding.

What didn't work

Planned tasks, however, were soon changed. In December 1929, at the congress of shock workers, the slogan "Five-Year Plan in Four Years!" was put forward. In the summer of 1930, at the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, called the “congress of the full-scale offensive of socialism along the entire front,” the accelerated version of industrialization was finally adopted. The already tense tasks of the five-year plan were raised on average twice.

Inconsistency in matters of economic construction led to an overstrain of the country's forces and gave rise to negative phenomena. The cost of industrial products and their energy intensity increased, while the quality, on the contrary, decreased. As a result of errors in planning and miscalculations in the economy, the country's financial system began to falter.

I had to stop funding 613 out of 1659 major facilities under construction. Due to the lack of appropriations, plans had to be curtailed in such a key industry as metallurgy. Of the new transport routes envisaged by the construction plan, only a third were put into operation, and a radical reconstruction of transport did not begin. All this had a negative impact on the defense industry.

On the whole, the first five-year plan turned out to be unfulfilled in the smelting of iron and steel, the production of rolled products, mineral fertilizers, the extraction of iron ore, the production of electricity, the production of automobiles, and other important indicators.

Main results

During the years of the first five-year plan, about 1,500 large industrial facilities were built. Among them are Dneproges, Magnitogorsk, Stalingrad and Kharkov Tractor Plants, Moscow and Gorky Automobile Plants, Saratov Combine Plant, the first stage of the Ural Heavy Machine Building Plant, a milling machine plant in Gorky, a turret machine plant in Moscow, the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, the Ural Copper Smelting Plant, Nevsky and the Voskresensky Chemical Plants, the Ball Bearing Plant, the development of Khibiny apatites, etc. was launched. A new powerful coal-metallurgical base was created in the east of the country. Along with Dneproges, hundreds of new power plants were put into operation: Shterovka, Kashira, Ivgres, Nigres, Leningrad Second, Zuevka, Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Kizel, Stalgres, etc.

Many machine tools and equipment for these enterprises were imported from Europe and the USA. At the same time, the problem of launching and operating this equipment by domestic engineers and workers arose. For example, it took about two years to bring the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, built in 1930, to its design capacity (difficulties arose with mastering American technology).

Individual branches of industry fulfilled the five-year plan in three years. Mechanical engineering as a whole was to produce 4,350 million rubles in the fifth year of the five-year plan (1932/33). products, but already in 1931 they produced products worth 4,730 million rubles. The electrical industry already in 1931 produced products worth 925 million rubles. (895 million rubles were planned for the entire five-year period). 21.7 million tons of oil were to be produced, but in fact in 1931 they produced 23.1 million tons. The plan for the production of tractor agricultural implements was exceeded by 32%.

However, there were industries that did not cope with the planned outlines. In general, tasks under the first five-year plan were completed by 93.7%. The plan for ferrous metallurgy was frustrated: the smelting of pig iron in 1932 was envisaged in the amount of 9 million tons, but in reality only 6.2 million tons were smelted. This affected the production of steel and rolled products, the output of which also lagged behind the plan. The lack of iron and steel hit hard on the entire industrial production, including the defense industry. The plan for light industry was also underfulfilled.

The growth of industry in the USSR in the first five years

In 1932, the actual increase in industrial production amounted to only 14.7%, while 36%9 was planned. Nevertheless, the results turned out to be very significant (especially in structural terms), and the country's leadership announced that the first five-year plan was completed ahead of schedule - in 4 years and 3 months. Later, in 1947, at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Stalin mentioned that the plan for the first five-year plan had not been fulfilled.

Sign

Sign "Drummer 11 five-year plan" Established by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League dated March 26, 1981 N304 "On the All-Union Socialist Competition for the successful fulfillment and overfulfillment of the tasks of the eleventh five-year plan."

Regulations on Badge "Drummer 11 Five-Year Plan" approved By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions N P-8, the USSR State Committee for Labor N 289 dated 09/25/1981 "On approval of the Regulations on the unified all-Union sign "Drummer of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan"

Sign "Drummer 11 five-year plan" was awarded on the basis of the results of the 11th five-year plan (1981-1985). It is identical to the badge of the drummer of the 10th five-year plan.

