What threats to the hydrosphere were caused by man. Earth's hydrosphere

The globe is covered by a geographical envelope, which includes the lithosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. Without the complex of geospheres and their close interaction, there would be no life on the planet. Let us consider in more detail what the Earth's hydrosphere is, and what is the importance of the water shell in all vital processes.

The structure of the hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is a continuous water shell of the planet, which is located between the solid earth shell and the atmosphere. It includes absolutely all water, which, depending on environmental conditions, can be in three states: solid, gaseous and liquid.

The hydrosphere is one of the most ancient shells of the planet, which existed in almost all geological epochs. Its occurrence became possible due to the most complex geophysical processes, the result of which was the formation of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, between which there has always been the closest connection.

The hydrosphere, one way or another, permeates all the geospheres of the globe. Groundwater percolates to the very bottom of the earth's crust. The main mass of water vapor is distributed in the lower part of the atmosphere - the troposphere.

The hydrosphere accounts for about 1390 million square meters. km. It is usually divided into three main parts:

World Ocean - the main part of the hydrosphere, which includes all the oceans: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic, Arctic. The totality of the oceans is not an integral water shell: it is divided and limited by continents and islands. Salty oceanic waters make up 96% of the total volume of the hydrosphere.

The main characteristic of the World Ocean is the general and unchanging salt composition. Fresh water also enters the ocean waters along with river runoff and atmospheric precipitation, but its amount is so small that it does not affect the salt concentration in any way.

Rice. 1. Waters of the oceans

Continental surface waters - these are all water basins located on the surface of the globe: swamps, reservoirs, seas, lakes, rivers. Surface water can be both salty and fresh, artificial and natural.

The seas of the hydrosphere are marginal and inland, which, in turn, are divided into intracontinental, intercontinental and interisland.

General properties of all parts of the hydrosphere

Despite the difference in composition, states and locations, all parts of the hydrosphere are interconnected and represent a single whole. All its parts take an active part in the global water cycle.

The water cycle - a continuous process of moving water masses under the influence of solar energy. This is the connecting link of the entire earthly shell, a necessary condition for the existence of life on the planet.

In addition, water performs a number of important functions:

The accumulation of a large amount of heat, thanks to which the planet maintains a stable average temperature.
Oxygen production. A large number of microorganisms live in the water shell, producing a valuable gas necessary for the existence of all life on Earth.
resource base. The waters of the World Ocean and surface waters are of great value as resources for human life. Catching commercial fish, mining, the use of water for industrial purposes - and this is only an incomplete list of human use of water.

The influence of the hydrosphere on human activity can also be negative. Natural phenomena in the form of high waters and floods pose a great threat, and can overtake almost any region of the planet.

Hydrosphere and man

With the development of scientific and technological progress, the anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere began to gain momentum. Human activity has caused the emergence of geoecological problems, as a result of which the water shell of the Earth began to experience the following negative effects:

pollution of water by chemical and physical pollutants that significantly worsen the quality of water and the living conditions of inhabiting animals and plants;
a sharp decrease or depletion of the water resource, in which its further restoration is impossible;
the loss of a water body of its natural qualities.

Rice. 3. The main problem of the hydrosphere is pollution

To solve this problem in production, it is necessary to apply the latest protection technologies, thanks to which water basins will not suffer from all kinds of pollution.

What have we learned?

When studying the most important topic in grade 5 geography, we learned what the hydrosphere is and what the water shell consists of. We also found out what is the classification of hydrosphere objects, what are their differences and similarities, how the hydrosphere affects the life of our planet.

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Hydrosphere("hydro" - water) - a water shell on the surface of the Earth, covering the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, groundwater, mountain and sheet glaciers (frozen waters).

Types of natural disasters in the hydrosphere are given in fig. 1.9.

Rice. 1.9. Types of natural disasters in the hydrosphere.

In table. 1.11. the classification of waves is given.

