Industrial technology for growing cabbage.
Cabbage is the leading vegetable crop in our country. Its crops cover annually about 250-290 thousand hectares. 54% of its crops are concentrated in the RSFSR, 27% - in Ukraine, 19% - in other republics.
White cabbage
It occupies 98% of the total area under cabbage. The average yield in the country as a whole is about 22-26 t/ha, in the Non-Chernozem zone - 28.5 t/ha, and advanced farms receive 50-60 and up to 100 t/ha.
cabbage varieties
In the USSR, 70 varieties of white cabbage have been zoned. According to the duration of the growing season, they are divided into early ripening (70-115 days), medium early (115-130), mid-ripening (130-145), medium-late (145-160) and late-ripening (more than 160 days).
Early ripening varieties include Skorospelaya and Kuuziku varayan, June, Number One Gribovsky 147, Number One Polar K-206 and Dymerskaya 7. In the southern regions with mild winters, winter varieties Derbent Local Improved and Derbentsko-Kusarchayskaya are cultivated. Early ripe varieties are strongly affected by clubroot, are unstable to cracking and are prone to flowering; their main advantage is that they allow you to get a very early production of summer vegetables from open ground.
Mid-early varieties - Golden Hectare 1432 and Stakhanovka 1513, mid-season - Slava Gribovskaya 231, Slava 1305 and new promising varieties Nadezhda and Sibiryachka. A number of varieties resistant to keel have been bred at NIIOKh. These include the mid-season varieties Losinoostrovskaya 8 and Taininskaya, which yield 2-2.5 times more yield than Slava 1305 on acidified soils.
The best mid-late varieties are Podarok, Belorusskaya 455, Braunschveigskaya, Kashirskaya 202. Promising new varieties are Stolichnaya, Yelenovskaya (Ukrainian SSR), Rusinovka (BSSR), as well as the kilo-resistant Ladozhskaya 22, Winter Gribovskaya 13 and Harvest. Of the late-ripening group, the most common are Moscow late 15, Amager 611, Zimovka 1474. In the southern regions, the varieties Zavadovskaya, Biryuchekutskaya 138, Yuzhanka 31, Judge 146, Volgogradskaya 42, Snow White, Kharkov Winter are also grown. The keel-resistant variety Moskovskaya late 9 is promising, yielding a yield of 12-15 t/ha more than Moskovskaya late 15 on soured soils.
Site selection, place in crop rotation
Early cabbage is placed on sandy and light loamy soils. Peaty and heavy loamy floodplain soils are unsuitable for it. Soddy-podzolic soils on low relief elements or floodplain highly fertile soils are allotted for late cabbage. Acidic or acidic soils are unsuitable for growing late cabbage. On floodplain lands, early cabbage is placed on the riverine part of the floodplain, late - on the central, middle - on the terraced part. For cabbage, despite its high demands on moisture, it is necessary to choose fields with good drainage.
In most areas of our country, the best predecessors of cabbage are annual and perennial herbs, carrots, early potatoes, onions, tomatoes, and cucumbers. It is most effective to use perennial grasses as a precursor for two years, however, in specialized farms (Non-Chernozem zone) with intensive vegetable growing, their use throughout the year also allows you to get high yields, maintain soil fertility and provide livestock feed.
Repeated plantings of cabbage after cabbage sharply reduce the yield (according to NIIOKh, in the second year - by 20-29%, in the third - by 39%, in the fourth - by 1.8-2.2 times). However, in areas where cabbage is the leading crop (Non-Chernozem zone), repeated plantings of its keel-resistant varieties are acceptable after perennial grasses and green manure plowing. The convergence of two fields with this crop in the crop rotation increases the gap in time until the next planting of it in this field, which allows you to create natural conditions for improving the soil. Good predecessors of cabbage in the Non-Chernozem zone are a layer of perennial grasses, a mixture of annual fodder crops with a predominance of legumes for fodder and green manure, carrots and potatoes; satisfactory - the turnover of the layer, cabbage, going along the layer and green manure, and bad - cabbage and table beets.
Basic and pre-sowing tillage
Autumn tillage for cabbage consists of peeling and plowing. Peeling in order to provoke the emergence of weed shoots, it is advisable to carry out in areas with a fairly high air temperature at this time and a long post-harvest period. Fields littered with young weeds peel to a depth of 5-6 cm, perennial - 10-14 cm.
Soil cultivation with cultivators or heavy disc harrows contributes to a good crushing of plant residues and mixing them with the soil, as well as crumbling the top layer, leveling the surface and quality autumn plowing, which should be carried out as early as possible. Soddy-podzolic soils are plowed to the depth of the arable layer, chernozems - to a depth of 27-30 cm, floodplain mineral soils with a fairly thick fertile and uniform layer - 25-30 cm, peat - 30-35 cm. If the arable layer is not thick enough and heterogeneous in depth, it is deepened annually by 2-3 cm with the obligatory application of organic fertilizers. In floodplain areas with slow flooding and water decline, autumn plowing should also be carried out.
NIIOKh has developed methods of soil cultivation that help reduce the weediness of floodplain lands and improve their sanitary condition, their essence lies in the alternation of deep and shallow, moldboard and non-moldboard tillage. So, once every 3-4 years, it is advisable to plow the fallow with a plantation plow to a depth of 40-45 cm or once every 2-3 years with a two-tier plow to a depth of 30 cm (in the presence of a deep fertile arable layer). In subsequent years, non-moldboard loosening is carried out. Such methods of tillage increase the effectiveness of mechanical and chemical methods of weed control in cabbage plantings. With moldboard treatments, weed seeds are plowed to a considerable depth, from where they cannot germinate, and with non-moldboard treatments, they remain on the surface and are destroyed by herbicides. In the experiments of NIIOKh, the combination of various types of treatments in the crop rotation for 6 years reduced the infestation of cabbage plantings by 5-6 times.
To preserve the moisture reserves in the soil, early spring harrowing is carried out. However, the lowered, long-term non-drying areas of the floodplain and the fields intended for the first dates of planting cabbage are not harrowed. In the latter case, it is very important not to miss the timing of planting seedlings, and the lost moisture can be replenished by watering. On light soils, cultivation is carried out with simultaneous harrowing and rolling; on connected, strongly compacted and heavy - plowing. But it should be remembered that when plowing waterlogged unripe soil, large blocks are turned out to the surface, which are difficult to grind during subsequent processing. Therefore, in order not to delay the start of field work in anticipation of the ripening of the soil, it is better to plow the land smaller, using tools with active working bodies for this purpose. The cutter contributes to the creation of a finely cloddy, well-loosened arable layer. Its treatment of unripe soil, especially in rainy springs, allows timely preparation of the soil and planting, while the growth and development of plants is accelerated, and the yield of products during the first harvest of heads of cabbage increases by 25-30%.
With a long pre-planting period (when growing mid-ripening varieties of cabbage), weeds may appear; in this case, an additional pre-sowing treatment is carried out with a cultivator with lancet paws. On peat soils, in the absence of autumn plowing, disking in 1-2 tracks and harrowing are carried out before planting. Peat soils in all cases must be compacted before planting cabbage, since their optimal density is higher than the equilibrium one. Rolling the soil in spring with heavy water-filled rollers increases the yield of cabbage by 28-29%. The degree of soil compaction is regulated by filling the rink with water, depending on the moisture content and the degree of peat decomposition.
Chernozem soils are harrowed in spring in 1-2 tracks to cover moisture and cultivated 2-3 times. Heavily clogged areas are treated with tools with undercutting hollow paws. On soils of heavier mechanical composition, deep subsurface loosening is effective. To regulate the water-air and thermal regimes of the soil in areas with excessive moisture and in areas with low relief and a high level of standing groundwater, cabbage is cultivated on a profiled surface. This allows you to get higher yields of cabbage. When preparing the soil, such an area is cultivated that can be planted with seedlings on the same day. The gap between pre-planting tillage and planting cabbage is unacceptable due to the possibility of drying out of its top layer.
cabbage fertilizer
White cabbage, as a high-yielding vegetable crop, removes a large amount of nutrients from the soil. Compared to other vegetable plants, it is more demanding on nitrogen. When growing early varieties of this crop, a high nitrogen background is required with moderate phosphorus-potassium nutrition, mid-ripening varieties need large doses of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and late varieties going into storage need increased potassium and phosphorus nutrition with good nitrogen supply. At the beginning of the growing season, cabbage plants of all varieties consume nitrogen more strongly, and during the formation of heads, phosphorus and potassium. However, the lack of available phosphoric acid in the soil during the first period of plant growth causes irreversible physiological disorders that cannot be eliminated by subsequent application of even high doses of phosphate fertilizers.
The amount of nutrients applied in fertilizers is determined depending on the planned crop, taking into account the agrochemical characteristics of the soil - humus content, mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the degree of its cultivation, the removal of NPK by the crop and the utilization factors of nutrients from the soil and fertilizers. Approximate rates of fertilizers for white cabbage are given in Table. thirty.
Cabbage responds well to organic fertilizers. On soils with a humus content of less than 2.5%, 30-40 tons of manure are applied in autumn. Fresh manure introduced in the spring under early cabbage is ineffective, since it does not have time to decompose during the growing season of plants.
In the Non-Chernozem zone, early cabbage responds best to the application of nitrogen mineral fertilizers. According to NIIOKh, the introduction of increased doses of nitrogen (N120-150) against the background of P60K90 on soddy-podzolic soils accelerates the ripening of cabbage, increases the early yield of heads of cabbage by 2-2.5 times and by 25-30%. On floodplain soddy-meadow soils, early cabbage responds well to nitrogen and potassium, weaker to phosphorus, but on chernozems, the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers increases dramatically. When applying the main fertilizer according to the calculation method, there is practically no need for top dressing. If necessary, early cabbage is fed 2-3 weeks after planting. Medium-late varieties of cabbage also respond well to the application of nitrogen fertilizers on all soils except peat. To enrich the soil with organic matter for mid-late cabbage, NIIOKh recommends growing green manure crops (blue lupine - alkaloid and fodder, oat-vetch-pea mixture, phacelia, winter rye, etc.). When green manure is plowed, the yield of cabbage increases by 20-35%.
When growing late varieties for winter storage, the introduction of potassium is effective, and overestimated doses of nitrogen adversely affect the shelf life of products. With a lack of potassium, cabbage during storage becomes ill with punctate necrosis, therefore, when signs of potassium starvation appear, 1-2 plant feedings should be carried out.
The best forms of nitrogen fertilizers for cabbage are ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea; potash - potassium magnesia and potassium sulfate; phosphate - granular superphosphate. Cabbage is very responsive to microfertilizers. When they are introduced, the yield increases by 10-24% and the resistance of plants to fungal and bacterial diseases. Of the trace elements, boron, molybdenum, manganese, as well as copper and zinc are most effective for cabbage. It is better to apply them when growing seedlings (at a concentration of 0.01-0.02%) or in the field in the form of foliar dressings (0.01-0.05%). On acidic soils, lime must be applied under cabbage.
Features of seedling preparation
White cabbage is cultivated mainly in seedlings. Seedlings of early varieties of cabbage and cauliflower are grown in heated film greenhouses, mid-season and late-ripening varieties - in unheated film shelters and greenhouses and in open nurseries. At the same time, special attention is paid to improving the quality of seedlings and their uniformity, which affect the quality of planting, care, harvesting and, in general, the yield of cabbage. Seedlings should have a well-developed root system, stems 8-10 cm high (from the root collar to the heart), 4-6 mm thick, plant height (from the root collar to the tips of the leaves) 20-25 cm, in early cabbage 6-7, and the remaining varieties have 4-6 fully expanded leaves, the age of seedlings of early cabbage and cauliflower is 45-60 days, other varieties - 35-45 days.
Features of seedless cabbage culture
Cabbage is also grown in a seedless way, mainly in the southern regions. It is sown with a vegetable seeder at a rate of 1-2 kg/ha. For more uniform sowing, granulated superphosphate is added to the seeds as a ballast at the rate of 3-5 kg/ha. The non-seedling method of cultivating cabbage also has a certain interest in the Non-Chernozem zone, where this crop occupies half the area of vegetable crops. In this zone, reducing labor costs for growing seedlings and heating the air in greenhouses, relieving tension during the planting period, reducing planting time, and releasing greenhouses for other vegetables is of practical importance. Therefore, it is advisable to sow part of the cabbage with seeds in the ground here. In the experiments of NIIOKh, conducted in recent years near Moscow (Krutskikh, Khoroshikh, 1979, 1982), seedless cabbage at optimal sowing dates was not inferior in seedling yield. So, the harvest of heads of mid-season variety Slava 231 in 1979-1982. amounted to 75.0 t/ha during sowing in early May, and 73.0 t/ha for seedlings. The late-ripening variety Amager 611 with a seedless culture ensured the yield of heads in 1979-1982. 68.7-89.0 t/ha, variety Zimovka 1474 in 1981-1982. - 80.6-86.0 t/ha, early white cabbage - 43.7-44.8, red cabbage - 51.0-56.7, color - 14.4-15.6 t/ha. To obtain high yields in the Non-Chernozem Zone, seeds of late-ripening varieties should be sown as early as possible, finishing sowing no later than May 5. Mid-late varieties can be sown until May 20, however, for early production, it is better to sow them after late-ripening varieties. In addition, earlier crops are less damaged by fleas. For sowing, use calibrated seeds (fraction more than 1.5 mm) with high germination (not lower than 90%). The sowing step is 15-20 cm, the sowing schemes are the same as with seedlings, the seeding depth is 1.5-2.5 cm. To control weeds, treflan or ramrod is applied before sowing, and in the phase of 4-5 leaves - semeron. 3-4 inter-row processing is carried out with milling machines and cultivators with protective discs and dumpers.