The badge was made of aluminium, has an oval shape and is edged with laurel and oak leaves. Below on the sides are ears of wheat. In the center is an unfolded red banner with the inscription "drummer of the 11th five-year plan", at the bottom of the sign there is a red ribbon with the inscription "USSR" between the banner and the hammer and sickle ribbon, at the top is a red star.

The sign is attached with a pin. Along with the badge, an appropriate certificate was presented, which indicated the full name of the recipient and the name of the organization by whose decision the drummer was awarded.

Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League of March 26, 1981 N304 "On the All-Union Socialist Competition for the Successful Fulfillment and Overfulfillment of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Tasks"

Extract:

"..8. Establish a memorial sign of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League "For the high efficiency and quality of work in the eleventh five-year plan" to reward teams of enterprises, associations, construction projects, collective farms, state farms, research and other organizations and to award with a commemorative badge to teams that have achieved high quality work and the best performance in fulfilling the tasks of the eleventh five-year plan, repeatedly awarded the annual results of the All-Union Socialist Competition of the Red Banners of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League.

To award the winners in the All-Union Socialist Competition, establish the number of passing Red Banners of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol and Commemorative Signs according to the appendix (not given).

To reward workers, collective farmers, engineers and technicians, specialists and employees, to establish unified all-union badge "Drummer of the eleventh five-year plan" with the presentation of a memorable gift for achieving high rates in improving the efficiency and quality of work, ahead of schedule fulfillment of tasks and socialist obligations ... "

For the 11th five-year plan, the national task was to give the country's development even greater dynamism through more efficient use of production assets, their further development and renewal, the introduction of advanced technologies and the achievements of scientific and technological progress, especially in heavy industry. In the light and food industry, along with the creation of new capacities, the expansion and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises was actively carried out. The total length of the main oil and gas pipelines and branches from them reached 54,000 and 112,000 km, respectively. On the whole, during the five-year period, the national income and the gross social product increased by another 19 percent. Real incomes per capita, payments and benefits to the population from public consumption funds increased by 11 and 25 percent, respectively.

Badge "Drummer 11th Five-Year Plan" of the USSR is included in the list of departmental insignia in labor, giving the right to confer the title of "Veteran of Labor".

The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy (1928/29-1932/33) came into effect on October 1, 1928. By that time, the tasks of the five-year plan had not yet been approved. The plan was approved at the Fifth All-Union Congress of Soviets in May 1929.

First Five Year Plan. Cover

The main task of the five-year plan was to transform the country from an agro-industrial into an industrial one. The economic and financial condition of the country, its isolated position in the world sharply raised the question of the sources, rates and methods of industrialization. These problems were to be solved by the first five-year plan for 1928/29-1932/33.

Three main areas of capital mobilization were identified:

• accumulation in the industry itself;
• redistribution through the state budget of incomes of other sectors of the national economy;
• use of public savings.

Questions of raising labor productivity and the strictest regime of economy acquired the greatest importance.

Moscow Automobile Plant. The first cars on the assembly line

The five-year plan is based on the idea of ​​an optimal combination of heavy and light industry and agriculture. The plan was, as economists say, balanced and realistic. It was supposed to increase industrial production by 136%, increase labor productivity by 110%, and build 1,200 new factories.

At the end of 1929, the plan assignments of the First Five-Year Plan were revised in the direction of a sharp increase and the setting of economically unattainable goals. Stimulation of labor activity of workers was based at that time on enthusiasm and administrative levers.

The possibilities of material incentives were limited by the egalitarian tariff reform of 1928, the introduction of rationed supplies in cities.

At the beginning of 1930, new Stalinist directives appeared: 2,000 new factories instead of 1,200, an increase in industrial production by a factor of three instead of 136%.

In order to accelerate the development of industry, targets were raised for a number of industries—the production of pig iron, oil, and so on. The average annual increase in production, for example, for 1931 was raised to 45% instead of 22% according to the five-year plan.

Funds were transferred from the consumption fund to industry. Thus, during the First Five-Year Plan, the share of savings, which before the revolution amounted to no more than 10% of the national income, rose to approximately 29% in 1930, 40% in 1931, and 44% in 1932.

