Drawing of the room with combined lighting. Calculation of the time of use of natural light in the premises

The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of the labor processes performed in the premises, as well as on the light and climatic features of the construction site of buildings. In this case, the following parameters must be defined:

characteristics and category of visual works;

a group of the administrative district in which the construction of the building is supposed;

normalized value of KEO, taking into account the nature of visual works and light and climatic features of the location of buildings;

the required uniformity of natural light;

the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the premises, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;

the need to protect the premises from the blinding action of sunlight.

The design of natural lighting of a building should be carried out in the following sequence:

determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;

choice of lighting systems;

choice of types of light openings and light-transmitting materials;

the choice of means to limit the blinding effect of direct sunlight;

taking into account the orientation of the building and light openings on the sides of the horizon;

performing a preliminary calculation of the natural lighting of the premises (determining the required area of light openings);

clarification of the parameters of light openings and rooms;

performing a test calculation of natural lighting of premises;

determination of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural lighting according to the norms;

determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and areas with insufficient natural light;

determination of requirements for the operation of light openings;

making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting project and re-checking the calculation (if necessary).

The system of natural lighting of the building (side, top or combined) should be chosen taking into account the following factors: the purpose and the accepted architectural, planning, volumetric and structural solution of the building;

requirements for natural lighting of premises, arising from the peculiarities of production technology and visual work; climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site; efficiency of natural lighting (in terms of energy costs).

Overhead and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in one-story public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).

Lateral natural lighting should be used in multi-story public and residential buildings, one-story residential buildings, as well as in one-story public buildings, in which the ratio of the depth of the premises to the height of the upper edge of the light opening above the conditional working surface does not exceed 8.

When choosing light openings and light-transmitting materials, the following should be taken into account:

requirements for natural lighting of premises; purpose, volume-spatial and constructive solution of the building; orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon; climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;

the need to protect the premises from insolation; degree of air pollution.

When designing lateral natural lighting, the shading created by opposing buildings should be taken into account. Accounting for shading is carried out in accordance with the section of this Code of Rules.

The choice of devices for protection against glare from direct sunlight should be made taking into account:

orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;

the direction of the sun's rays relative to a person in a room who has a fixed line of sight (a student at a desk, a draftsman at a drawing board, etc.);

working hours of the day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;

the difference between solar time, according to which solar maps are built, and maternity time, adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation.

When choosing means to protect against glare from direct sunlight, one should be guided by the requirements of building codes and regulations for the design of residential and public buildings (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).

In the case of a one-shift working (educational) process and the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture halls), when the premises are oriented to the western quarter of the horizon, the use of sun protection is not necessary.

In some cases, for example, when conducting examinations, there is a need for an objective assessment of the natural lighting of premises based on KEO measurements using luxmeters. Modern photometric devices have silicon photocells as a sensor, equipped with yellow and green light filters that correct their spectral sensitivity in accordance with the spectral sensitivity of the human eye, as well as special cosine correction nozzles. Correction of the spectral sensitivity and cosine can also be done with the help of a computer. Selenium photocells are used less frequently, since they are short-lived and require constant calibration on a photometric bench.

Their sensitivity depends on the air temperature. Taking into account that all calculations and KEO norms have the cloudy sky of the CIE as the main assumption, KEO measurements can be made only with continuous ten-point cloudiness. However, there may be exceptions, for example, in the case of measuring KEO in the presence of light guides or light guides. In this case, the value of KEO becomes conditional. And when measuring outdoor illumination, it is necessary to shield the direct light of the sun.

When calculating the efficiency of such devices, the total illumination from the direct sun and sky (Eq) should be taken as the value of outdoor illumination.

To measure KEO, a log of field measurements is prepared, which indicates the place, time and weather conditions during measurements, devices, proportionality coefficient between luxmeter readings (in the case of low-quality devices), geometric parameters of the room and light apertures, reflection coefficients of internal and adjacent external surfaces, view filling the opening and its pollution. The safety factor is determined by dividing the luxmeter readings when the sensor is positioned in a vertical plane outside the glass and inside behind the glass. The reflection coefficients of the surfaces are measured using a reflexometer. In addition to these data, the log must contain tables for recording the measurement results. The results of measurements indoors, usually at five points on the working surface, pre-marked according to a characteristic section, are synchronized in time with the results of measurements of outdoor illumination made in an open, unshaded area, preferably on the roof of a building. To do this, outdoor illumination is measured every minute. The measurement time is recorded next to each result. The internal illumination at the designated points is measured at the same time. The time of each measurement is also recorded. When filling in the measurement log, in the column "outdoor illumination" a result is selected that coincides in time with the result of measuring the internal illumination at a given point. Measurement at each point to eliminate random errors should be carried out at least twice. The results obtained must be averaged.