To combat cruciferous flea beetles, before germination, it is necessary to carry out dusting with metaphos (vofatox) with a drug consumption of 8-10 kg / ha, and when plants appear, re-dusting with the same drug or spraying with a 0.2% solution of 80% s. P. chlorophos.
In the phase of 5-6 leaves, seedlings are partially thinned out; form the optimal plant density. In the future, the crops are cared for in the same way as for planting cabbage. The seedless cultivation of cabbage makes it possible to reduce labor costs by 180-200 man-hours and more. funds for 370-400 rubles/ha.
Terms, methods and schemes for planting cabbage
The timing of planting seedlings is crucial for obtaining high yields of cabbage. Early-ripening varieties of cabbage in all zones are planted simultaneously with the sowing of early spring crops (in the Non-Chernozem zone in late April - early May, in the Chernozem zone - in mid-April, in the southern regions - in late March - early April). In most regions of the country, after early-ripening varieties of cabbage, late-ripening, and then mid-ripening varieties are planted. In the southern regions, for the uninterrupted production of cabbage, mid-ripening and medium-late varieties are planted in two terms: sowing seeds in the ground on May 10-15 and June 10-15, and planting seedlings on June 15-20 and July 10-15.
In the Non-Chernozem zone, the optimal time for planting late-ripening varieties of cabbage is the second decade of May (Zimovka 1474 is planted a week earlier than Amager 611), and mid-season varieties - the third decade of May. Landing should be completed no later than June 5th. Later planting does not ensure the full formation of heads, timely ripening, resulting in a reduced yield.
Cabbage is cultivated with row spacings of 70 and 50 + 90 cm. In the Far East, early-ripening varieties are planted according to the 50 + 90 cm pattern, and mid-late varieties are planted in one row on a ridge with a row spacing of 140 cm to avoid washing away plants located on the edge of the ridge by monsoon precipitation. Planting is carried out by SKN-6 and SKN-6A machines, which provide a given distance between plants in a row, which is convenient for mechanized harvesting. They are equipped with a device for working on ridges and cutting irrigation furrows simultaneously with planting. Early ripe varieties are planted in increments of 27-30 cm, the number of plants is 48-57 thousand per 1 ha. The study of the optimal plant density, carried out on the Moskvoretskaya floodplain, makes it possible to recommend compacted plantings of early-ripening to late-ripening varieties of cabbage on fertile floodplain soils: with a compact and medium rosette (Slava 231, Amager 611, etc.) - up to 36 thousand per 1 ha (step 42-38 cm), and kilo-resistant ones with a powerful rosette (Moscow late, etc.) - up to 29 thousand (step 55-52 cm). Thickening of plantings increases the yield of cabbage by 8-12%, improves the condition of the crop before harvesting and the operation of cabbage harvesters (by reducing the size and weight parameters and the damage of heads), and also improves the quality of harvested products.
cabbage care
After planting, watering is carried out. According to NIIOKh, it is effective to plant simultaneously with two units: on half of one (under the wing of DDA-100MA) and the other on both sides of the sprinkler, and then carry out post-planting irrigation at a rate of 150-300 m3/ha. After it, in the next 2 weeks, the cabbage can not be watered, and the DDA-100MA unit can be transferred to other areas.
An important place in the system of care measures is occupied by loosening of row spacing and weed control. If the soil after planting and watering is strongly compacted, then even in the absence of weeds on the 6th-8th day, it is necessary to process the row spacing in order to loosen the soil. To do this, loosening chisels and lancet paws are installed on the cultivator.
Cabbage in 1-1.5 months after planting closes the rows and the plantation has been without cultivation for quite a long time. During the growing season, cabbage is often and plentifully watered, the soil is strongly compacted. Therefore, it is important to have time to do more treatments before the rows close: on plantings of early-ripening varieties of cabbage - 2-3, mid-ripening - 3-4, late-ripening - 4-5.
Loosening the soil must be timed to watering (or to precipitation). Processing between rows is carried out with a possibly small protective zone (8-10 cm in the first, 10-15 cm in subsequent ones), gradually increasing the loosening depth (from 6-8 to 15-18 cm). The latest deep processing with chisels is combined with hilling. When carrying out hilling, you can not be afraid to break a few rosette leaves, as this will not cause much harm to the plants, and deep loosening before closing the rows is useful for cabbage. Early ripe varieties spud 1 time, mid-late - 2 times. The last cultivations are carried out with a tractor with a narrow rear wheel tread. To control weeds on row cultivators, flat-cutting razors and lancet paws are installed, which well destroy weeds in the aisles, but leave them in rows and protective zones. According to NIIOKh, equipment of cultivators with blades-dumpers allows to destroy up to 65-70% of miners in rows and protective zones and reduce labor intensity for manual weeding by 1.8-2 times. Good results are obtained by processing the row spacing with a FPU-4.2 cutter. When working with hillers, it reduces weediness in rows up to 80%, and in row spacing - up to 100%. After milling cultivation, weeds do not appear for a long time. In addition, plant uprooting contributes to the formation of additional roots already in the first period of plant growth, and provides resistance to lodging. The cutter loosens and crumbles the soil well, which improves the quality of subsequent treatments with a conventional cultivator. Milling machines are especially effective on compacted, heavy and cohesive soils. When milling peat soils with undecomposed plant residues, cabbage plants are less damaged, a mulching surface layer is created that retains moisture in the underlying horizons. Rotary tillage, improving the agrochemical properties of the soil and reducing the weediness of plantings, creates optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants and increases the yield of cabbage by 8-12%.
In cabbage plantings, herbicides are also used to kill weeds: treflan (1-2.5 kg/ha), ramrod (4-6.5 kg/ha) before planting or semeron (0.4-0.6 kg/ha) after 1-2 weeks after planting seedlings. At the same time, weediness is reduced by 80-85%. The most effective combination of chemical and mechanical (KOR-4.2 with moldboards or FPU-4.2 with hillers) methods of weed control. At the same time, the death of weeds reaches 95-97%, which practically excludes manual weeding (except for one selective weeding for the destruction of resistant weeds - cruciferous and perennials).
To combat perennial monocotyledonous weeds (couch grass) in autumn, after harvesting the predecessor, sodium TCA (20-45 kg/ha) can be used, and with root weeds (thistles) in crops of an oat-pea mixture in the phase of 3-5 leaves of peas or tillering of oats - 2M-4XM (2 kg/ha).
In case of violation of the plant nutrition regime, top dressing is carried out: early-ripening varieties of cabbage 2-3 weeks after planting (N20K30), medium-late - during the period of intensive plant growth (N30P20K30) and head tying (N40K60) using a cultivator or hydro-feeder. Effective foliar top dressing with microfertilizers: boric acid (0.05%), ammonium molybdenum acid (0.05%), manganese sulfate (0.05%), copper sulfate (0.05%) or zinc sulfate (0.01% ).
Cabbage is one of the most moisture-demanding crops. The optimum soil moisture is considered to be at least 80% HB. The timing and norms of vegetation irrigation depend on soil, climatic and weather conditions, the condition of plants and the method of irrigation. In the absence of precipitation, they are carried out with an interval of 10-12 days: in the central regions, the norm is 200-250 m3/ha in the first half of the growing season and 300-350 m3/ha in the second; in the south, the sprinkling irrigation rate is increased to 250-300 and 400-450 m3/ha. When irrigating along the furrows, water is consumed up to 700 m3/ha. With heavy rainfall (more than 25 mm per decade), regular watering is excluded. In dry and hot weather, the inter-irrigation period is reduced, and the irrigation rate is increased. Irrigation affects the keeping quality of heads. When growing cabbage for long-term winter storage, soil moisture in the second half of the growing season is maintained at the level of 70-75% HB, and watering is stopped a month before harvesting.
harvesting cabbage
Early cabbage is harvested in several steps as it ripens. When cleaning, the POU-2 platform is used. Heads of cabbage are cut, packed in boxes, loaded onto a platform, taken to the edge of the field, loaded into vehicles and sent to the trading network. Mid- and late-ripening varieties are harvested in one step at the onset of technical maturity of heads, before the onset of stable frosts below -4 ° C.
Heads of cabbage are chopped with laying in rolls, sorted (rejecting diseased, cracked, underdeveloped), finalized, loaded into transport and transported to the place of sale or storage. In accordance with GOST 1724-67, heads of cabbage for sale must be stripped to tight-fitting green or white leaves, with a stump no more than 3 cm, medium and late varieties weighing 0.8 kg and more, early - not less than 0.3 kg. For winter storage, heads of cabbage are laid with loose leaves and an elongated stump. Non-standard products are used for livestock feed. Its quantity reaches 15-30 t/ha.
In recent years, in vegetable farms, the MSK-1 combine has been used for mechanized harvesting of cabbage, which makes it possible to reduce labor costs for harvesting by 4 times and direct costs by 32%. With direct combining MSK-1, you can get products for sale and storage. The main quality indicators of mechanized harvesting are at the level of manual harvesting indicators. The MSK-1 harvester ensures the collection of 98-99% of heads of cabbage, the heap contains up to 7% of free leaves, 40-60% of heads of cabbage damaged to varying degrees, stumps up to 3 cm long - 88%, with a straight cut - 85%. At present, new 2-3-row cabbage harvesters MKU-2 and MKS-3 (with a keyboard-type cutting tool) are undergoing state tests, which damage heads 1.5-1.7 times less than the serial harvester MSK-1 .
More promising is the in-line method of harvesting cabbage, in which combine harvesters harvest the entire crop, vehicles deliver it to a stationary processing point installed in storage facilities, where the heads are sorted and processed in accordance with the requirements of GOST, both for sale and for storage. At the same time, the working conditions of workers are improved, and by-products are utilized. Standard heads of cabbage are packed into containers or loaded into storages by a system of conveyors. Non-standard, but marketable products are used for processing, and green leaves and other waste are used for livestock feed. According to NIIOKh data (Krutskikh, 1979, 1982), the in-line method of harvesting cabbage makes it possible to drastically improve product quality (compared to the existing harvesting technology), reduce labor costs by 2–2.5 times, and obtain an annual economic effect of 4–7 thousand .rubles
When harvesting, measures must be taken to prevent product loss. So, heads of early-ripening varieties of cabbage, when harvested in warm, especially sunny, weather, quickly wither, are poorly stored and lose their marketable qualities. Therefore, after cutting, they should be immediately packed and taken out of the field. When transporting cabbage over long distances, it is necessary to use vehicles with refrigeration units. In some years, significant cracking and disease of heads of cabbage is observed. To prevent cracking, moderate watering should be carried out, and immediately before harvesting, stop them. Sowing too early, growing seedlings in pots for a long time and delaying harvesting also lead to the appearance of cracked and germinated heads of early cabbage.
The quality of products depends on the organizational and technological scheme of harvesting. The harvesting process often consists of many techniques and operations that lead to numerous transfers, which drastically reduces the quality of cabbage and increases losses. When manually harvesting, it is necessary to properly cut and clean the heads of cabbage (avoid deep serifs and a cut above tight-fitting leaves), as they become bare during loading and lose weight. When loading, you should not throw heads of cabbage strongly - they are injured, lose their presentation and become non-standard. The harvesting process must be interconnected with the system of sale and storage, and a flow technology should be used, in which the entire biological crop of economic value is harvested. When harvesting cabbage for storage, it is necessary to leave a few near-headed leaves and a stump with a straight cut, so that when loading, transporting and unloading into storage, the heads of cabbage are less injured and better stored. When harvesting by machines, there can be large losses due to excessive damage to products. The quality of the harvester is significantly affected by the condition of the field and crop. Plots under cabbage for mechanized harvesting should be rectangular, with even relief, with a slope of no more than 5 °, with even crop rows. In order to avoid crushing heads of cabbage by the wheels of vehicles, before combine harvesting, the first passes should be manually cut - 12 rows from the side of the sprinkler and 8 from the road, as well as the edges of the field (headlands) by 10-12 m. The state of the crop before harvesting, in turn, depends on the quality of seedlings and planting, varieties and other factors. Seedlings should be planted only standard, vertically, deep. Shallowly planted, twisted, overgrown seedlings lead to a curvature of the stumps, an increase in the lodging of heads of cabbage and their large deviations from the row line. Experiments carried out at NIIOKh showed that when standard seedlings were planted vertically with a depth of 2 cm above the root neck, the lodging of cabbages of the Belorusskaya 455 variety was 40%, and at 5 cm - only 15%, the straightness of the row was 16.1 and 12, respectively, 6 cm. With an oblique planting of overgrown seedlings, these indicators deteriorate noticeably, and during combine harvesting, heads of cabbage that are lodged and with ugly stumps are cut incorrectly and are very much injured.