However, there was no general acceleration of economic growth. On the contrary, the industrial growth rate began to slow down. The first five-year plan was not fulfilled on the most important indicators: on the production of electricity, coal, oil, iron, mineral fertilizers, tractors, and motor vehicles. Instead of the planned 103%, the actual growth was 60-70%.

The most important construction projects of the first five-year plans

Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937)

The second five-year plan (1933-1937), approved by the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in early 1934, provided for the priority development of heavy industry and the completion of the reconstruction of the national economy based on the latest technology. Plan targets were moderate in comparison with the First Five-Year Plan. 4.5 thousand enterprises were built, the industry of the union republics developed at an accelerated pace. Powerful industrial centers and new branches of industry arose: chemical, machine-tool, tractor and aircraft construction.

The main conveyor of the machine-tool plant "Red Proletarian". 1933

Construction of the Mayakovskaya metro station

Order of the Badge of Honor. 1935

Very limited financial resources were allocated for the development of light industry.

The second five-year plan was marked by the wide scope of socialist emulation. The Stakhanov movement was widely developed. Its initiator Alexei Stakhanov

A.G. Stakhanov

in 1935 he set a record by completing 14 labor standards per shift.
Transformations of the economy, socio-political and national development of the USSR in the 1930s. necessitated the adoption of a new constitution. This happened on December 30, 1936. The Basic Law of the country fixed the official wording of the victory of socialism in the USSR.

The economy of the USSR in the late 30s. Third five-year plan

The development of the USSR in the late 30s. determined by assignments third five year plan(1938 - 1942). A political slogan was put forward—to overtake and outstrip the developed capitalist countries in terms of output per capita.

However, in practice, the leading positions achieved in the metallurgical, chemical, and machine-building industries were combined with a lag in the application of advanced technologies and in the production of consumer goods.

The main efforts in the Third Five-Year Plan were directed at the development of industries that ensured the country's defense capability. Their growth rates significantly exceeded those of industry as a whole. By 1941, up to 43% of total investment was directed to these industries.

During the years of the third five-year plan, special military-economic measures were taken. In the Urals, Siberia, and Central Asia, the fuel and energy base was developing at an accelerated pace. Of great importance was the creation second Baku” - a new oil-producing region between the Volga and the Urals.

Particular attention was paid to the construction of aviation, tank and other defense plants, the transfer of many enterprises of heavy and light industry to the production of military products. As a result, its volume increased sharply, mass production of small arms, artillery weapons and ammunition began. In the first months of the war, they began to produce automatic small arms (the Shpagin submachine gun - PPSh) and BM-13 (“Katyusha”) rocket artillery installations.

KE Voroshilov with a group of defense strikers, awarded the badge of honor "Voroshilovsky Shooter". 1935

At the same time, the policy in the field of armaments lagged behind the West and, above all, behind Nazi Germany. This was determined by the ongoing production of obsolete military equipment. The creation of modern weapons for that time was delayed.

Factory workers "Red Proletarian", awarded orders and medals of the USSR. 1939

The main task of the introduced planned economy was to build up the economic and military power of the state at the highest possible pace, at the initial stage it came down to the redistribution of the maximum possible amount of resources for the needs of industrialization.

Tasks of the first five-year plan

The first five-year plan (October 1, 1928 - October 1, 1933) was announced at the XVI Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (April 1929) as a complex of carefully thought out and realistic tasks.

This plan, immediately after its approval by the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the USSR in May 1929, gave grounds for the state to carry out a number of measures of an economic, political, organizational and ideological nature, which elevated industrialization to the status of a concept, the era of the "great turning point". The country had to expand the construction of new industries, increase the production of all types of products and begin to produce a new technology.

Features of the first five-year plan

A five-day work week ("five days") was introduced.

Using the mass media, the leadership of the USSR propagandized the mass mobilization of the population in support of industrialization. Komsomol members, in particular, received it with enthusiasm. Millions of people selflessly, almost by hand, built hundreds of factories, power plants, laid iron roads,underground.

Often had to work in three shifts. In 1930, the construction of about 1,500 facilities was launched, of which 50 absorbed almost half of all capital investments.