KEO in percent is determined by dividing the readings of the internal luxmeter by the readings of the external luxmeter and multiplied by 100. If there is a "calibration" coefficient k between the readings of the internal, determine by the formula

Natural lighting is the most favorable for vision, since sunlight is necessary for normal human life. Visible rays of the solar spectrum (400-760 microns) provide the function of vision, determine the natural biorhythm of the body, positively affect emotions, the intensity of metabolic processes; ultraviolet spectrum (290-400 microns) - stimulates the processes of metabolism, hematopoiesis, tissue regeneration and has anti-rachitic (vitamin D synthesis) and bactericidal action.

All premises with a permanent stay of people should, as a rule, have natural lighting.

Natural lighting of premises is created by direct, diffused and reflected sunlight. It can be side, top, combined. Lateral lighting - through light openings in the outer walls, upper - through light openings in the coating and lanterns, and combined - in the outer walls and coatings.

The most hygienic side lighting, penetrating through the windows, since the overhead light with the same glazing area creates less illumination of the room; in addition, skylights and lights located in the ceiling are less convenient for cleaning and require special tools for this purpose. It is possible to use secondary lighting, i.e. lighting through glazed partitions from an adjacent room equipped with windows. However, it does not meet hygienic requirements and is allowed only in such premises as corridors, wardrobes, bathrooms, showers, utility rooms, washing departments.

The design of natural lighting for buildings should be based on a detailed study of technological or other processes performed indoors, as well as on the light and climatic features of the territory. This takes into account:

Characteristics of visual work; location of the building on the light climate map;

The required uniformity of natural lighting;

Equipment location;

The desired direction of incidence of the light flux on the work surface;

The duration of the use of natural light during the day;

The need for protection from the glare of direct sunlight.

As hygienic indicators of natural illumination of premises, the following are used:

Coefficient of natural illumination (KEO) - the ratio of natural illumination inside the premises at control measurement points (at least 5) to the illumination outside the building (%). There are two groups of methods for determining KEO - instrumental and calculation.

In rooms with side lighting, the minimum value of the coefficient is normalized, and in rooms with overhead and combined lighting - the average. For example, KEO in sales areas with side lighting should be 0.4-0.5%, with top lighting - 2%.

For public catering enterprises, when designing side natural lighting, KEO should be: for halls, buffets - 0.4-0.5%; hot, cold, confectionery, pre-preparation and procurement shops - 0.8-1%; washing kitchen and tableware - 0.4-0.5%.

Light coefficient - the ratio of the area of the glazed surface of windows to the area of the floor. In industrial, commercial and administrative premises, it should be at least -1:8, in household - 1:10.

However, this coefficient does not take into account climatic conditions, architectural features of the building and other factors affecting the intensity of lighting. So, the intensity of natural lighting largely depends on the arrangement and location of windows, their orientation to the cardinal points, the shading of windows by nearby buildings, green spaces.

Incident angle - the angle formed by two lines, one of which runs from the workplace to the upper edge of the glazed part of the window opening, the other - horizontally from the workplace to the window. The angle of incidence decreases with distance from the window. It is believed that for normal illumination with natural light, the angle of incidence must be at least 27 °. The higher the window, the greater the angle of incidence.

Opening angle - the angle formed by two lines, one of which connects the workplace with the upper edge of the window, the other - with the highest point of the obscuring object located in front of the window (opposing building, tree, etc.). With such dimming, the illumination in the room may turn out to be unsatisfactory, although the angle of incidence and light coefficient are quite sufficient. The hole angle must be at least 5o.

The illumination of the premises is directly dependent on the number, shape and size of windows, as well as on the quality and cleanliness of the glass.

Dirty glass with double glazing reduces natural light to 50-70%, smooth glass retains 6-10% of light, frosted - 60, frozen - up to 80%.

The color of the walls affects the illumination of the premises: white reflects up to 80% of the sun's rays, gray and yellow - 40%, and blue and green - 10-17%.