The quality of the harvester is largely influenced by the variety. In recent years, NIIOKh (Khoroshikh, Krutskikh, 1979, 1982) has carried out a comparative assessment of varieties for suitability for mechanized harvesting. An assessment of the physical and mechanical properties of cabbage plants showed that domestic mid-late varieties with a powerful rosette (Moskovskaya late 9) are of little use for combine harvesting. Amager 611, Belorusskaya 455, Gift, Slava 1305 do not fully meet the requirements of mechanized harvesting, but they can be harvested with a combine. The best condition of the crop before harvesting is the new domestic variety Kharkivskaya Zimnyaya and a number of varieties of foreign (Dutch) selection of the Langendijker type. They are distinguished by a compact rosette, even, very dense and hard heads of cabbage, and no or slight flatness. With mechanized harvesting, they are guaranteed good product quality and reliable operation of cabbage harvesters (Table 31). As a result of studying the physical and mechanical properties and a comparative assessment of various varieties, the optimal parameters of plants for mechanized harvesting were established: heads of cabbage should be aligned, have a diameter of 15-20 cm, weight 1.5-3 kg, density not less than 0.9 g/cm3, outer stalk 14-18 cm long; plants should be erect; deviation of heads of cabbage from the line of a row is ±10 cm, from the vertical axis ±13 cm, and lodging is not more than 10%.
red cabbage
Three varieties of red cabbage have been zoned in our country. The mid-season variety Kamennaya head 447 (vegetation period 130-140 days) is used in the autumn-winter period, the mid-late varieties Gako and Mikhnevskaya (140-160 days) are intended for long-term winter storage. They are grown in the same way as mid-late varieties of white cabbage, 36-41 thousand plants are planted per 1 ha. Red cabbage is somewhat less productive than white cabbage, forms a compact rosette of leaves and very dense heads of cabbage, which are well preserved in winter. They are harvested in the first half of October. Heads of cabbage by this time should be formed, dense, intensely colored, weighing at least 0.6 kg (GOST 7967-68).
savoy cabbage
Despite the high nutritional and taste qualities, Savoy cabbage is still not very common due to its low yield (20-30 t/ha) and poor keeping quality. In the USSR, three varieties of this type of cabbage have been zoned: early-ripening - Yubileinaya 2170 and Vienna early 1346 and medium-late - Vertu 1340. Savoy cabbage is grown in the same way as early-ripening and medium-late varieties of white cabbage. In the Non-Chernozem zone, seedlings of early-ripening varieties are grown in pots, planted in open ground in early May (about 50 thousand per 1 ha), and potless seedlings of a medium-late variety - at the end of May (35-40 thousand per 1 ha).
Brussels sprouts
In our country, Brussels sprouts are grown in small areas. The middle-late variety Hercules has been zoned. The same agricultural techniques are used as in the cultivation of medium-late and late-ripening varieties of white cabbage. Brussels sprouts are demanding on soil fertility, but fresh organic fertilizer is not applied under them to avoid delaying the formation of cabbages and increasing their size. Works best on loamy soil. In the Non-Chernozem zone, seedlings (potless) are planted at the end of May (30-36 thousand per 1 ha). Plant care is the same as for mid-late varieties of white cabbage, only without hilling. Brussels sprouts are harvested in one go in early October. 3-4 weeks before harvesting, the growing point is removed to accelerate the maturation of the heads. When harvesting, the plants are cut down, the leaves and the apical bud (if it has not been removed earlier) are cut off, then the products are sorted. For sale, stems with normally developed, healthy, dense, non-cracked and not overgrown heads are selected. They are stored at a temperature of 0-1 ° C and an air humidity of 95%. You can also store cut heads of cabbage - in plastic bags, in refrigerators for 30-45 days. Productivity is 4-6 t/ha.
Kohlrabi
A very early ripening variety Viennese white 1350 has been zoned. It can be grown throughout the summer and get 2-3 crops per year. In the middle lane, kohlrabi is cultivated in 2-3 terms: to obtain early production in the first half of summer, potted seedlings from a film greenhouse are planted in late April - early May, for consumption in the second half of summer, potless seedlings from an open nursery are planted on June 10-15, and for autumn-winter consumption - at the end of July. Highly fertile cultivated areas are allocated for kohlrabi. Seedlings are planted with row spacings of 70 cm and row spacings of 20-25 cm. During the growing season, plants are watered regularly, maintaining soil moisture of at least 70% HB. Hilling is not carried out. Kohlrabi is harvested upon reaching technical maturity, when the stems reach a diameter of 7-8 cm. If they are late in harvesting, they become coarse, fibrous and unsuitable for food. When harvesting, kohlrabi plants are pulled out of the soil, collected in heaps, then the roots and leaves are cut off. Store for 1.5-2 months at a temperature of about 0°C and a humidity of 95%. Productivity is 15-20 t/ha.
Cauliflower and broccoli
Due to its high taste and dietary qualities, cauliflower is in great demand among the population. Currently, it is cultivated in many vegetable farms. The area under this crop is steadily increasing. In the USSR, 11 varieties of cauliflower have been zoned.
Early ripe varieties are used for spring culture, medium early and mid-season - for summer plantings. Of the early ripe varieties, the most common are Early Gribovskaya 1355, Guarantee, Snezhinka, Movir 74 (vegetation period 95-100 days); from mid-early - Patriotic, Harvest, Moscow canning (110-130 days). In the southern regions, later-ripening varieties Adlerskaya Zimnyaya 679, Adlerskaya Spring, Sochinskaya, etc. are common. They are grown as a winter crop to obtain the earliest production. For the conveyor receipt of products during the summer and autumn, NIIOKh recommends growing cauliflower in the central regions at several times: planting seedlings in late April - early May from film greenhouses; at the end of May, middle and end of June - from the nursery; to harvest - respectively in late June - early July, late July - early August, mid-August - early September and late September - early October. Cauliflower can also be cultivated in a seedless way: sow the seeds in the field in early May, and harvest the heads in August.
Cauliflower is more demanding than other types of cabbage in terms of site fertility, soil moisture and temperature. It is placed on well-moistened and highly fertile soils as a second crop after applying high doses of organic fertilizer: humus (40-60 t/ha), manure (80-100 t/ha). Cauliflower works well on floodplain lands and soddy sandy loamy soils. During early spring planting, areas with a southern slope, protected from cold winds, are taken under it. The soil under it is treated in the same way as for early white cabbage. During the growth of the rosette of leaves, plants require more nitrogen, and when the head is formed, potassium and phosphorus. Cauliflower also responds positively to the introduction of trace elements: boron, manganese and especially molybdenum. NIIOKh recommends applying mineral fertilizers for cauliflower in the Non-Chernozem zone at a dose of N140P90K120.
Seedlings are planted with a row spacing of 70 cm and a row spacing of 25-30 cm, placing 48-57 thousand plants per 1 ha. To preserve the presentation, the heads are shaded by breaking the leaves over them. In the spring-summer culture, when the formation of heads falls on the hot months, the cauliflower is watered 4-6 times. Irrigation rate is 200-250 m3 per 1 ha. The cauliflower is harvested selectively when the heads reach a diameter of 8 cm or more. Heads with 3-4 leaves and a stalk no more than 2 cm below the last leaf are cut off, covering leaves are cut 2-3 cm above the head, then the products are placed in boxes and transported to the place of sale. Commercial heads must be dense, white or light cream, without germinated inner leaves (GOST 7968-68).
Broccoli is less demanding on soil fertility than cauliflower and does well in a variety of soils. Grow it in the same way as cauliflower, seedling or seedless method. In the latter case, the seeds are sown in the ground in early May. Young, tightly closed heads are removed from broccoli.
Cultivation of cabbage - sale of white cabbage.
Buy white cabbage varieties of cabbage.
Growing cabbage in open ground, growing seedlings from seeds in a greenhouse and caring for them at home.
Russian garden with their own hands, sowing calendar, garden, vegetable crops at home.
- We sell cabbage at low prices manufacturers in Russia, prices from the manufacturer.
Cabbage wholesale producer price, wholesale cauliflower, white cabbage in the regions of Russia.
We sell cabbage in Bashkortostan - buy cheap in bulk, buy beets, buy onions, buy cabbage in Bashkortostan.
- We will buy cabbage in bulk, sell wholesale cabbage, buy wholesale cabbage.
- In addition, our farm grows and sells only good quality cabbage.
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Cabbage.
WHITE CABBAGE AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUE, cabbage seeds, vegetable seeds.
Fresh vegetables, wholesale vegetables, buy vegetables, sale of vegetables in Ufa
In the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia, several types of cabbage are cultivated: white, red, Savoy, Brussels, kohlrabi, cauliflower, broccoli, leaf, Beijing.
All of them differ from each other both in morphological, biological characteristics, and in economic purpose.
The value of cabbage is its high yield, for example, the Moscow late 15 variety can yield up to 1000 kg / ha;
high transportability and keeping quality, such as in Zimovka 1474 variety, F1 Lezhky, F1 Albatros hybrids, which can be stored from harvest to harvest;
friendly precocity, as in the white variety June 3200, hybrids F1 Solo, F1 Transfer, which tie a head 50-60 days after planting seedlings;
good properties for processing and fermentation, for example Moscow late for making Provencal and drying, as well as the Gift 2500 variety; high content of vitamin C (Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi) and proteins (savoy cabbage).
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Cabbage is a cold-resistant plant and in the spring it tolerates low temperatures down to minus 5-7 0С, and in the autumn - a short-term cooling down to minus 10 0С.
And varieties such as Braunschweigskaya, Likurishka and Yuzhanka are resistant to heat and drought.
The optimum temperature for the growth and development of cabbage is 15-18 0C.
Cabbage is a moisture-loving crop, but excess moisture has a detrimental effect on the development of the root system and often leads to the death or failure of heads of cabbage.
Cabbage is a long day crop, and light is an important factor in accelerating plant growth and crop accumulation.
Therefore, shaded areas and dense seedlings and plantings are unacceptable.
Preparation of seeds for sowing and growing seedlings.
Seeds must be heated in hot water at 48-500C for 20 minutes.
The temperature is maintained by adding hot water.
Then the seeds are washed with cold water and dried in a thin layer on paper or linen.
For sowing early and late varieties of cabbage, farmers can use insulated greenhouses, log cabins filled with 40-60 cm of manure and 15-20 cm of earth mixture, or greenhouses adapted for this.
In boxes for growing seedlings with subsequent diving, grooves are made at a distance of 3 cm from each other with a depth of 0.5-1 cm.
Then cabbage seeds are sown and covered with earth, mulched with peat or sifted coarse sand so that a crust does not form, well spilled with water at room temperature.
Crops in greenhouses, greenhouses are carried out under a marker (6x6 cm).
Seeds are planted to a depth of 1.5 cm, the earth is slightly compacted, mulched and watered.
When sowing mid-season varieties such as Slava or mid-late ones, like Gift 2500, seedbed beds are used in open ground. The land for this has been prepared since autumn, at least 8 kg of manure or humus is brought in, as well as lime 100-150 g per 1 m2.
The ridges are made before sowing, the seeds are sown under the marker (6x6 cm) to a depth of 1.5-2 cm.
Sprinkle the seeds with soil, lightly compact, mulch and water.
Watering the cabbage should be uniform so that the seeds do not break out to the surface.
Seedlings appear on the 5-7th day after sowing. As soon as green cotyledons appear, it is necessary to reduce the temperature to 6-80C for 2-3 days or give more lighting.
Watering at this time is not carried out, shed with a solution of potassium permanganate (3-5 g per 10 l of water) at room temperature.
On the ridges of the nursery, watering, loosening are necessary, and at the first signs of damage to the seedlings by the cruciferous flea, spraying with a 0.2% solution of chlorophos or pollination with ash, tobacco dust, etc.
Planting seedlings and planting schemes.
The timing of planting seedlings and the planting pattern are completely dependent on the growing season of the variety. Usually grow seedlings with 5-6 true leaves.
In early varieties of cabbage, this phase occurs 50–55 days after sowing, in late varieties, after 45–47 days, and in mid-ripening varieties grown in open ground, after 35–37 days.
A week before planting, seedlings of early and late varieties are hardened in the open air so that there are no burns from late frosts and sunlight.
Before planting in the ground, it is abundantly spilled with water so that the earth does not crumble and the root system is not exposed.
It is better to plant with a clod of earth.
The output of seedlings in greenhouses, greenhouses is 130-150 pcs/m2, in the nursery 90-100 pcs/m2.
The feeding area is determined depending on the variety.
All early varieties are planted according to the scheme 70x30 or 70x40 cm, mid-ripening and mid-late - 70x50 and late varieties - 70x60 and 70x70 cm. The optimal time for planting seedlings in the ground also depends on the growing season of the variety and its purpose.