Table 1.11

Wave classification

	Tidal	Wind (storm)		baric
Characteristic	Occur twice a day. Low tide can cause ships to run aground, reef. The tide creates a wave in rivers up to 3 m high, which is called boron. In Russia, a small forest occurs on rivers flowing into the Mezen Bay	The predominant height is 4 m, sometimes they reach a height of 18-20 m. Invading land, they cause floods and destruction.	The propagation speed is 50-800 km/h. The height in the open ocean is 0.1-5 m, when entering shallow water - 20-30 m, sometimes up to 40-50 m. They invade land for 1-3 km. They reach the shore with a period of 5-90 minutes.	Like a wave, a tsunami leads to dire consequences, especially when it coincides with a high tide. Reaches 10 m height in shallow water.
Causes	They are created by the forces of attraction of the Moon and the Sun and the centrifugal force associated with the rotation of the Earth-Moon system around a common center of gravity.	Caused by strong winds - hurricanes, typhoons.	They are formed during the eruption of underwater volcanoes and underwater earthquakes, blasting.	Called by cyclones when the pressure at its center drops and forms a bulge up to 1 m high

The most formidable are the waves - tsunamis.

Tsunami- gravitational waves of very large length and height, arising on the surface of the seas and oceans (translated from Japanese - a big wave in the bay).

Tsunami waves are similar to wind waves, but they have a different nature - seismic. Wavelength - the distance between adjacent crests - from 5 to 1500 km, which does not allow you to see the second, third and subsequent waves.

In Russia, tsunamis are possible on the Kuril Islands, on Kamchatka, on Sakhalin, on the Pacific coast.

In table. 1.12. the damaging factors of a tsunami are given.

Table 1.12

Affecting factors

The number of waves reaches seven, while the second or third wave is the strongest and causes the most severe destruction. Tsunami power is estimated by magnitude M from 0 to 3 (up to 6 points).

Harbingers of a tsunami: - Earthquake; - Out-of-season low tide (rapid exposure of the seabed) lasting up to 30 minutes; - Flight of wild and domestic animals from places of possible flooding to higher ground; - Thunderous noise, heard before the approach of the waves; - The appearance of cracks in the ice cover off the coast.

Actions of the population during a tsunami

Flooding on the rivers- flooding with water of the area within the river valley and settlements located above the annually flooded floodplain, due to the abundant inflow of water as a result of snowmelt or rain, or blocking the channel with ice, slush. The causes of floods and their classification are given in Table. 1.13.

Table 1.13

Classification and causes of floods

Causes of the flood	Name floods
Spring snowmelt causing prolonged rise in water levels	high water
Heavy rains, downpours, or rapid snowmelt during winter thaws
Pile of ice floes during the spring ice drift, causing the rise of water
Accumulation of sludge (loose ice material) in autumn during freeze-up, causing water to rise
The rise of water in the sea mouths of rivers, on the windward shore of lakes, reservoirs, caused by the effect of wind on the water surface	wind surge
Breakthrough of dams, dams during landslides, collapses, movement of glaciers	breakthrough
The rise of water in the river caused by blockage	Zavalnoye
Accidents at hydraulic structures	breakthrough

The largest areas of floodplain flooding are observed on the rivers flowing to the northern seas - Ob, Yenisei, Lena. Surge floods are observed in the Azov and Caspian Seas, at the mouth of the Neva River on the Baltic Sea and the Northern Dvina River on the White Sea. In table. 1.14 given damaging factors of floods.

Table 1.14

Affecting factors

Primary	Secondary
Flooding of the territory with a layer of water of different thickness (up to 2 m); - duration of standing flood waters (up to 90 days for large rivers, small - up to 7 days); - the rate of increase in the level of flood waters; water speed up to 4 m/s; - erosion and washout of soil in flood zones; - contamination and pollution of the area; - deposits; - destruction of crops, fodder base.	In case of traffic jams - ice pressure on coastal structures and their destruction; - lifting of soil, demolition of buildings; - loss of strength of structures; - destruction of communications: as a result of erosion and undermining; - landslides, collapses; - traffic accidents; - pollution of the territory.

Actions of the population during a flood.

The presentation "Spontaneous natural phenomena of the hydrosphere" is intended to summarize the results of the "Hydrosphere" section in the geography lessons of the 6th grade. The purpose of this presentation is the need to sum up the studied material. And also to show that water has a powerful destructive power. The presentation shows such natural phenomena of the hydrosphere as mudflows, avalanches, tsunamis, floods and sinkholes. Students can assess the damage effects of these natural disasters. This presentation can be demonstrated both in the classroom and during conversations within the decade of geography.