To make better use of the light flux entering the room, walls, ceilings, and equipment should be painted in light colors. Particularly important is the light coloring of window frames, ceilings, and upper parts of walls, which provide maximum reflected light rays.

Dramatically reduces the natural illumination of the premises by cluttering up the light openings. Therefore, enterprises are prohibited from filling windows with equipment, products, containers both inside and outside the building, as well as replacing glass with plywood, cardboard, etc.

In warehouses, lighting is usually not provided, and in some cases it is undesirable (for example, in pantries for storing vegetables), and is not allowed (in refrigerators). However, for the storage of flour, cereals, pasta, food concentrates, dried fruits, natural lighting is advisable.

In case of insufficient natural light, combined lighting is allowed, in which both natural and artificial light are used.

More on the topic Hygienic requirements for natural light:

Hygienic requirements for natural and artificial lighting of pharmacies, warehouses for small wholesale trade in pharmaceutical products.
Hygienic standards for the microclimate of sports facilities of various specializations. Natural and artificial lighting of sports facilities, taking into account hygiene standards.
Research and hygienic assessment of natural lighting conditions.
Topic 7. Hygienic assessment of the conditions of natural and artificial lighting in the premises of pharmacies and pharmaceutical enterprises.
Hygienic assessment of the insolation regime, natural and artificial lighting (on the example of the premises of medical and preventive and educational institutions)

9.1 A technical and economic assessment of various options for natural and combined lighting of premises should be carried out for the whole year or its individual seasons. The duration of the use of natural lighting should be determined by the intermediate time between the moments of turning off (in the morning) and turning on (in the evening) artificial lighting, when natural illumination becomes equal to the normalized illumination value from the installation of artificial lighting.

In the premises of residential and public buildings, in which the calculated value of KEO is 80% or less than the normalized value of KEO, the norms of artificial illumination are increased by one step on the illumination scale.

9.2 The calculation of natural illumination in the premises should be made depending on the groups of administrative districts according to the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation and the period of the year under consideration:

a) when buildings are located in the 1st, 3rd and 4th groups of administrative districts for all months of the year - according to the cloudy year;

b) when buildings are located in the 2nd and 5th groups of administrative districts for the winter half of the year (November, December, January, February, March, April) - according to the cloudy sky, for the summer half of the year (May, June, July, August , September, October) - over a cloudless sky.

9.3 The average natural illumination in a room with overhead illumination from a cloudy sky at any time of the day is determined by the formula

where e cf- average value of KEO; determined by the formula (B.8) of Appendix B;

Outdoor horizontal illumination in overcast conditions; taken according to Table B.1 of Appendix B.

Note - The values of outdoor illumination in Appendix D are given for local mean solar time T M. The transition from local standard time to local mean solar time is carried out according to the formula

T M = T D – N+ l - 1, (14)

where T D- local standard time;

N- time zone number (Figure 25);

l is the geographical longitude of the point, expressed in hours (15° = 1 hour).

9.4 The value of natural light at a given point BUT under side illumination in conditions of continuous cloudiness is determined by the formula

where is the calculated value of KEO at the point BUT rooms with side lighting; determined by the formula (B.1) of Appendix B;

Outdoor illumination on a horizontal surface with a cloudy sky.

Calculation of natural light at a given point M rooms from windows in a cloudless sky should be done:

a) in the absence of sun protection in light openings and opposing buildings according to the formula

; (16)

b) when windows are shaded by opposing buildings according to the formula

c) in the presence of sunscreens in the light apertures according to the formula

, (18)

where e b i- geometric KEO, determined by the formula (B.9);

b b- coefficient of relative brightness of the area of the sky, visible through the aperture; take according to table 11;

Outdoor illumination on a vertical surface, created by the diffused light of a cloudless sky; taken depending on the orientation of the surface of the facade of the building and the time of day according to Table B.3 of Appendix B;

Figure 25- Map of time zones

b f i- average relative brightness of the facades of opposing buildings; determined according to Table B.2 of Appendix B;

Determined by the formula (B.5);

r f- weighted average reflection coefficient of the facades of opposing buildings; accept according to table B.3 of Appendix B;

Outdoor total illumination on a vertical surface, created by the diffused light of the sky, the direct light of the sun and the light reflected from the earth's surface; taken according to Table B.4 of Appendix B.