It is advisable to sow early varieties of cabbage before March 15, so that seedlings can be planted in the ground in the first decade of May and produce in July.
Late varieties are sown until April 10, and seedlings are planted in late May-early June, finished products are received in late September-October. Medium-late varieties are sown on ridges until May 5 and mid-ripening - until May 12.
Seedlings are planted in the second half of June, finished products are received at the end of September-October.
Features of agricultural technology.
After planting seedlings in the field or in the garden, it is necessary to fertilize and loosen the soil.
The first feeding is carried out 10-12 days after planting. From nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium nitrate or urea is taken, but in a dose that is half as much. They also use slurry (1:4), diluted chicken manure (1:8), etc.
Dry mineral fertilizers are applied around the plant at the rate of 30 or 15 g, and liquid nitrogen fertilizers at the rate of 40 or 20 g per 10 liters of water.
One watering can or bucket is enough to feed 10-12 plants.
The second feeding is carried out 14 days after the first. The ratio of batteries (N:P:K) should be 1:2:1. Use nitroammophoska, berry mixture at the rate of 30 g around the plant.
After top dressing, it is necessary to loosen the soil in the row and row-spacing.
The third feeding is carried out if necessary, if the plants are still underdeveloped, but not earlier than two weeks after the second. Use a mixture of superphosphate and potassium (2:1) or wood ash at the rate of 30 g around the plant.
The earth is loosened in a row, if possible, the plants are spudded, the stems are sprinkled with earth to the rosette leaves.
Water cabbage as needed.
It is better and more economical to pour water into the holes near the plants, which, when loosening, close up. In large areas, furrow irrigation is effective, which is carried out early in the morning or in the evening.
Protection from diseases and pests.
In the field, the most common are keel, bacteriosis, phomosis, and gray rot.
There are no absolutely resistant varieties of cabbage to these diseases.
Therefore, the most effective way to deal with them is prevention.
In areas where there was a strong damage to plants by clubroot, phomosis, bacteriosis, it is impossible to plant cabbage, swede, turnip, radish for 5 years. Sick plants should be removed from the site and buried in deep pits, but not placed in compost heaps.
With a weak and medium infection of the site, it is recommended to apply high doses of manure annually (up to 100 t/ha). We must make it a rule: use only pickled or heat-treated seeds for sowing.
To protect against pests (cabbage white, scoop, fly, moth, aphid), you can use a 0.2% solution of chlorophos (20 g per 10 l of water).
But the last treatment should be carried out 20 days before harvest.
You can use folk remedies.
For example, chopped dandelion stems at the rate of 400 g per 10 liters of water (warm) insist for two hours and spray the plants every 3-5 days. Boil tomato leaves at the rate of 4 kg per 10 liters of water for 10 minutes, strain, add 40 g of soap.
Spray weekly.
Against slugs, you can use cement or slaked lime at the rate of 50 g per 1 m2 (the lower part of the leaves is also treated in the morning and evening.
Harvest.
Harvesting cabbage heads (heads, stalks) is determined by the mass technical ripeness and is associated with the length of the growing season of the variety.
In early varieties, it occurs 90-100 days after seed germination; in mid-season and mid-late - after 120-150, in late - after 155-180 days.
Harvesting of early varieties begins selectively with the appearance of the first dense bleached heads, heads or stems with a diameter of 5-6 cm.
Mid-season varieties of white cabbage of the Slava type and mid-late varieties of the Gift type are used in the fall both fresh and for sauerkraut, partly for storage.
Late-ripening varieties of white cabbage, like late Moscow, are used only for sauerkraut, and the Zimovka 1474 type is for long-term winter storage. Light winter varieties can be used both fresh and fermented after two months of storage.
The yield of cabbage largely depends on growing conditions and proper care of plants using all agricultural practices during important periods of the growing season.
The average yield of early varieties is 100-150 c/ha, mid-season - 350-600, late - 700-800, Brussels sprouts 100 c/ha.
Yu.N. Korablev
CONVEYOR GROWING.
Valuable properties of white cabbage are its diversity in precocity, yield, keeping quality during winter storage, and transportability.
And most importantly, it can be cultivated almost everywhere.
The selection of certain varieties, the use of agrotechnical terms for sowing and planting seedlings in the field make it possible to have fresh cabbage almost all year round. With the conveyor cultivation of cabbage, the farmer receives easier conditions for its implementation from July to May of the next year. And any gardener provides himself with a valuable vegetable product throughout the year.
Varieties, sowing and planting dates. Cabbage varieties according to the growing season are divided into very early, early, medium early, medium, medium late and late varieties. If all varieties of different growing seasons are sown and planted at the same time as an early early ripening variety, that is, March 1-15, then the difference in their ripening will be small.
In 5-6 days after the formation of a technically ripe head of the June 3200 variety, it will also ripen in the variety Number One Gribovsky 147, and after 10 days in the Stakhanovka 1513 variety, etc.
By the end of July, in August, heads of all varieties will be technically ripe, but pickling varieties and even storable varieties will not "survive" until the terms of autumn fermentation and storage. Heads of cabbage will crack and grow, sometimes forming flower-bearing shoots. Some plants will fall ill with gray rot or bacteriosis.
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Therefore, to create a year-round conveyor of cabbage, each variety must be sown and planted in agrotechnical processed terms, when fresh products and their marketable qualities are guaranteed (Table 1) Table 1 White cabbage conveyor |
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table 2 |
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Cabbage conveyor for farmers. |
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Rot (gray and white) - the scourge of cabbage during storage |
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Somehow autumn creeps up imperceptibly. There is no longer the former abundance of vegetables, as in early spring, you begin to appreciate fresh herbs. There is still a warm month ahead. And quite inopportunely early frosts. What to do? |
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We will cover the green ones with plastic wrap or a new non-woven "cobweb". If a cold night is expected, moisten the soil and plants from a watering can with a strainer. Then the moist air near the ground will retain the heat coming from the soil and radiated by the plants. |
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You can take care of late-ripening and perennial crops, then they will reward us with the last wave of the harvest. In the first half of September, late-ripening varieties of white and Brussels sprouts, radish, daikon, as well as perennial vegetables still grow in the garden: rhubarb, asparagus, sorrel, artichoke. |
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Perennial crops need to be fed with ash, it’s good if there are phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, and water everything again, loosen, collect caterpillars and slugs from plants. |
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We remove the lower yellowing leaves from Brussels sprouts so that the plants are better ventilated. We will put planks under the ripening fruits of zucchini, squash, pumpkin so that slugs do not damage them, rot does not touch them. We stop watering 7-10 days before the completion of harvesting. |
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We collect eggplants when they turn brown. One has only to be late, as the fruits coarsen and begin to taste bitter. Cut with a stalk are stored longer. If the last green fruits remain on the plant, then you can tear out the entire bush and hang it upside down in a warm room, they will ripen. We do the same with the physalis fruits remaining on the bush. |
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But no matter how hard you try, no matter how warm you are, by the end of September it’s time to finally remove cucumbers, zucchini, lagenaria, pumpkin, luffa, okra, physalis. Part of the harvested fruits of pumpkin crops in technical ripeness (lagenaria, zucchini, squash) can be kept fresh for two to three weeks in a film (without tying a bag), in tracing paper or an enameled bath on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator, without covering with glass. The rest will have to be reworked. |
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We start harvesting pumpkins in dry weather before the onset of frost. A sign of fruit maturity is drying and corking of the stalk. The bark becomes harder, the varietal pattern clearly appears on it. When collecting ripe fruits, carefully cut off the stalk, use unripe fruits immediately, and dry them for long-term storage, warm them in the sun for 8-10 days. If the nights are cold, we cover the fruits in the evening with rags. |
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Before the first frost, we dig with a pitchfork and select the roots of beets, rutabaga, carrots, turnips, parsley, radishes, celery. We shake off the remnants of the soil and cut the tops flush with the shoulders. But be careful not to touch the fabric. It is better to leave the petiole half a centimeter. In the uterine root crops, we leave the tops of 1-2 cm. |
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We do not touch the roots, otherwise the root crops will lose a lot of juice. In addition, their roots are cut to avoid diseases. Let the root crops dry and sort: healthy and large (but not giants) - for storage, small and damaged - for processing or for livestock feed. |
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We continue to harvest mid-season varieties of white, cauliflower, red, Savoy, Chinese, leaf and Brussels sprouts. For white forks, which we plan to store fresh, leave 3-4 covering leaves and a 2-3 cm stump. This will protect the forks from contamination, bruises, and in the subfield from gray rot. |
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For fermentation, the upper leaves, on the contrary, are not needed, we clean the cabbage to white leaves. |
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We arrange Savoy and red cabbage more comfortably on racks in 1-2 rows. At the Brussels sprouts, we break off or cut off when they become hard and grow with a walnut. The tops of the plants are tender and also quite edible. |
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Longer than others, we pluck leaves from spicy crops: hyssop, catnip, marjoram, lovage, mint, lemon balm, etc. At the end of the month, we cut off all the greens, bundle them and dry them in a ventilated room. We remove the testicles when the lower boxes turn brown. |
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After September 25, 5-6 weeks before the onset of stable cold weather, we plant winter garlic. A week before planting, we prepare a bed with the expectation that the earth will settle a little after the rains (on a loose bed, the teeth seem to be drawn into the soil). We plant the teeth to a depth of 5-8 cm, and the air bulbs to 2-3 cm. After planting, we mulch the garlic with peat, sawdust or fallen leaves of trees. This keeps the soil from crusting and the garlic from freezing. |
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In late September - early October, you can plant onion sets, selections and turnips for greenery before winter. Lightly sprinkle the bulbs with peat or humus. With the onset of frost, we additionally cover the bed with humus so that the total layer is 6-8 cm. If such a layer is created immediately, then the bulbs in the heat may stick out. |
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We plant small sets in grooves with a distance between the bulbs of 4 cm, between rows - 15 cm. We place the samples and the turnip almost close. We sow oatmeal (up to 1 cm) in October. In the spring, every second onion set plant can be pulled out on the greens, and the rest left on the turnip. Turnips and picks in the spring will give a lot of green feathers. |
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And now it's time to prepare the beds for the winter sowing of carrots, beets and other cold-resistant crops, we will sow them in October-November, when the ground is slightly frosty. |
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A.T. Lebedeva, Ph.D. s.kh. sciences from the journal "Homesteading" No. 9, 1997 |
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Forks are healthy to the very cabbage soup (Rot) |
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Rot (gray and white) - the scourge of cabbage during storage. Inspecting vegetables in the cellars in winter, we find these diseases almost everywhere. Their development can and should be prevented. |
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There are common features in the development of rot: |
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The source of infection is soil, post-harvest residues; |
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Infection of cabbage occurs even in the garden, usually at the end of summer in rainy weather or with heavy dew, and is actively manifested already during storage. |
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White rot of cabbage affects leaves and stumps. Young plants rarely get sick. Basically, the lower aging leaves get sick, from which the rot passes to the entire head. Decayed tissues soften, become watery, later covered with an abundant cotton-like coating of mycelium with hard black nodules (sclerotia). |
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Heads of cabbage often get into storage with subtle signs of damage, then the disease progresses. A sick head of cabbage infects neighboring ones, forming a focus of the disease. The Volzhanka 9 variety and F1 hybrids are relatively resistant to white rot: Kolobok, Lezhky, Albatross, Kariya, Krumont and Kraft. |
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Gray rot also spoils carrots, parsley, and beets. The disease begins with the lower leaves of cabbage in places where the petiole is attached or damaged by pests, as well as freezing. During storage, the upper leaves of heads of cabbage are covered with a gray fluffy coating, later on the affected tissues numerous black nodules - sclerotia are formed. |
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Resistant to gray rot varieties: Amager 611, Gift 2500, Wintering 1474, Nadezhda; F1 hybrids: Lying, Albatross, Krumont. |
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Attention and caution |
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On the root, cabbage tolerates short-term frosts up to 5-7 degrees C. Repeating, such frosts can be dangerous. After thawing, microorganisms settle on the outer leaves, which intensively develop during storage and cause head rot. If the cabbage on the vine has been damaged by frost, then remove the heads of cabbage only after the leaves have thawed. Before storing heads of cabbage, clean them, leaving 3-5 covering green leaves and a stump 2-3 cm long. |
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When harvesting and storing, cull. If the cabbage is harvested in wet weather, then ventilate the storage heavily. |
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Cleanliness and tidiness |
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Keep the cabbage in a pre-prepared and disinfected store. You can disinfect the storage with lime chloride (200-300 g per 10 liters of water). After drying, the room is ready for laying cabbage. |
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Store cabbage at a temperature of 0 +10 C and a relative humidity of 90-95%. If you find sick heads, then clean them from the affected leaves and powder with chalk at the rate of 1 kg per 50 kg of cabbage, this will reduce the incidence of gray and white rotten. |
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The germination temperature of white cabbage is 20-30C, the optimum is 18o-20oC, at which seedlings appear on the 3rd-4th day. Seedlings endure frosts down to -2 -3 °C, and in the phase of the cotyledon leaf - the first true leaf - up to -5 -6 °C. |