A number of gigantic transport and industrial facilities were erected: Turksib, DneproGES, metallurgical plants in Magnitogorsk, Lipetsk and Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk, Norilsk, as well as Uralmash, tractor plants in Stalingrad, Chelyabinsk, Kharkov, Uralvagonzavod, GAZ, ZIS (modern ZIL), etc. .

Buildings of the first five-year plan

In 1935, the first stage of the Moscow Metro was opened with a total length of 11.2 km.

Particular attention was paid to the industrialization of agriculture.

Thanks to the development of domestic tractor construction, in 1932 the USSR refused to import tractors from abroad, and in 1934 the Kirov Plant in Leningrad began to produce the Universal tractor, which became the first domestic tractor exported abroad. During the ten pre-war years, about 700 thousand tractors were produced, which accounted for 40% of their world production.

During the years of the first five-year plan were built

Engineers were invited from abroad, many well-known companies, such as Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG and General Electric, were involved in the work and supplied modern equipment. The domestic system of higher engineering and technical education was urgently created. In 1930, universal primary education was introduced in the USSR, and compulsory seven-year education was introduced in the cities.

In 1930, speaking at the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Stalin admitted that an industrial breakthrough was possible only if “socialism was built in one country” and demanded a multiple increase in the five-year plan targets, arguing that the plan could be overfulfilled in a number of indicators.

Since capital investment in heavy industry almost immediately exceeded the previously planned amount and continued to grow, money emission (that is, the printing of paper money) was sharply increased, and during the entire first five-year plan, the growth of the money supply in circulation more than doubled the growth in the production of consumer goods, leading to higher prices and shortages of consumer goods.

In parallel, the state moved to a centralized distribution of the means of production and consumer goods belonging to it, the introduction of command-administrative management methods and the nationalization of private property were carried out. A political system emerged based on the leading role of the CPSU(b), state ownership of the means of production, and a minimum of private initiative.

In order to increase incentives to work, pay became more tied to performance. Centers for the development and implementation of the principles of the scientific organization of labor were actively developed. One of the largest centers of this kind, the Central Institute of Labor (CIT), has created about 1,700 training centers with 2,000 highly qualified CIT instructors in different parts of the country. They operated in all leading sectors of the national economy - in engineering, metallurgy, construction, light and timber industries, on railways and motor transport, in agriculture and even in the navy.

The first five-year plan was associated with rapid urbanization. The urban labor force increased by 12.5 million, of which 8.5 million were from the countryside. The process continued for several decades, so that in the early 1960s the urban and rural populations became equal.

At the end of 1932, the successful and early completion of the first five-year plan was announced in four years and three months. Summing up its results, Stalin said that heavy industry had fulfilled the plan by 108%. During the period between October 1, 1928, and January 1, 1933, the production fixed assets of heavy industry increased 2.7 times.

Discussions during the NEP period

From Stalin's speech at the First All-Union Conference of Socialist Industry Workers on February 4, 1931.

Industrialization and cultural revolution

The origins of the first - Stalinist industrialization, plans for the industrial development of the country of the Tsar-martyr Nicholas II

Collectivization - industrialization of agriculture

The course for industrialization

Mobilization economy or what funds were used for industrialization?

Where does the money for industrialization come from?

About collectivization

The first is Stalinist industrialization: the first five-year plan

The first is Stalinist industrialization: the second five-year plan

The results of collectivization

The results of the industrial development of the USSR in the postwar years

The role of industrialization in winning the war

Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature

Quotes by I.V. Stalin about the personnel of industrialization

Quotes by I.V. Stalin on collectivization, on the need for collectivization

Quotes by I.V. Stalin on collective farm construction

Quotes by I.V. Stalin on industrialization

Quotes by I.V. Stalin on the results of collectivization

What would happen if the USSR - Soviet Russia joined the WTO in 1932?

• – The material and technical basis of socialism.
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Comparing the past and the present is necessary to improve the future, while it is desirable not to repeat the mistakes of the ancestors. The USSR is once a mighty superpower that made a significant contribution to the development of society in its time. Five-year plans were one of the cornerstones of the life of Soviet citizens. According to their results, historians can judge the industrialization of the country, compare the achievements of the past and the present, find out how far our generation has gone technologically and what else is worth striving for. So, the topic of this article is the five-year plan in the USSR. The table below will help to structure the acquired knowledge in a logical order.