The calculation of the average natural illumination in the room from a cloudless sky with overhead lighting, depending on the type of light opening, is carried out:

a) with light openings in the plane of the coating, filled with light-scattering materials, according to the formula

b) with light openings in the plane of the coating, filled with translucent materials, according to the formula

c) with lanterns shed according to the formula

d) with rectangular lanterns according to the formula

where t about- see formula (B.1);

r 2 and k f- see formula (B.2);

e Wed- see formula (B.7);

The total outdoor illumination on a horizontal surface, created by a cloudless sky and direct sunlight; accept according to Table B.3 of Appendix B;

Outdoor illumination on a horizontal surface, created by a cloudless sky; accept according to Table B.3 of Appendix B;

b B- coefficient of relative brightness of cloudless sky areas visible through light openings; take according to table 12;

See formula (16);

I - outdoor illumination on two opposite sides of the vertical surface; taken according to Table B.4 of Appendix B.

Notes

1 Direct sunlight in the calculations of illumination is taken into account if there are sunscreens or light-scattering materials in the light openings; otherwise, direct sunlight is ignored.

2 The values of the calculated coefficients in tables 11 and 12 are given for local mean solar time.

Table 11

Orientation of light openings	The value of the coefficient b b
Time of day, h

AT		3,1		1,9	1,4	1,25	1,2	1,3	1,4	1,55	1,7	1,8	1,9	1,95	1,85
SE	1,05	1,1	1,45	2,5	2,6	1,9	1,5	1,3	1,25	1,3	1,35	1,45	1,6	1,85	1,9
YU	1,5	1,35	1,1	1,2	1,3	1,5	1,7	1,85	1,7	1,5	1,3	1,2	1,1	1,35	1,5
SW	1,9	1,85	1,6	1,45	1,35	1,3	1,25	1,3	1,5	1,9	2,6	2,5	1,45	1,1	1,05
W	1,85	1,95	1,9	1,8	1,7	1,55	1,4	1,3	1,2	1,25	1,4	1,9		3,1
NW	1,3	1,5	1,7	1,75	1,75	1,7	1,6	1,5	1,4	1,3	1,25	1,25	1,3	1,9	2,9
With	1,2	1,2	1,3	1,45	1,5	1,6	1,6	1,65	1,6	1,6	1,5	1,45	1,3	1,2	1,2
SW	2,9	1,9	1,3	1,25	1,25	1,3	1,4	1,5	1,6	1,7	1,75	1,75	1,7	1,5	1,3

Table 12

Light opening type	The value of the coefficient b B
Time of day, h

Rectangular lantern	1,3	1,42	1,52	1,54	1,42	1,23	1,15	1,14	1,15	1,23	1,42	1,54	1,52	1,42	1,3
In-plane coverage	0,7	0,85	0,95	1,05	1,1	1,14	1,16	1,17	1,16	1,14	1,1	1,05	0,95	0,85	0,7
Shed (NW, N, NE oriented)		1,17	1,13	1,04	0,95	0,9	0,85	0,8	0,85	0,9	0,95	1,04	1,13	1,17

Examples of calculating the time of using natural light in rooms

Example 1

It is required to determine how the duration of the use of natural lighting in March will change for an average day in a workroom with overhead natural lighting through skylights and with a general fluorescent lighting system if the designed area of skylights is halved and switched to combined lighting.

The working room is located in Moscow, the accuracy of the visual work performed in it corresponds to the B-1 category of the norms according to Appendix I SNiP 23-05.

The originally designed area of the lanterns provided an average KEO in the working room of 5%; when the area of the lanterns is halved, the average value of KEO is 2.5%. The work is carried out in two shifts from 07:00 to 21:00 local time.

Decision

1 In accordance with Table 1 of the list of administrative districts according to the light climate resources of the Russian Federation, Moscow is located in the first group and, therefore, the calculation of natural illumination in the room is performed for cloudy sky conditions.

2 From table B.1 of Appendix B, write out in table 13 the value of the external horizontal illumination with continuous cloudiness for different hours of the day in March.

Table 13

Time of day (local solar time)	Outdoor horizontal illumination, lx	Average natural light indoors E Wed, OK
at KEO = 5%	at KEO = 2.5%












	-	-	-
	-	-	-
	-	-	-

3 Sequentially substituting the value in the formula (13), determine for the corresponding time points the values of the average illumination inside the room E cp. The calculation results are recorded in table 13.