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The optimum temperature for growing seedlings is 12o-15oC, and the root system grows best at temperatures below 15o, the optimum temperature for head formation is 15-18oC. |
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Cabbage is very demanding on soil and air moisture, but with excessive soil moisture, leaf growth stops, plants become ill with bacteriosis. |
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Diseases of cabbage |
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Kila cabbage - symptoms appear throughout the growing season on the roots of cabbage in the form of growths. On seedlings, growths almost do not change their appearance, and only with a very early and severe infection, some growth retardation and slight yellowing of the leaves are noticeable. |
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Remains viable for 5-6 years or more. Infection requires: high soil moisture, elevated temperature (18-24 ° C) and acidic soil reaction (pH 5.5-6.5). |
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Protection measures: Cultivation of resistant varieties (Moskovskaya late 9, Zimnyaya Gribovskaya 13, Losinoostrovskaya 8, etc.), observing crop rotation, growing healthy seedlings, using non-contaminated soil for seedlings, careful rejection of seedlings during planting. Soil liming. |
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Black leg - the disease is common especially in greenhouses and nurseries. Symptoms appear on seedlings, ranging from seedlings to the formation of several true leaves. A sign is the blackening of the stem, curvature and even death. The root system develops poorly, seedlings are easily pulled out. Sources of infection - soil and plant debris. The spread of the disease is facilitated by increased humidity of the soil and air, acidic soil reaction. |
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Protection measure: proper care of seedlings, avoid dense plantings, high temperature and humidity. To do this, it is necessary to systematically ventilate greenhouses and loosen the soil, apply mineral fertilizers, and dive in a timely manner. Soil disinfection in greenhouses and nurseries. |
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Downy mildew (peronosporosis) - signs appear: pale yellow blurry spots are visible on the lower leaves of the seedlings on the upper side, and a white loose coating on the lower side. Severely affected leaves turn yellow and die. In mature plants in the field, the disease is found on the outer leaves of heads of cabbage in the form of dry yellow spots with a coating on the underside. During storage, the disease continues to develop - dry spots appear on the leaves, especially near the veins. Sick heads rot. On the transverse section of the stalk and the main root, darkening of the vessels is noticeable. |
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Protection measures: optimal sowing density, systematic ventilation of greenhouses, in the event of a disease, they do not delay planting seedlings in the ground. |
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Vascular bacteriosis - symptoms of the manifestation of the disease are found in all phases of development. Wilting of cotyledon leaves appears on the seedlings, in older plants the leaf tissue turns yellow, and the veins become dark and look like a mesh in the light. Plants do not develop fully, and sometimes die. Most plants are affected by bacteriosis in autumn. In the first year, this does not bring significant harm, but it greatly affects the seeds. |
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Protection measures: cultivation of resistant varieties, collection of seeds from healthy plants. Seed treatment, disinfection of greenhouses and nurseries, removal of affected plants from greenhouses, crop rotation. |
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cabbage pests |
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The spring cabbage fly is a white larva 6-7 mm long. There are 14 tubercles at the posterior end. The emergence of flies coincides with the flowering period of birch and colza. The beginning of the laying coincides with the flowering of the cherry, and the mass egg-laying coincides with the flowering of the lilac. |
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The summer cabbage fly is a white larva, 7-9 mm long. On the last segment, 6 tubercles are most noticeable. Fly departure is usually at the end of June. |
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Larvae of spring and summer cabbage flies, feeding on the underground parts of plants, gnaw them from the outside and penetrate inside. They gnaw out a groove in the root parenchyma, affecting the vascular bundles. As a result of this, plants lag behind in growth, the leaves wither and often turn bluish-lilac in color, the plants may die. |
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Control measures: Rejection of seedlings, planting seedlings in the ground at a normal depth. Hilling cabbage with simultaneous top dressing with liquid mineral fertilizers or fertilizers with irrigation. After harvesting, removal and destruction of stumps. Breeding varieties resistant to damage by fly larvae. Chemicals |
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Cruciferous fleas - damage all vegetable cruciferous plants. In the spring, after leaving the wintering grounds, the beetles feed on weeds for the first time, and after the emergence of seedlings and planting seedlings with their leaves, gnawing out depressions in the form of sores along the edges. Young shoots can be destroyed by cruciferous fleas before the cotyledons appear above the soil surface. |
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Control measures: Weed control. Sowing and planting seedlings of vegetable cruciferous crops in the early stages. Planting seedlings in cloudy weather. Feeding plants with fertilizers, good watering with water. Chemical means. |
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Cabbage (horseradish) leaf beetle, or babanukha beetle is dark green, with a metallic sheen, 3-4.5 mm long. Larva up to 5.5 mm long, dirty yellow, with four longitudinal rows of black tubercles. Females lay their eggs one at a time in the depressions they have made in the pulp of the leaf and fill them with quickly drying secretions. The larvae feed on plant leaves. Cabbage leaf beetle damages cabbage, turnip, radish, turnip, radish, horseradish. Beetles gnaw through holes on the leaves or eat all the flesh of the leaf, leaving only the veins. The larvae scrape the epidermis from the surface of the leaves. |
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Control measures: Weed control, destruction of post-harvest residues. Chemical means. |
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The stem cabbage secretive beetle is a black beetle, covered on top with gray scales and hairs. Length about 3 mm with a thin long rostrum. The larva is white, legless, up to 5 mm long. In spring, females lay their eggs in chambers, which they usually gnaw out in the middle vein of the leaf or in petioles and stems. The larvae gnaw through a passage in the vein, pass into the petiole, and sometimes into the stem, forming a passage up to the root collar. |
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Damage caused by larvae causes a lag in the growth and development of plants. Severely damaged plants die. |
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Control measures: Vegetative watering and fertilizing plants, loosening the soil during the period of pupation of larvae, deep autumn plowing. Rejection and destruction of testes leaves damaged by larvae, weed control. Chemical means. |
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Cabbage moth - butterfly, wingspan 14-17 mm. The front wings are narrow, brownish-brown, with a white wavy stripe along the posterior margin. The hindwings are gray with a fringe. Caterpillar 7-12 mm long, fusiform, light green. |
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Females lay their eggs singly or in groups on the leaves of cruciferous plants. After 3-7 days, caterpillars appear that feed on the pulp of the leaves, first in mines, and then openly. |
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Cabbage moth caterpillars damage cruciferous plants. They bite into the pulp of the leaf, making short passages in it, and after 2-3 days they come out onto the leaf and feed on its pulp, leaving the skin intact on the upper side, as a result of which the damage looks like windows. Adult caterpillars gnaw through holes in leaves, in early leaves and apical buds, which leads to a significant reduction in yield. |
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Control measures: Thorough harvesting and destruction of all post-harvest residues and weeds, followed by deep autumn plowing. Early planting of cabbage plants. Chemical processing. |
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Cabbage white - butterfly wings are white. Forewings with black triangular apical spot; the female also has two round black spots. Wingspan 50-60 mm. The caterpillar is yellow-green, with black dots and spots, with yellow side stripes, up to 40 mm long. Females lay yellow bottle-shaped eggs in groups. |
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Caterpillars damage cruciferous plants. Young caterpillars gnaw at the flesh of the leaf from the underside, without touching the upper skin. Later, the caterpillars spread throughout the plant and eat leaves mainly from the edges. Adult caterpillars can severely damage leaves, leaving only coarse veins intact. |
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Control measures: Destruction of weeds. Chemical processing. |
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Turnip whitefish - a butterfly similar to cabbage whitefish, but smaller. Caterpillars 20-24 mm long, one-color, velvety green, with a yellow stripe along the back. The females lay eggs one at a time on leaves. |
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Caterpillars of the turnip whitefish feed on the leaves of cruciferous plants, eating them. In summer, they often burrow between the leaves covering the heads of cabbage, causing rotting. |
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Control measures: the same as with cabbage whites. |
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Cabbage scoop - the front wings of the butterfly are dark brown, with a yellowish-white wavy line and a kidney-shaped spot. Hind wings grey. Wingspan 40-50 mm. Caterpillars 35-40 mm in size, grayish-green, yellowish-brown, sometimes almost black, the ventral half is light. There are dark spots on the back. Butterflies lay hemispherical white eggs on the leaves, mainly on their underside, in groups. |
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In addition to cruciferous plants, caterpillars also damage beets, onions, etc. First, they eat the parenchyma, and then gnaw irregularly shaped holes in the leaves. Adult caterpillars penetrate cabbage heads, gnaw their passages and pollute them with excrement. In cauliflower, they damage the head. |
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Control measures: Early planting of cabbage plants, good care for them, weed control. Autumn plowing after harvest. The release of trichogramma during the laying period of the cabbage scoop (20-40 thousand copies per 1 ha in 2 doses). Chemical processing. |
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Cabbage aphid - in spring and summer, the aphid develops parthenogenetic (self-birth of larvae), giving up to 15 generations per season, first wingless, and then winged individuals. In autumn, females of the bisexual generation lay eggs. |
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Cabbage aphid damages cabbage, swede and other cruciferous plants. Larvae and adult insects feed on plant sap. The leaves become discolored and curled, the development of the head of cabbage stops. Damage to the testicles causes a change in the color of the generative organs. Seeds are not formed. |
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Control measures: Deep autumn plowing after harvesting cruciferous plants with preliminary harvesting of stumps and other plant residues. When the first colonies of aphids appear - chemical treatment. |
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Protection system |
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1. Application of herbicides in the fall for autumn cultivation against annual and perennial grasses and dicotyledonous weeds. |
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2. Selection of only healthy plants for testes and their storage at a temperature of l0-20 and air humidity of 90-95%. |
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3. Planting testicles in the optimal, short time and rejection of patients before landing in the field. |
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4. Drying the seeds after threshing. |
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5. Applying the necessary chemicals to the soil before sowing against pathogens of clubroot and black leg. |
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6. Optimum sowing density, proper watering and ventilation of seedlings. |
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7. Tillage in the open field against clubroot and blackleg before planting seedlings in the field. |
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8. Spraying the soil (with immediate incorporation) before planting seedlings against annual grasses and dicotyledonous weeds. |
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9. Treatment of plants after planting in open ground against weeds (if there is a strong infestation). |
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10. Treatment during the growing season against a complex of chewing and sucking insects. |
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11. The use of biological products and Trichogramma against cutworms. |
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A protective equipment table is attached. |
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Krutskikh Raisa Grigorievna, |
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teacher-agronomist VAKZO, |
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ICS consultant |
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Means of protection |
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White cabbage.
Early varieties:
June, Kuuziku Varayan, Gribovsky 147, Early maturing, Golden hectare 1482, Stakhanovka 1513.
The period from germination to mass collection is 79-129 days, the yield is up to 65 t/ha and more.
Heads of medium density, round shape and weighing up to 1-3 kg, with good taste, with low cracking.
Transportability is satisfactory.
Mid-season varieties:
Slava Gribovskaya 231, Slava 1305, Taininskaya, Losinoostrovskaya 8, Nadezhda, Sibiryachka 6.
The period from germination to mass collection is 123-150 days, the yield is up to 90 t/ha.
Heads are round, dense, weighing up to 2.2-4 kg, with high taste, do not crack.
Transportability is average, good for salting.
Mid-late varieties:
Belorusskaya 455, Gift, Ladozhskaya 22.
The period from germination to mass harvest is 130-160 days, the yield is up to 80 t/ha, the heads are round, very dense, weighing up to 4 kg, with high taste, perfectly stored.
Late maturing varieties:
Amager 611, Moscow late 15, Zimovka 1474, Winter Gribovskaya 13, Moscow late 15.
The period from germination to mass harvesting is 145-170 days, the yield is up to 80 t/ha, the heads are round-flat, medium density, weighing up to 6 kg, high palatability.
Good keeping quality and high transportability.
Taste is high, transportability is good.
Warranty- mid-early variety, yield 115-230 centners/ha, high marketability, round-flat head, white, semi-open, dense fine-grained surface, with high taste qualities, responsive to fertilizers and irrigation.
Predecessors: early cucumbers, legumes, onions, root crops, early potatoes, annual and perennial grasses
Planting methods and seedling rate:
early: 70 x 25-27 cm (53-55 thousand plants per 1 ha)
medium: 70 x 30-35 cm (47-50 thousand plants per 1 ha)
Red cabbage.
Stone head 447- mid-season (95-110 days), yield 40-60 t/ha, heads are round or round-flat, red-violet, dense, weighing 2-2.5 kg.
Transportability is good, keeping quality is average.
Mikhnevskaya- mid-season (90-105 days), yield 55-75 t/ha, round heads, purple with a slight red tint, dense, weighing 2.7-5 kg, high taste.
Transportability and storage are good. Universal.
cabbage varieties
Mpvir-74- early-ripening cabbage variety, ripens 50-55 days after planting 50-day-old seedlings.
Heads weighing 300 - 400 g, ripen together.
Cabbage variety is grown not only in spring - summer, it is also in summer - autumn.
Used both fresh and canned.
June- an early ripening variety of cabbage.