First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932)

So, it began in the name of building socialism. The country after the revolution needed industrialization in order to keep up with the leading European powers. In addition, only with the help of a forced build-up of industrial potential could it be possible to rally the country and bring the USSR to a new military level, as well as to raise the level of agriculture throughout the vast territory. According to the government, a strict and irreproachable plan was needed.

Thus, the main goal was to build up military power as quickly as possible.

The main tasks of the first five-year plan

At the XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, at the end of 1925, Stalin expressed the idea that it was necessary to turn the USSR from a country importing imported weapons and equipment into a country that itself could produce and supply all this to other states. Of course, there were people who expressed an ardent protest, but it was suppressed by the opinion of the majority. Stalin himself became interested in making the country a leader in the very first five-year plan, putting metallurgy in first place. So, the process of industrialization had to go through 4 stages:

1. Revival of transport infrastructure.
2. Expansion of economic sectors related to the extraction of materials and agriculture.
3. Redistribution of state-owned enterprises across the territory.
4. Changes in the work of the energy complex.

All four processes did not take place in turn, but were intricately intertwined. Thus began the first five-year plan for the industrialization of the country.

It was not possible to realize all the ideas, however, the production of heavy industry increased almost 3 times, and mechanical engineering - 20 times. Naturally, such a successful completion of the project caused quite natural joy for the government. Of course, the first five-year plans in the USSR were hard for people. A table with the results of the first of them would contain the following words as a slogan or subtitle: "The main thing is to start!"

It was at this time that many recruiting posters appeared, reflecting the main goal and identity of the Soviet people.

The main construction projects at that time were coal mines in the Donbass and Kuzbass, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. Thanks to this, it was possible to achieve the financial independence of the USSR. The most prominent building is the DneproGES. The year 1932 was marked by the end of not only the first five-year plan, but also the most important construction for heavy industry.

The new power by leaps and bounds strengthens its status in Europe.

Five Year Plan Number Two (1933-1937)

The second five-year plan in high circles was called the "five-year plan of collectivization" or "public education." It was approved by the VII Congress of the CPSU (b). After heavy industry, the country needed the development of the national economy. It was this area that became the main goal of the second five-year plan.

The main directions of the second five-year plan

The main forces and finances of the government at the beginning of the "five-year plan of collectivization" were directed to the construction of metallurgical plants. Uralo-Kuzbass appeared, the first current of the DneproGES started up. The country did not lag behind in scientific achievements. So, the second five-year plan was marked by the first landing at the North Pole of the Papanin expedition, the polar station SP-1 appeared. The subway was under construction.

At this time, great emphasis was placed on among the workers. The most famous drummer of the five-year plan is Alexei Stakhanov. In 1935, he set a new record by completing the norm of 14 shifts in one shift.

Third Five-Year Plan (1938-1942)

The beginning of the third five-year plan was marked by the slogan: “To catch up and overtake the per capita production of the developed.”

Directions of the third five-year plan

By the beginning of 1941, almost half (43%) of the country's capital investments went to raising the level of heavy industry. On the eve of the war in the USSR, in the Urals and in Siberia, fuel and energy bases developed rapidly. It was necessary for the government to create a "second Baku" - a new oil production area, which was supposed to appear between the Volga and the Urals.

Particular attention was paid to tank, aviation and other plants of this kind. The level of production of ammunition and artillery pieces has increased significantly. However, the armament of the USSR still lagged behind the Western one, in particular from the German one, but they were not in a hurry with the release of new types of weapons even in the first months of the war.

Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950)

After the war, all countries had to revive their production and economy, the USSR managed to do this almost completely at the end of the 40s, when the fourth term began. The five-year plan did not imply an increase in military power, as before, but the revival of a society lost in all spheres of life during the war.

The main achievements of the fourth five-year plan

In just two years, the same level of industrial production as before the war was reached, even though the plans for the second and third five-year plans put forward harsh work standards. In 1950, the main production assets returned to the 1940 level. When the 4th Five-Year Plan ended, the industry grew by 41%, and the construction of buildings - by 141%.

The new DneproGES was put into operation again, all the mines of Donbass were restored. On this note, the 4th five-year period ended.