4 According to the found values E cp build a graph (Figure 26) of changes in natural light in the room during the working day at KEO = 5% and 2.5%.

5 In Appendix AND SNiP 23-05, they find that for a workroom located in Moscow, the normalized KEO value for B-1 work category is 3%.

1 - change in natural illumination in the room at KEO equal to 5%; 2 - the same, 2.5%; BUT- point corresponding to the time of turning off the artificial lighting in the morning;

B- a point corresponding to the time when artificial lighting is turned on in the evening

Figure 26- Graph of changes in natural light in the room during the working day

The normalized illumination is 300 lux. When the area of the lanterns is halved, the average calculated value of the KEO is 0.5 of the normalized value of the KEO; in this case, in the working room, the normalized value of illumination from artificial lighting must be increased by one step, i.e., instead of 300 lux, 400 lux should be taken.

6 On the ordinate of the graph of Figure 26, a point is found corresponding to an illumination of 300 lux, through which a horizontal line is drawn until it intersects with the curve in the first and second half of the day. points BUT and B intersections with the curve are projected onto the x-axis. Dot a on the x-axis corresponds to the time ta= 8 h 20 min, dot b - t b= 15 h 45 min.

The time of using natural lighting in the working room with an average KEO of 3% is determined as the difference t b - t a= 7 h 25 min.

7 From Figure 26 it follows that the horizontal corresponding to the illumination of 400 lux does not intersect with the curve of changes in natural illumination at an average KEO = 2.5%, which means that the time of using natural lighting in a workroom with a halved area of lamps is equal to zero , i.e., during the entire working time, constant additional artificial lighting should work in the working room.

Example 2

It is required to determine the natural illumination and the duration of the use of natural illumination during the day in September with continuous cloudiness at three points A, B and C (Figure 27) of the characteristic section of the school class at the level of desks (0.8 m from the floor). The points are located at the following distances from the outer wall with windows: BUT- 1.5 m, B- 3 m and AT- 4.5 m. Estimated value of KEO at the point A e A= 4.5%, at the point B e B= 2.3, at the point B e B= 1.6%. The normalized illumination in the classroom from the installation of artificial lighting is 300 lux. The school is located in Belgorod (50°N) and operates in one shift from 8 am to 2 pm (local solar time).

Decision

1 From table B.1 of Appendix B, write out the values of outdoor illumination during the day for September. By successively substituting the values into formula (15), we obtain the values of natural illumination at given points E ha, E GB, E gV. The calculation results are recorded in table 14.

BUT, B, AT- Estimated points

Figure 27- Schematic cross section of a school classroom

Note - Given that in Table B.1 of Appendix B for 50 ° N. sh. outdoor illumination is not given, find the required value of outdoor illumination by linear interpolation.

Table 14

2 According to Table 14, a graph of Figure 28 is built, for this, a horizontal line is drawn through the point of the y-axis, which corresponds to an illumination of 300 lux, until it intersects with the illumination curves E ha, E GB, E gV(curves 1 , 2 , 3 ).

3 Project the intersection points of the horizontal with the curves on the x-axis; time of use of natural light at the point BUT determined from the ratio:

t 2 - t 1 = 14:00 - 8:20 = 5:40

From figure 28 it follows that at the points B and AT with continuous cloudiness in autumn, it is necessary to have constant additional artificial lighting, since throughout the day on the second and third rows of desks, natural illumination is below the normalized value.

1 - at the point BUT; 2 - at the point B; 3 - at the point AT

Figure 28- Graph of changes in natural light at three calculated points of the school class during the working day

When illuminating industrial premises, use daylight, is carried out due to direct and reflected light of the sky.

From a physiological point of view, natural lighting is the most favorable for humans. During the day, it varies within a fairly wide range depending on the state of the atmosphere (cloudiness). The light, having entered the room, is repeatedly reflected from the walls and ceiling, hits the illuminated surface at the point under study. Thus, the illumination at the point under study is the sum of the illuminations.

Structurally, natural lighting is divided into:

lateral(one-, two-sided) - carried out through light openings (windows) in the outer walls;

top- through light openings located in the upper part (roof) of the building;

combined– a combination of top and side lighting.