When planting seedlings from May 1 to May 5, it ripens in the third decade of June. Heads of medium density, resistant to cracking, small sizes, weighing up to 1 kg.
The cabbage variety tolerates spring frosts down to minus 4 - 5 °С.
F1 Dumas- an early ripening variety of cabbage, ripens 55 days after planting seedlings.
A head of cabbage weighing 11.5 kg does not crack.
Gako- mid-late variety of cabbage, ripens in 105 - 115 days after planting seedlings.
Heads are dense, large, up to 3 kg.
It has a bitter taste, but after storage, the bitterness in the leaves disappears.
The color of heads of cabbage is bluish-violet, with a characteristic sheen.
F1 Transfer- an ultra-early hybrid of cabbage, the head of cabbage is not large, rounded, does not crack.
Dithmarscher- an early ripening variety of cabbage. A head of cabbage is round, weighing 2.5 kg.
Present- the variety of cabbage is resistant to cracking.
Heads of cabbage are rounded, very dense, weighing 3 - 3.5 kg. The cabbage variety is used both for sauerkraut and for long-term storage (for 5 months fresh).
Stakhanovka- matures 70 - 85 days after planting 55 - 60 day old seedlings.
Cabbage heads of medium density, resistant to cracking, weighing 1.5 - 2.5 kg.
Langedijkererle- cabbage variety ripens 75 - 80 days after planting.
A head of cabbage is round, weighing about 5 kg.
Used fresh and for early processing.
F1 Metino- head of cabbage is oval, does not crack, weighing 3 kg, for early use.
F1 Menza- the largest variety of cabbage, weighing 5 - 9 kg. Suitable for pickling. The head of cabbage is dense, with a small stump.
Belarusian- heads of cabbage are rounded, very dense, weighing up to 3 kg. The variety is well stored, suitable for fermentation.
Glory-1305- a very common variety of cabbage, productive, resistant to cracking, used for sauerkraut, stored for about 3 months. The weight of a head of cabbage can reach 5 kg.
golden hectare- matures 70 - 80 days after planting cabbage seedlings. A head of cabbage of medium density, round shape, weighing 1.5 - 2 kg.
Moscow late- a late variety of cabbage, fruitful, well stored, used both fresh and for sauerkraut. Heads are dense, large, weighing 8 kg.
Early Gribovskaya-1355- an early variety of cabbage, ripens in 50 - 60 days after planting seedlings. Heads of medium density, weighing 350 - 500 g.
F1 Malimba- an early variety of cabbage, sown in a seedless way. The head is dense, white, smooth.
Warranty- a variety of cabbage is very productive, resistant to spillage, medium early, ripens 22.5 months after planting seedlings. The heads are dense, white, fine-grained, weighing 500 - 800 g.
F1 Geneva- a late variety of cabbage, a head of cabbage weighing 4 - 5 kg, the best variety for storage and one of the best for sauerkraut.
Otechestvennaya - a medium-early variety of cabbage, fruitful, ripens 70 days after planting seedlings. The heads are dense, white, weighing up to 700 g, ripen together.
Drumond- medium-early variety of cabbage. The head of cabbage is beautiful, dense, for making colored salads, stewing, marinades.
Stone head-447- matures 100 - 110 days after planting cabbage seedlings. Heads are medium-sized, weighing 1.5 - 1.8 kg, very dense, red - purple. The cabbage variety keeps well. Used both fresh and pickled.
Mikhnevskaya- mid-season variety of cabbage, ripens 110-120 days after planting seedlings. Heads are round, dense, red-violet in color, weighing up to 3 kg. The variety is intended for long-term storage.
F1 Rhone- late, dense, round head of cabbage, weighing up to 4 kg. Very well kept at home.
Dwarf- mid-season productive variety of cabbage, large heads of excellent taste. After being cut, the plant continues to produce lateral heads.
Yubileinaya-2170- a variety of early ripening cabbage, ripens in 100 - 105 days from germination or 60 - 65 days after planting seedlings. Heads are small, round or slightly oval, medium density, weighing up to 1 kg.
Viennese early-1346- early-ripening cabbage variety, ripens in 135 - 140 days. Heads are small, medium density, weighing up to 1 kg.
Vertu-1340- a medium-late variety of cabbage, ripens in 140 - 145 days from germination or 110 days from planting seedlings. Heads weighing 1 - 1.5 kg are well stored.
Hercules-1342- a medium-late variety of cabbage, ready for harvesting in 135-140 days from germination or 110-120 days after planting seedlings. On one plant, 20 - 30 heads are formed, the average weight of a head is 10 - 15 g, the diameter is 2 - 4 cm.
Viennese white-1350- early ripening cabbage variety, ripens 60-70 days after germination, heat-resistant. Stem crops and technical ripeness reach a diameter of 7-10 cm, carried them 80-100 g, the shape is rounded flat, the color is light green.
F1 Laser- an ultra-early variety of cabbage, forms large dense heads of dark green color.
Green sprouting is an early variety of cabbage, the growing season from germination to head harvesting is 65-70 days or 30-35 days after planting. The plant is medium-sized, forms a spreading rosette of leaves, the central shoot ends with a compact dark green head, consisting of a large number of green buds, head diameter 8-10. Cabbage b/c Amager 611 Late-ripening, maturing, valuable variety for transportation. Used fresh in winter.
Cabbage b/c Belarusian 455 One of the best varieties for pickling and winter storage. Heads are round, weighing 2.5-4.0 kg, resistant to cracking, great taste.
Cabbage b/c Valentine F1
One of the best late-ripening hybrids intended for fresh consumption in the winter-spring period after long-term storage (8 months). Throughout the entire period of storage, heads of cabbage do not lose their taste and color.
Cabbage b/c Zarya MS
A new, promising early ripe variety (technical maturity occurs on the 118th day after full germination). Heads are rounded, weighing up to 2.0 kg, excellent taste, resistant to cracking. High productivity, uniformity of ripening and high commercial qualities of fruits are the indisputable advantage of this variety.
Cabbage b/c June The variety is ultra-early (the period from germination to technical ripeness is 90-117 days).
The variety is plastic, relatively resistant to cabbage fly damage, early spring cold snaps and frosts. Recommended for fresh use in early summer
Cabbage b/c Kolobok F1 Late-ripening hybrid (technical maturity occurs 140-150 days after germination). Heads of cabbage are perfectly stored, dense, do not crack, the hybrid is resistant to diseases.
Cabbage b/c Wintering 1474 MARKET FAVORITE! Transportable, maturing variety (heads are stored until June).
Cabbage b/c Cossack F1 Early maturing, high yielding, tasty hybrid resistant to cracking and disease
Cabbage b/c Langedijker late The variety is late-ripening (from germination to technical maturity 145-160 days). It is used fresh in winter and for fermentation.
Cabbage b/c Amtrak F1
One of the best late-ripening hybrids, which gives a guaranteed harvest both in the south and in the central, northern regions. Good for pickling, preparing fresh salads, in home cooking, and also ideal for long-term storage. Wholesale vegetables, sale of vegetables, buy vegetables, fresh vegetables in Ufa
White cabbage is considered almost the only vegetable that has pronounced anti-ulcer properties. A wide variety of dishes are prepared from it, which have a beneficial effect on the human gastrointestinal tract. Cabbage has many other medicinal properties, it contains a large number of important trace elements (P, Mg, K, Fe, Ca, etc.) and vitamins (PP, A, C, E, most B vitamins). That is why it is widely cultivated throughout the globe, including in Russia. The technology of growing white cabbage came to us from the depths of millennia - from the farmers of Ancient Greece and Rome, and later - the Caucasus and Transbaikalia. Cabbage of various types occupies ¼ of all areas allocated for vegetable crops in the Russian Federation, and 98% of them belong to white cabbage.
White cabbage is in the first place against peptic ulcers.
General information about cabbage
Cabbage is a biennial plant that forms a head of cabbage in the first year, and develops a flowering stem and gives seeds in the second. Properly grown plant has a dense hard head and is well preserved. The culture has a developed root system, spreading in the soil layer up to 40-50 cm. It is a cold-resistant plant, the germination of seeds of which begins at a temperature of +2-+3°C (although the optimum temperature is +18-+20°C). After planting in the field, well-hardened seedlings are able to tolerate short-term frosts up to 5-6 ° C below zero.
+ 18-20 degrees is considered the optimal temperature for the vegetation of cabbage.
During the growing season for white cabbage, the optimum temperature is +15-+18°C. In the autumn period (the time of head ripening), the growth and development of the culture continues at +5-+10°C. Moreover, the temperature regime above 25°C adversely affects the development of the plant (head formation worsens, the cracking of heads and the general incidence of the plant increase), and at temperatures above 35°C heads are not formed at all.
But the requirements for light in cabbage are quite high - this plant needs daylight hours exceeding 13 hours for normal development. It is even more demanding on moisture: with insufficient soil and air moisture, the plant develops poorly, forms few leaves, and produces small fruits. The optimal soil moisture for white cabbage is 75-80% HB. The best soils for this crop are loamy and clayey moisture-intensive or irrigated field soils, rich in organic matter. Cabbage requires well-draining soils with sufficient depth for a deep root system and lime content (pH 6-7.5).
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Crop planning and variety selection
All of the above aspects must be paid special attention, since they are of great importance for the successful cultivation of a crop. Experts recommend starting this process with the preparation of 3 plans:
- agrotechnical;
- high-quality;
- performance of work.
Agrotechnics and varieties are among the most important factors affecting crop yield and quality.
The technical work factor, more related to the cost of production and the possibility of saving, becomes of great importance in large-scale cultivation. At the same time, for significant areas of cultivation, specialists draw up the so-called technological map of crop cultivation. It reflects the main parameters of the performance of work with a list of types of operations and an indication of technological requirements for them, methods and methods of work, a list of machinery and equipment, safety requirements, performers of work and their functions, work and rest modes, labor costs and its payment and etc. For the convenience of calculations, the cultivation map is drawn up for 1, 10 or 100 hectares of crops.
In an individual household, a similar technological map can also be used. Its compilation contributes to a clear definition of the stages of work, identification of all needs and potential problems, elimination of the latter before the cultivation of white cabbage, which ultimately allows you to collect a richer and better harvest.
When planting cabbage, it is important that the cabbage varieties match each other and are planted on the same bed.
The work planning process is closely related to the choice of varieties, since the latter largely determines the methods of cultivation, the composition and nature of future cultivation activities. There are many varieties and hybrids of white cabbage, including Adema F1, Balbro F1, Granada F1, Caporal F1, Leopold F1, Mendy F1, Slavia, Tolsma F1, Hurricane F1 and others. The following factors should be taken into account in varietal selection:
- harvest time (since there are early and late varieties of cabbage);
- the possibility of sowing at different times without compromising product quality (for example, on March 15, it is possible to sow in a tunnel greenhouse, and on April 10 - already in open ground with a film cap);
- the desired head size (the number of plants planted per 1 ha will depend on this indicator);
- the correct choice of varieties, the timing of sowing and planting in order to obtain the maximum and high-quality harvest and harvest it at the optimum time, taking into account climatic conditions;
- the persistence of the crop on the field during the ripening period, which affects the ability to extend the harvesting time.
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seedling cultivation
At the second stage, the technology of growing white cabbage involves the cultivation of seedlings. First of all, you need to take care of a sufficient number of varieties and seeds, and then plan the planting of sprouts correctly so that the number of days necessary for its ripening passes between sowing and planting. Their number may vary depending on the time of growing seedlings (usually from March 15 to April 20) and on the method (cold or warm, tunnel or open ground).
- Selection of sites for cabbage (taking into account soil diseases and the possibility of covering with a film) with the removal of weeds and the creation of good drainage.
- Ensuring timely sowing in spring and deeper plowing in autumn (at the same time, deep tillage is not carried out before sowing, it is quite enough that it be loose).
- Careful leveling of the field surface, as even minor irregularities cause the formation of uneven heads, especially when additional watering is required.
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Technological features of seedling agroponics
The technology for growing cabbage seedlings contains the following important points:
A cabbage seedling is planted on loose, moist soil with a temperature of 12-15 degrees.
- The optimum soil temperature is 12-15 degrees.
- 400-500 seeds are sown per 1 sq.m. Precise sowing is considered the best method, in which the distance between seeds is 2.7 cm, the row spacing is 8 cm, giving a uniform planting material. When sowing randomly, the sowing rate is 1.5-2 g of seeds per square meter, while it is necessary to monitor the uniform distribution of seeds over the sown area.
- Sowing depth should be 1-1.5 cm, depending on the condition and moisture of the soil (sowing at a depth of more than 2 cm makes it difficult for seeds to germinate).
- After sowing, the land is watered to accelerate germination and enhance the effect of anti-weed preparations (they are treated immediately after sowing). The best of these drugs is propachlor (Ramrod), it requires 5-7 kg per 1 ha.
- When sowing in open ground, it is desirable to cover the crops with a film (preferably with a perforation of 4.5%), which ensures the appearance of uniform seedlings; after sufficient development of the first leaves, it is advisable to remove the film (perforated can be used longer).