Fifth Five-Year Plan (1951-1955)

During the fifth five-year plan, atomic weapons became widespread, appeared in Obninsk, and at the beginning of 1953, N. S. Khrushchev took the post of head of state instead of I. V. Stalin.

The main achievements of the fifth five-year plan

As investments in industry doubled, so did the volume of output (by 71%), and in agriculture by 25%. Soon new metallurgical plants were built - Caucasian and Cherepovets. The Tsimlyanskaya and Gorkovskaya HPPs were featured in full or in part on the front page. And at the end of the fifth five-year plan, science heard about atomic and hydrogen bombs.

Finally, the first and Omsk oil refineries were built, and the rate of coal production increased significantly. And 12.5 million hectares of new lands came into circulation.

Sixth Five-Year Plan (1956-1960)

More than 2,500 major enterprises were put into operation when the sixth five-year plan began. At the end of it, in 1959, a parallel seven-year plan began. The national income of the country has risen by 50%. Capital investments at this time doubled again, which led to the extensive development of light industry.

The main achievements of the sixth five-year plan

The gross output of industry and agriculture increased by more than 60%. Gorkovskaya, Volzhskaya, Kuibyshevskaya were completed, and by the end of the five-year plan, the world's largest worsted plant was built in Ivanovo. Active development of virgin lands began in Kazakhstan. The USSR finally got a nuclear missile shield.

The world's first satellite was launched on October 4, 1957. Heavy industry developed with incredible efforts. However, there were more failures, so the government organized a seven-year plan, including the seventh five-year plan and the last two years of the sixth.

Seventh Five-Year Plan (1961-1965)

As you know, in April 1961, the first man in the world flew into space. This event marked the beginning of the seventh five-year plan. The national income of the country continues to grow rapidly and increases by almost 60% over the next five years. The level of gross industrial output increased by 83%, agriculture - by 15%.

By the middle of 1965, the USSR had taken a leading position in the extraction of coal and iron ore, as well as in the production of cement, and this is not surprising. The country was still actively developing heavy industry and the construction industry, cities were growing before our eyes, and cement was needed for strong buildings.

Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966-1970)

The five-year plan did not involve the production of materials, but the construction of new buildings and factories. Cities continue to expand. Leonid Brezhnev takes over as head of state. During these five years, many metro stations appeared, the West Siberian and Karaganda metallurgical plants, the first automobile plant VAZ (output: 600 thousand cars per year), the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station - the largest station in the world at that time.

Active housing construction solved the problem of deprivation (the echo of the war still echoed in the big cities). At the end of 1969, more than 5 million residents received new apartments. After the flight of Yu. A. Gagarin into space, astronomy made a big leap forward, the first lunar rover was created, soil was brought from the Moon, the machines reached the surface of Venus.

Ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975)

During the ninth five-year plan, more than a thousand industrial enterprises were built, the gross volume of industrial production increased by 45%, and that of agriculture - by 15%. The automotive industry is actively developing, cars and railways are being repaired. Capital investments exceeded 300 billion rubles a year.

The development of oil and gas wells in Western Siberia led to the construction of many enterprises, the laying of oil pipelines. Since, with the advent of a large number of factories, the level of the employed population also increased, the sign “Drummer of the Ninth Five-Year Plan” was established (for difference in labor and production).

Tenth Five-Year Plan (1976-1980)

The active increase in national income and industrial output begins to decline. Now the country does not need a huge growth of enterprises, but the stable development of all industries is always necessary.

Oil production came to the fore, so in five years a lot of oil pipelines were built, stretching across Western Siberia, where hundreds of stations deployed their work. The number of working equipment has increased significantly: tractors, combines, trucks.

Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981-1985)

An extremely turbulent time began for the USSR. Everyone in the government felt the coming of the crisis, for which there were many reasons: internal, external, political and economic. At one time, it was possible to change the structure of power without abandoning socialism, but none of this was produced. Because of the crisis, the people occupying the leading positions of the state were replaced very quickly. So, L. I. Brezhnev remained secretary of the CPSU Central Committee until 11/10/1982, Yu. V. Andropov held this position until 02/13/1984, K. U. Chernenko - until 03/10/1985.

Gas transportation from Western Siberia to Western Europe continues to develop. The Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod oil pipeline, 4,500 km long, was built, crossing the Ural Range and hundreds of rivers.