Natural lighting is characterized by the fact that the created illumination varies depending on the time of day, year, meteorological conditions. Therefore, as a criterion for assessing natural lighting, a relative value is taken - daylight factor(KEO), or e, independent of the above parameters.

Daylight ratio (KEO) - the ratio of illumination at a given point inside the room E ext to the simultaneous value of the external horizontal illumination E n, created by the light of a completely open sky (not covered by buildings, structures, trees) expressed as a percentage, i.e.:

(8) where E ext– illumination indoors at the control point, lx;

E n - simultaneously measured illumination outside the room, lx.

For measuring actual KEO needs to be carried out simultaneous measurements indoor lighting E ext at the control point and outdoor illumination on a horizontal platform under the fully open sky E n , free from items(buildings, trees ) covering parts of the sky. KEO measurements can only be carried out with continuous uniform ten-point cloudiness(overcast, no gaps). Measurements are taken by two observers using two lux meters simultaneously (observers must be equipped with chronometers).

Checkpoints for measurements should be selected in accordance with GOST 24940–96 “Buildings and structures. Methods for measuring illumination.

The KEO values for various premises lie in the range of 0.1–12%. Rationing of natural lighting is carried out in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting".

In small rooms with unilateral lateral illumination is normalized (i.e. the actual illumination is measured and compared with the norms) minimum value of KEO at a point located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the premises and the conditional working surface at a distance of 1 m from the wall, most remote from light openings.

Working surface- the surface on which the work is performed and on which the illumination is normalized or measured.

Conditional work surface- a horizontal surface at a height of 0.8 m from the floor.

Typical section of the room- this is a cross section in the middle of the room, the plane of which is perpendicular to the plane of the glazing of the light openings (with side lighting) or the longitudinal axis of the spans of the room.

At bilateral lateral lighting rationing minimum value of KEO- in the plane in the middle premises.

AT oversized industrial premises at lateral lighting, the minimum value of KEO is normalized at the point remote from light openings:

at 1.5 heights of the room - for works of I-IV categories;

at 2 heights of the room - for works of V-VII categories;

at 3 heights of the room for work of the VIII category.

At upper and combined lighting is normalized the average value of KEO at points located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the conditional work surface or floor. The first and last points are taken at a distance of 1 m from the surface of walls or partitions.

(9)

where e 1 , e 2 ,..., e n - KEO values at individual points;

n- number of lighting control points.

It is allowed to divide the room into zones with different conditions of natural light, the calculation of natural light is carried out in each zone independently of each other.

At inadequate by standards natural light in the production premises supplement with artificial lighting. Such lighting is called combined .

In industrial premises with visual work of I-III categories, combined lighting should be arranged.

In large-span assembly shops, in which work is carried out in a significant part of the volume of the room at different levels from the floor and on work surfaces differently oriented in space, overhead natural lighting is used.

Natural light should evenly illuminate workplaces. For overhead and combined natural lighting, determine irregularity natural lighting of industrial premises, which should not exceed 3:1 for works I–VI discharges according to visual conditions, i.e.

(10)

certain according to table 1 SNiP 23-05-95 KEO value, to be specified taking into account the characteristics of visual work, lighting systems, location of buildings in the country according to the formula

, (11)

where N- number of the natural light supply group (Appendix D SNiP 23-05-95);

e n- coefficient of natural light (Table 1 SNiP 23-05-95);

m N- coefficient of light climate, determined depending on the location of the building on the territory of the country and the orientation of the building relative to the cardinal points (see Table 4 SNiP 23–05–95).

SEI HPE "Surgut State University"

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

Department of Life Safety

Course work

Topic: "Calculation of natural lighting"

Completed by: student 04-42 group 5 course

Faculty of Chemistry and Technology

SemenovaYuliyaOlegovna

Teacher:

PhD, Associate Professor

Andreeva Tatyana Sergeevna

Coursework contains: 15 figures, 9 tables, 2 used sources (including SP 23-102-2003 and SNiP 23-05-95), calculation formulas, calculations, plan and section of the room (sheet 1, sheet 2, format A 3).

The purpose of the work: to determine the area of light openings, that is, the number and geometric dimensions of windows that provide the normalized value of the KEO.

Object of study: office.

Scope of work: 41 pages.

The result of the work: the selected dimensions of the light opening meet the requirements of the standards for combined lighting of the office.