- The room temperature after emergence should be at least +5°C at night and at least +8°C during the day (higher daytime temperatures are acceptable in sunny weather).
- Seedlings should be well watered only at the germination stage, since further excess moisture weakens the sprouts and causes the appearance of Botrytis cinerea (gray rot), Rhizoctonia (root rot), Peronospora par. (downy mildew). Optimal watering is 20-25 mm, which ensures stable growth of seedlings and forces them to develop the root system.
- After the development of the first true leaves, it is recommended to start ventilating the room in order to harden off the seedlings, paying particular attention to its rapid drying in the morning.
- It is necessary to carefully monitor the occurrence of diseases or the appearance of insects and make the necessary processing in a timely manner.
- The actual output of seedlings under optimal conditions for its development is calculated according to the following formula: sowing in glass or tunnel greenhouses in quantitative terms minus 70%, sowing under a film (perforated) minus 60%, in open ground -50%.
- Usually seedlings are ready for planting in 45-50 days. The use of overgrown, large seedlings provokes the development of uneven heads.
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seedling storage conditions
Seedlings need to be stored in moist soil and a fairly warm room.
If the planting of already prepared seedlings into the ground is delayed (due to adverse weather or soil conditions), it can be stored in a cool room for 2-3 weeks without compromising quality. However, to keep seedlings in optimal condition, a number of conditions must be met:
- the soil under it should be sufficiently moist;
- a certain number of sprouts must be placed in an appropriate box (for example, no more than 500 pieces in a 60x40 cm container) to avoid an incubation effect;
- ensure a storage temperature of 1-3 degrees and a relative humidity of about 90%;
- longer storage with a shorter growing season can lead to lower yields in varieties with a long growing season;
- if seedlings need to be stored for only a few days, this can be done at +7 degrees.
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Soil cultivation, fertilization, crop rotation
The soil needs to be plowed up in autumn in order to plant cabbage on loose and soft ground in spring.
The field for white cabbage should be well plowed in the fall in order to ensure a uniform soil surface in the spring. Plowing is carried out to a depth of 22-28 cm to prevent the formation of a compacted layer. In spring, the soil is additionally processed with a rotary cutter. At the same time, they make sure that the soil is not too shallow, but they also do not allow large clods to be left.
As for fertilizers, organic matter (humus or compost) must be applied in the fall. Minerals are introduced in the spring on plowed soil, the norms of their application with normal soil analysis data are 250 kg of N and K20 and 75 kg of SP205 per hectare. To achieve good keeping quality, nitrogen is also applied, and in 2 stages: usually 60% before planting and 40% on dry plants 6-7 weeks after planting.
At the same time, they monitor the uniform distribution of fertilizers. For nutrient-rich soils, the norms are reduced, and the amount of nitrogen is halved or not used at all.
If the acidity of the soil is sufficient, and the content of CaCO3 in it is at least 1%, then cabbage does not impose particularly high requirements on crop rotation. But optimally it should be 4-5 years old. Constant cultivation of a crop in one place can lead to the concentration of various nematodes in soils. Experts recommend including potatoes, tomatoes, peas, onions, cucumbers, eggplants and peppers in the crop rotation plan.
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Transplanting
When planting, you need to make sure that there are no extra weeds on the soil and that it is sufficiently wet.
When planting a crop on the ground, planting density is important, which can vary and depends on factors such as:
- grade;
- the desired size of the head (the larger it is, the less often the planting);
- the working width of the machines used, which most often determines the row spacing (recommended - 75 cm).
When planting seedlings, the following rules must be observed:
- prepared beds should be moist;
- before sampling, water the seedlings so that they absorb enough moisture;
- when sampling, get rid of weak, small and overgrown sprouts;
- prevent their withering due to long storage;
- sprouts must be planted at a sufficient depth, especially when planting large seedlings;
- to accelerate the engraftment immediately after planting, the seedlings should be watered;
- a week after planting the seedlings and forming the first roots, a chemical treatment with propachlor against weeds is carried out at a dosage of 7 kg / ha (at the same time, the soil must be sufficiently moist, otherwise the treatment will not have the desired effect). When growing under glass or film, a lower dosage is also allowed; under such conditions, seedlings should be ventilated for several days after treatment.
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Creating conditions for growth and maturation
Caring for cabbage during its ripening period consists in loosening row spacings, hilling, sufficient watering, weed control, feeding and control of diseases and pests.
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Watering and weed control
Strait of cabbage is carried out 6-7 times during the period
The cultivation technology involves watering cabbage at least 4-6 times over the entire period at a rate of 500-600 m 3 of water per hectare (for each specific case, the rates are determined depending on soil, climatic and weather conditions). It must be remembered that frequent but sparing watering is very harmful: with a lack of moisture, lateral superficial roots begin to develop, and the root system stops growing deep into the earth, where there is more water and minerals.
To determine soil moisture, you can dig a hole 20-30 cm deep (it contains the most active zone of cabbage roots) and inspect the lower layers. If they are dry or only slightly damp, watering is necessary. At the same time, it is considered the most effective way. It is important not to miss the moment when the plant begins to form heads. In order to avoid their cracking, 2-3 weeks before harvesting, the supply of moisture is stopped.
As part of the fight against weeds, on the eve of summer, heavily infested soils are treated with metham-sodium at a dosage of 700-1000 l/ha. The substance is applied to moist soil and immediately after spraying, watering is carried out at 3 mm. The treatment of newly planted plants with propachlor was discussed above. In the future, it is preferable to carry out mechanical processing against weeds. If there are a lot of them, chemicals are also used. Practice shows that propachlor is best suited for cabbage. If it does not give the desired effect, desmetrin (semeron) can be used, however this may cause a temporary slowdown in growth and discoloration of the culture. Desmetrin is applied at a dosage of 1-1.5 kg/ha no later than 4 weeks after planting seedlings and only on cabbages with at least 5 leaves.
Growing cabbage as a business idea that has been and will be relevant, because this leafy root crop is in the top 10 most popular vegetable crops. Traditional Russian cabbage soup, Ukrainian borscht, old Belarusian cabbage soup, popular cabbage rolls, saltwort. Each nationality has its own unique recipes for cooking and salting this vegetable. All this suggests that cabbage forks will always find their place in the diet.
- How to start a cabbage growing business?
- Cabbage cultivation technology for sale
- How much can you earn growing cabbage?
- How much money do you need to start a business
- How to choose equipment
- Which OKVED for the cabbage growing business should be chosen by its organizer
- What documents are needed to open a cabbage growing company
- Which taxation system to choose
- Do you need permission
Cabbage has 7 types:
- head: white and red head or blue, brussels;
- color: color, broccoli, romanesco;
- kohlrabi;
- savoy;
- sheet;
- Beijing lettuce;
- Chinese.
How to start a cabbage growing business?
Approaching the issue of growing cabbage as a business, you need to consider the following.
- Decide which species is more profitable to grow in a given region. It should be borne in mind that large enterprises are aimed at growing blue and white cabbage, which can be very competitive.
- Learn the basics of vegetable farming.
- Organize the cultivation of organic products. In a large cabbage growing business, agrochemicals are used in large quantities, which significantly reduces its useful properties.
- Find consumers, establish direct deliveries. Rejecting the services of intermediaries will significantly reduce the price of the goods. Real buyers can be restaurants, individuals, retailers.
- Rent land. If agricultural activity is to be registered as a business, the area of the field must be at least one hectare. The planting site must meet certain requirements, based on the interests of the business and the conditions for growing cabbage. It should be located near the main point of sale, have convenient access roads. Cabbage heads love a lot of sun and light, they need moisture, so it’s good if the earth is in a lowland. The soil is best suited medium or heavy loamy, should be not acidic, well fertilized.
- Think about storage space.
To provide for all questions, it is necessary to draw up a plan for growing cabbage - a business plan. Here it is necessary to take into account the cost of rent, transport costs, wages to employees, the cost of agrotechnical measures, planting material, fertilizers, taxes. All this must be correlated with the expected profit. It is very profitable to engage in greenhouse cultivation: an early entry into the market will allow you to sell products at higher prices. It may be necessary to provide for the costs of building greenhouses.
Cabbage cultivation technology for sale
It can be immediately noted that this garden crop is not particularly whimsical, it has a high yield. Therefore, as a business, growing cabbage will always attract farmers. First the soil is prepared. This is best done in the fall: it needs to be fertilized and loosened, it can be sown with green manure. If its acidity is increased, ash must be added. Further work continues in the spring.
Cultivation of head forks, like any other species, begins with sowing seeds. With a seedless method of cultivation, they are sown directly into the ground, in a permanent place with the help of seeders. This method is less expensive, but the whole snag is the quality of the seeds: it is very difficult to find a decent domestic material. With the seedling method, the seeds are sown in special containers. Quite a progressive way - cassette. 1-2 grains are planted in each cell. The weaker one is removed from the two sprouts. Picking is not required.
Seedlings are planted in open ground in a month and a half, watered abundantly. Then watering is carried out twice a week, later they switch to a single one. In the future, plant care consists in timely hilling and top dressing, pest and disease control. Cultivation of other types of cabbage is similar, with the exception of minor differences. It must be remembered that this crop cannot be grown in one place for more than 2 years. It will be possible to return it to its original place again no earlier than in 4-5 years. The best predecessors are legumes, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions.
1. National economic significance…………………………………...
2. Morphological and biological features of culture………
3.Cultivation technology……………………………………………
4. Varieties and hybrids…………………………………………………………
5. References……………………………………………………...
National economic value of cabbage. Man has been consuming cabbage since time immemorial. At first, wild leafy forms were used, which still grow on the islands and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the European coast of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. Introduction to the culture of cabbage began in the Mediterranean, and then in Western Europe. On the territory of Russia, cabbage began to be grown from the 10th century. In Transcaucasia, then in Kievan Rus.
White cabbage- one of the highest yielding vegetable crops. Its average productivity in the country reaches 200-230 q/ha. Labor costs for growing and harvesting 450-650 man-hours per 1 ha, in addition, for the cultivation of seedlings 70-180 man-hours per 1 ha. In many specialized vegetable-growing state farms of the Moscow region, 500-600 centners of mid-ripening and late-ripening varieties are obtained, and at the Zaoksky state farm in the Serpukhov district, 800-1000 centners per 1 hectare. E. N. Lebedeva, a leader of the former collective farm "Combine" of the Moscow Region.
The wide distribution of white cabbage is due not only to high yields, but also to high transportability, keeping quality, resistance to adverse conditions, high nutritional, taste and dietary properties. All types of cabbage are used for consumption throughout the year in fresh or processed form: for cooking, frying , stewing, preparing salads, pickling, pickling, drying, canning, etc. Cabbage is also used for animal feed, especially its waste.
Cabbage is a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, mineral salts (calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, etc.), vitamins C, P, PP, K, group B, carotene, organic acids and other valuable substances. Cabbage species differ somewhat in chemical composition. Cabbage carbohydrates are represented mainly by sugars. Their highest content is in cabbage and kohlrabi (2.6-6.4%). There are also starch, fiber, hemicelluloses and pectins. In terms of the content of nitrogenous substances, cabbage occupies one of the first places among vegetable crops (after spinach and salad vegetables), especially Brussels sprouts, Savoy cabbages and leafy cabbage (crude protein content 1.6-6.4%). Brussels sprouts are also high in vitamin C.
Cauliflower is characterized by a high content of iron, vitamins C (up to 155 mg%) and group B, and is easily digested. Leaf cabbage is distinguished by a large amount of dry matter (13-21%), protein (up to 4%), fiber, mineral salts and vitamin C (up to 150 mg ° / o). Citric and malic acids predominate from organic acids. Along with nutritional value, cabbage has dietary and medicinal properties. It is used for heart disease, it is useful for patients with obesity and diabetes, the juice is used for stomach ulcers.
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CABBAGE
White cabbage is a biennial crop. A head of cabbage is formed in the first year of life, and in order to obtain seeds, it is necessary to subject the plant to prolonged exposure to low temperatures (up to + 8 °), which usually occurs in the conditions of winter storage of plants. At the same time, growth processes are delayed, and the ongoing metabolism leads to the appearance of qualitatively new flower bud formations at the growth points. In the second year of life, the head of cabbage is cut off, the remaining stalk is rooted and long shoots grow from it with flowers collected in flower brushes. Cabbage flowers are yellow with four cross-shaped petals. Therefore, it belongs to the cruciferous family.