Twelfth Five-Year Plan (1986-1990)

The last five-year plan for the USSR. During her time, it was planned to implement a long-term economic strategy, but the plans were not destined to come true. At this time, many received the badge of the shock worker of the twelfth five-year plan: collective farmers, workers, specialists from enterprises, engineers ... It was planned (and partially implemented) to organize the production of light industry.

Five-year plans of the USSR: summary table

So, we briefly listed all the five-year plans in the USSR. The table presented to your attention will help to systematize and summarize the above material. It contains the most important aspects of each plan.

	Plan objectives	The main buildings of the five-year plans	Results
	At any cost, increase military power and increase the level of production of heavy industry.	Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, DneproGES, coal mines in Donbass and Kuzbass.	The production of heavy industry increased 3 times, and that of mechanical engineering increased 20 times, and unemployment was eliminated.
	JV Stalin: "We must catch up with the advanced countries in 5-10 years, otherwise we will be crushed." The country needed to increase the level of all types of industry, both heavy and light.	Uralo-Kuzbass is the second coal and metallurgical base of the country, the navigable canal "Moscow - Volga".	The national income and industrial production increased significantly (by 2 times), rural - by 1.5 times.
	Due to the aggressive policy of Nazi Germany, the main forces were thrown into the country's defense and the production of machines, as well as heavy industry.	The emphasis on educational institutions at the beginning of the five-year plan, after the efforts are transferred to the Urals: aircraft, machines, guns and mortars are produced there.	The country suffered heavy losses due to the war, but the defense capability and the production of heavy industry made significant progress.
4th	Restoration of the country after the Great Patriotic War. It is necessary to achieve the same level of production as in the pre-war period.	The DneproGES, power plants of Donbass and the North Caucasus are being put back into operation.	By 1948, the pre-war level was reached, the United States was deprived of its monopoly on atomic weapons, and prices for goods of first demand were significantly reduced.
	Increase in national income and industrial output.	Volga-Don Shipping Canal (1952). Obninsk NPP (1954).	Many reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations have been built, and the level of industrial production has doubled. Science learns about atomic and hydrogen bombs.
	Increased investment not only in heavy industry, but also in light industry, as well as in agriculture.	Gorky, Kuibyshev, Irkutsk and Worsted plant (Ivanovo).	Capital investments have almost doubled, and the lands of Western Siberia and the Caucasus are being actively developed.
	Increase in national income and development of science.		Increase in fixed production assets by 94%, national income increased by 62%, gross industrial output by 65%.
	An increase in all indicators: gross industrial output, agriculture, national income.	The Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Saratov hydroelectric power stations, the West Siberian Iron and Steel Works, and the Volga Automobile Plant (VAZ) are being built. The first lunar rover was created.	Astronomy advanced (soil was brought from the Moon, the surface of Venus was reached), nat. income grew by 44%, the volume of industry - by 54%.
	To develop the domestic economy and mechanical engineering.	Construction of refineries in Western Siberia, the beginning of the construction of an oil pipeline.	The chemical industry is developing significantly after the development of deposits in Western Siberia. 33 thousand km of gas pipelines and 22.5 thousand km of oil pipelines have been laid.
	Opening of new enterprises, development of Western Siberia and the Far East.	Kama plant, Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric power station.	The number of gas and oil pipelines has increased. New industries have emerged.
Eleventh	To increase the efficiency of the use of production assets.	The Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod oil pipeline, 4,500 km long.	The length of gas and oil pipelines has reached 110 and 56 thousand km, respectively. The national income has risen, social payments have been increased. The technical equipment of factories has been expanded.
twelfth	Implementation of the reformist economic strategy.	Mostly residential buildings are being built.	The production of light industry has been partially established. Increasing the power supply of enterprises.

However difficult these plans may be, the results of the five-year plans show the perseverance and courage of the people. Yes, not everything was done. The sixth five-year plan had to be "extended" at the expense of the seven-year plan.

Although five-year plans were difficult in the USSR (the table is a direct confirmation of this), the Soviet people steadfastly coped with all the norms and even overfulfilled their plans. The main slogan of all five-year plans was: "Five-year plan in four years!"