Introduction 4

Chapter 1. Types of natural lighting 5

Chapter 2. The principle of rationing natural light 6

Chapter 3 Designing Natural Lighting 9

Chapter 4

4.1. Choice of daylight factor values 12

4.2. Preliminary calculation of the area of light openings and KEO with side lighting 13

4.3. Check calculation of KEO with side lighting 16

4.4. Preliminary calculation of the area of light openings and KEO with overhead lighting 19

4.5. Checking calculation of KEO with overhead lighting 23

Chapter 5. Calculation of natural lighting in the office 29

Tables 32

Conclusion 39

References 40

Introduction

Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural lighting.

Natural lighting - lighting of premises with direct or reflected light penetrating through the light openings in the external enclosing structures. Natural lighting should be provided, as a rule, in rooms with a permanent stay of people. Without natural lighting, it is allowed to design certain types of industrial premises in accordance with the Sanitary Design Standards for Industrial Enterprises.

Types of natural lighting

There are the following types of natural lighting of premises:

lateral one-sided - when the light openings are located in one of the outer walls of the room,

Figure 1 - Lateral one-sided natural lighting

lateral - light openings in two opposite outer walls of the room,

Figure 2 - Lateral daylight

upper - when the lanterns and light openings in the coating, as well as light openings in the walls of the building height difference,

· combined - the light openings provided for lateral (top and side) and top illumination.

The principle of rationing natural light

Natural lighting is used for general lighting of production and utility rooms. It is created by the radiant energy of the sun and has the most favorable effect on the human body. Using this type of lighting, one should take into account meteorological conditions and their changes during the day and periods of the year in a given area. This is necessary in order to know how much natural light will enter the room through the arranged light openings of the building: windows - with side lighting, skylights of the upper floors of the building - with overhead lighting. With combined natural lighting, side lighting is added to the top lighting.

Premises with permanent residence of people should have natural lighting. The dimensions of the light openings established by calculation can be changed by +5, -10%.

The unevenness of natural lighting in the premises of industrial and public buildings with overhead or overhead and natural side lighting and the main rooms for children and adolescents with side lighting should not exceed 3:1.

Sun protection devices in public and residential buildings should be provided in accordance with the chapters of SNiP on the design of these buildings, as well as with the chapters on building heat engineering.

The quality of natural light illumination is characterized by the coefficient of natural illumination to eo, which is the ratio of the illumination on a horizontal surface inside the room to the simultaneous horizontal illumination outside,

where E in - horizontal illumination indoors in lux;

E n - horizontal illumination outside in lux.

With side lighting, the minimum value of the coefficient of natural illumination is normalized - to eo min, and for overhead and combined lighting - its average value - to eo cf. The method for calculating the coefficient of natural illumination is given in the Sanitary Design Standards for Industrial Enterprises.

In order to create the most favorable working conditions, natural light standards have been established. In cases where natural illumination is insufficient, work surfaces should be additionally illuminated by artificial light. Mixed lighting is allowed provided that additional lighting is provided only for working surfaces in general natural lighting.

Building codes and regulations (SNiP 23-05-95) establish the coefficients of natural illumination of industrial premises depending on the nature of the work according to the degree of accuracy.

To maintain the necessary illumination of the premises, the norms provide for the mandatory cleaning of windows and skylights from 3 times a year to 4 times a month. In addition, walls and equipment should be systematically cleaned and painted in light colors.

Standards for natural lighting of industrial buildings, reduced to the rationing of K.E.O., are presented in SNiP 23-05-95. To facilitate the rationing of the illumination of workplaces, all visual works are divided into eight categories according to the degree of accuracy.

SNiP 23-05-95 establish the required value of K.E.O. depending on the accuracy of the work, the type of lighting and the geographical location of the production. The territory of Russia is divided into five light zones, for which the K.E.O. are determined by the formula:

where N is the number of the group of the administrative-territorial region according to the provision with natural light;

The value of the coefficient of natural illumination, selected according to SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual work in a given room and the natural lighting system.

The light climate coefficient, which is found according to the SNiP tables, depending on the type of light openings, their orientation along the horizon and the group number of the administrative area.

To determine the compliance of natural illumination in the production room with the required standards, the illumination is measured with overhead and combined lighting - at various points in the room, followed by averaging; at the side - at the least illuminated workplaces. At the same time, the external illumination and the K.E.O. determined by calculation are measured. compared with the norm.

Natural Lighting Design