Cabbage seed bushes bloom, depending on weather conditions, from 15 to 25 days. Pollination is cross-pollinated by bees and other insects. Varieties of white cabbage are crossed with each other and with other varieties of cabbage: Brussels, Savoy, cauliflower, leafy, kohlrabi, but not crossed with Beijing and Chinese cabbage, as well as turnips, rutabagas, radishes and wild cruciferous. After fertilization of the flower, a fruit is formed - a pod, narrow, long (up to 10 cm). Inside the pod is a partition, along which rounded-angular brown-black seeds are located on both sides. In appearance, the seeds of different varieties of cabbage and its varieties are indistinguishable. They are also similar to the seeds of rutabaga, rapeseed, mustard, turnip, and can be distinguished only after germination, when the first true leaf appears. Cabbage has a smooth leaf surface, while swede, rapeseed, mustard and turnip have pubescent leaves. By seedlings, white cabbage can be distinguished from cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and Savoy. Cabbage varieties are distinguishable in the phase of technical ripeness of the head, only experienced specialists can distinguish varieties in earlier phases.
temperature requirements. Cabbage belongs to the group of cold-resistant vegetable crops. The optimal daily temperature for mature plants, at which they normally assimilate and grow, is 13 - 18 degrees Celsius. Friendly shoots of seeds appear on the third or fourth day at a soil temperature of 18 - 20o. At lower temperatures, seedlings are delayed up to 7-12 days, and at temperatures below 10°C, it is practically difficult to achieve seed germination. Seedlings grow better at daytime temperatures of 12-18°C and at night 8-10°C. Such conditions contribute to the hardening of seedlings, and when planted in the ground, it easily tolerates frosts down to -5 °. Adult plants in the phase of technical ripeness of the head can withstand frosts down to - 8 °. With the return of heat, they restore turgor and continue to grow. With prolonged exposure to low temperatures, the stump and head of cabbage freeze through. Thawing such heads can cause "nebula", where the outside of the head leaves becomes normal, but when cut inside, dark, sour tissue is revealed. To prevent nebula, it is recommended to defrost frozen heads of cabbage after cutting the head or cutting it in half. High temperature inhibits cabbage, and at temperatures above 35 ° C, the formation of a head is delayed.
Moisture Requirements. Cabbage is one of the most moisture-loving vegetable plants, but water requirements vary with age. For seed germination, water is needed in an amount of 50% by weight of seeds. When growing seedlings, moderate humidity is maintained so as not to pamper the plant, to prepare it for the difficulties of the transplant period. As the plants grow, the number of leaves increases, the need for water increases and reaches its maximum during the head formation period, when each plant consumes about 10 liters of water daily. During the ripening period, an increased amount of moisture can lead to premature cracking of heads, the quality of products intended for long-term winter storage deteriorates. Therefore, cabbage intended for storage is limited to watering a month before harvesting. The non-chernozem zone is a zone of sufficient moisture, and there are often years when cabbage can be grown without additional watering. But even in years with sufficient rainfall, there are periods of acute lack of moisture and irrigation is required. The most economical, with a small amount of water, is watering into the holes near the plant, which, after watering, are covered with dry soil, the water consumption is 0.5 - 2 liters per plant, depending on its age. Sprinkling is effective irrigation, especially during dry periods. On heavy loamy soils, loosening the row spacing can have the same effect as watering; it is called "dry watering". A loose layer of earth is created, protecting the lower layers from excessive evaporation.
Excess moisture in the soil delays the growth of plants and leads to their death. It is enough for plants to be under water for 10-12 hours, as the root system dies, bacteriosis develops and the plant dies. On lands subject to flooding, cabbage should be planted on ridges or high ridges.
Light requirements. From the very first days of life, cabbage needs sufficient lighting, and the slightest shading, thickening, untimely thinning of seedlings lead to stretching of plants, they become vulnerable to various fungal diseases (black leg, transfer). Mature plants also need good lighting conditions; you can not plant cabbage in the shade of buildings or trees, you should correctly observe the distances between plants recommended for varieties. Due to excessive thickening, small poor-quality heads are formed, and sometimes a head cannot form at all. In early varieties, thickening delays ripening. The growth rate of cabbage depends on the length of daylight hours. When growing seedlings in March - April, it takes 45 - 50 days for the seedlings to be ready for planting, and when growing in May - June, only 30 days are enough.
Requirements for soil nutrition elements vary depending on the type of fertilizer, the age of the plant. To organize proper plant nutrition, you need to know what role each element plays in the life of a cabbage plant. In large quantities, cabbage consumes nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, somewhat less calcium, magnesium and very small amounts of trace elements: boron, manganese, molybdenum. Nitrogen (N) for cabbage is an important growth element. It is part of proteins and chlorophyll. With a lack of nitrogen, the leaves become pale green, the plants lag behind in growth. Phosphorus (P.O.) is part of protein substances, plays an important role in cell division. A lack of phosphorus delays the formation of a head, flowering and seed maturation. The leaves become smaller, change color to red-violet.
Potassium (K.O.) is involved in protein metabolism, increases resistance to drought, frost, diseases and damage by insect pests. With a lack of potassium, the leaves begin to turn yellow and dry from the top.
Depending on the age, cabbage has different requirements for nutrients. So, in the seedling period, she needs a balanced diet with all the main nutrients in an easily accessible form. After planting the seedlings in the ground, the plant needs more nitrogen to restore the root system and build up the assimilation apparatus. During the period of intensive head growth, phosphorus and potassium are consumed more.
Technology of growing white cabbage
Place in crop rotation and fertilizer The best predecessors for cabbage are cucumber, early potatoes, onions, legumes, for medium and late varieties - a layer of clover, tomato, beet, carrot. the same pests and diseases. On such soils, cabbage can be returned to its original place no earlier than after 3-4 years, and on soils infected with clubroot, after 4-5 years. part of the central floodplain to it. Late cabbage can be cultivated on the central part of the floodplain, as it is quickly freed from hollow water, which makes it possible to plant seedlings of late-ripening varieties earlier.
Fertilizer is one of the decisive conditions for obtaining a high yield of cabbage. On highly fertile floodplains, drained peatlands, areas of low relief, a high yield of cabbage can be obtained by applying mineral fertilizers alone. On less fertile soils, joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers is necessary.
Cabbage, with good growth and development, consumes 3.4 parts of potassium and 2.8 parts of nitrogen per part of phosphorus, while from manure in the year of its introduction it absorbs 20% nitrogen, 50% phosphorus and 70% potassium. Thus, the missing amount potassium and especially nitrogen must be applied in the form of mineral fertilizers, given that cabbage needs more nitrogen and then potassium before the head is set. /30-40 tons per 1 ha/ it is necessary to add 120 kg of nitrogen, 60 kg of phosphorus, 90 kg of potassium. Cabbage does not grow well on acidic soils. with clubroot on acidic soils - application of lime once every 3-4 years and proper placement of cabbage in the crop rotation.
tillage The most important event in the cultivation of cabbage is the timely autumn plowing of cabbage by 25-30 cm. Deep plowing contributes to a better development of the root system. A small arable layer is deepened by plows with soil deepeners. and plowing to 2/3 of the original depth or cultivation with simultaneous harrowing. In the northern regions, on soils with a small arable layer and with a lot of precipitation, as well as in the middle lane in areas of low relief where the soil can become waterlogged, cabbage is grown on ridges or ridges, which are cut after spring plowing. In areas of low relief with a close level of groundwater, ridges or ridges are cut in the fall so as not to be late with planting seedlings in the spring.
Planting seedlings First, seedlings of early and mid-early varieties of cabbage are planted, then late varieties are planted. The term for planting early varieties of cabbage is determined by the ripeness of the soil, the possibility of processing it. With an early planting of cabbage, a more powerful root system is formed before the onset of warm weather, which subsequently ensures rapid growth of above-ground mass and the possibility of obtaining an earlier and higher yield. Seedlings are planted as deep as possible to cause the formation of adventitious roots, but the top cannot be covered, it should rise slightly above the soil surface. SKNB-4 or SKN-6A. Distance between rows 70 cm, between plants 30-40-50 cm depending on the variety and growing conditions.
plant protection Of the pests, the cabbage fly is especially dangerous. Most often it damages early varieties, since shortly after planting the seedlings, the years of the cabbage fly begin. Against the larvae of the cabbage fly, the seedlings are sprayed with a solution of 80% technical chlorophos or other insecticides. The treatment is carried out 2-3 times every 6-8 days. During the period of mass hatching of caterpillars of cabbage aphids, cabbage whites, cabbage scoops, cabbage moths and cabbage bug larvae, plants are sprayed with a 0.2% solution of 80% technical chlorophos or phosphamide. Treatments are carried out only until the head is set. A simple and safe means of dealing with leaf-eating caterpillars is spraying plants with a solution of superphosphate mixed with potassium chloride at the time of laying eggs by cabbage white butterflies. A biological pest control method is also effective on cabbage. Spray plants with a 0.2-0.5% suspension of entobacterin possible regardless of the harvest time. Spraying in combination with a double release of Trichogramma white yank form of 20 thousand insects per 1 ha allows you to completely eliminate the use of pesticides.
Harvest Early cabbage is harvested as the heads ripen, since some plants form them earlier, others later. In the middle lane, harvesting begins in the third decade of June and ends in July. During the first sample, the densest heads of cabbage weighing at least 0.4 kg are cut with green, tightly fitting covering leaves. Heads are cut so as to exclude further stripping. After sorting, the cabbage is packed in standard cage boxes or containers and sent for sale. Middle and late varieties are harvested, as a rule, in one go. leaving 1-2 covering leaves. For pickling or winter storage, heads of cabbage are harvested with 2-3 covering loose leaves. The length of the outer stump should not exceed 3 cm. the intensity of physiological processes decreases sharply. However, heads of cabbage are removed so that they do not freeze. simmer, and when fermented, they give low-quality products. A slight surface freezing does not harm the cabbage, but it should be removed after thawing on the vine.
Varieties and hybrids of white cabbage
The varieties and hybrids used in our strip belong to the Northern European group of variety types, they are mainly early, medium early and medium late. Depending on the growing season (time from germination to harvest), all varieties and hybrids are divided into several groups.
These varieties and hybrids are intended for central Russia. For the southern regions of late varieties, Yuzhanka 31, Zavadovskaya, Biryuchekutskaya 138, Volgogradskaya 42 are recommended.
To date, domestic breeders have bred hybrids of early and very early cabbage, which retain commercial qualities and do not crack in the field for quite a long time, up to 2-3 weeks - F1 Nakhalenok and F1 Forsage. (1)
There are other interesting novelties, the description of which we will give:
F1 Atria - late-ripening (137-147 days from germination to technical maturity) hybrid. Rosette of leaves semi-raised, medium. The head of cabbage is rounded or flat-rounded, weighing 1.5-3.7 kg, high density. The outer color is grayish-green, on the cut it is greenish-white. The hybrid is characterized by high uniformity and density of heads, friendly formation of the crop, resistance to cracking. Recommended for fresh consumption, long-term winter storage and industrial processing. Relatively resistant to gray mold. Productivity is 3.5-10.0 kg / m 2.
F1 Garden head - late-ripening (130-151 days from full shoots to the beginning of technical ripeness) variety. Rosette of medium size, close to large (74-119 cm), semi-spreading. The lower leaves are arranged horizontally, their edges are pubescent. The head of cabbage is round-flat, weighing 2-3.6 kg, dense. The taste qualities are excellent. Frost-resistant, transportable. Recommended for long winter storage and industrial processing. Relatively resistant to gray mold and pit necrosis. Productivity is 4.5-5.2 kg / m 2.
peasant woman- mid-season (105-130 days from full germination to technical maturity) variety. Rosette of medium size, with semi-raised leaves. Head of medium size, rounded, dense, whitish on the cut. The outer stump is of medium length, the inner one is short. Head weight 1.3-4.1 kg. Taste is high. Recommended for fresh consumption, pickling and short-term storage. Productivity is 4.7-7.8 kg / m 2.
Slavyanka - productive variety. recommended for long-term storage, late fermentation, cooking first and second courses in the winter-spring period. Sowing for seedlings at the end of March, picking in the cotyledon phase, planting in the ground in mid-May according to the scheme 60x60 cm. The rosette of leaves is vertical, the leaf is of medium size, dark green with a bluish tinge, with a strong wax coating. The head of cabbage is rounded and rounded flat, dense, whitish in the section. The outer stump is of medium length, the inner one is short. The taste qualities are excellent. Productivity up to 8.6 kg / m 2.
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Now there are a great many varieties and hybrids of white cabbage of domestic and foreign selection on the market, and inexperienced gardeners simply run their eyes wide.
What if you want to try everything? First things first, ask more experienced gardening neighbors what varieties or hybrids are guaranteed to succeed in your area. Place your main bet on them, and out of curiosity, choose whatever your heart desires. But still, let your soul be mainly guided by varieties and hybrids of domestic production or foreign ones, zoned for our strip.
Bibliography
1. "Hybrids of white cabbage F1 Fast and Furious and F1 Nakhalenok as a means of obtaining high profits" // Bulletin of the vegetable grower. 2011. No. 5. pp. 21-23.
2. Cabbage. //Book series "Homestead farming". M. "Rural news", 1998.
3. V.A.Borisov, A.V.Romanova, I.I.Virchenko “Storage of white cabbage of different ripening periods” // Vestnik Ovoshchevoda. 2011. No. 5. pp. 36-38.
4. S.S. Vaneyan, A.M. Men'shikh, D.I. Engalychev "Methods and techniques of irrigation in vegetable growing" //Vestnik Ovoshchevoda. 2011. №3. pp. 19-24.
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