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"Geography presentation on the topic "Spontaneous natural phenomena of the hydrosphere" (Grade 6)"

Natural natural

hydrosphere phenomena

Zaitseva Elena Vladimirovna

geography teacher

MBOU Irkutsk secondary school No. 73

FLOOD -

this is a significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea during the period of snowmelt, showers, wind surges of water, during traffic jams, etc.

Tsunami in Thailand

Tsunami in Japan

Heavy rains led to mudflow

in Crimea.

Due to heavy rains, the village of St. Lorenz in Austria

was completely swept away by the mudflow.

Due to a sharp rise in water levels due to heavy rains

there was a flooding of the village of Arshan and a descent of mudflows.

SNOW AVALANCHE is a mass of snow falling or moving at a speed of 20-30 m/s or more.

Northern Norway

Everest

Avalanche came down on the border of India and Pakistan

Karst funnel -

it is a failure of the soil of natural origin.

A funnel occurs when groundwater erodes soil and rocks, and the earth falls into the resulting voids.

Often natural processes and phenomena turn into a spontaneous natural phenomenon. In cases where they cause damage to the economy and cause danger to human life, they are called natural disasters . Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snow drifts, volcanic eruptions, landslides, droughts, hurricanes, storms, etc.

Natural disasters can occur both independently of each other and connected: one of them can lead to another. Some of them often arise as a result of human activity (for example, forest and peat fires, industrial explosions in mountainous areas, during the construction of dams, laying (development) of quarries, which often leads to landslides, snow avalanches, glacial collapses, etc.) .

Regardless of the source of occurrence, natural disasters are characterized by significant scale and varying duration - from a few seconds and minutes (earthquakes, avalanches, limnological catastrophes) to several hours (mudflows), days (landslides) and months (floods).

Examples of natural disasters

№	Name	shell	Features of occurrence and causes	Areas of the most frequent distribution in Russia	Effects
1.	Earthquake	Lithosphere	Shocks and vibrations of the earth's surface caused by ruptures and displacements in the earth's crust	Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Transbaikalia, Stanovoy Range, Caucasus	Destruction, loss of life, cracks, landslides
2.	Sel (mudstone stream)	Lithosphere	Downpour, heavy snowmelt	Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Sayans, Verkhoyansk Range, Chersky Range	Destruction, destruction of crops, dams
3.	landslide, collapse	Lithosphere	Influence of gravity; most often appear on slopes composed of alternating water-resistant and water-bearing rocks	On the slopes of river banks, in the mountains, on the shores of the seas, for example, in the Ulyanovsk region on the banks of the Volga, on the banks of the Moskva River, on the Black Sea coast in the Novorossiysk region, etc.	Harm to agricultural land, enterprises, settlements
4.	Volcanic eruption	Lithosphere	Under the strong pressure of the released gases, magma, melting the surrounding rocks, breaks out to the surface of the earth.	Kamchatka, Kuril Islands	Destruction, loss of life
5.	Drought	Atmosphere	Lack of rain, strong winds, drying up soils	South of the East European Plain, Urals, Siberia, Ciscaucasia	The death of plants, the occurrence of fires
6.	Tornado	Atmosphere	Local heterogeneity of the atmosphere, alternation of warm and cold layers of air. Earth's magnetic field.	European part of Russia - center and south, rarely north	Building destruction, lifting objects into the air, uprooting trees
7.	Hurricane, typhoon (atmospheric vortex with reduced atmospheric pressure in the center)	Atmosphere	Occurs mainly in the intertropical convergence zone over superheated oceanic areas	Far East	Catastrophic devastation on land and stormy seas
8.	Flood	Hydrosphere	Precipitation during rains, melting of snow and ice, typhoons, emptying of reservoirs	St. Petersburg, the basin of the Amur, Yenisei, Lena rivers	Property damage, damage to health and loss of life
9.	Tsunami	Hydrosphere	Shocks and vibrations of the oceanic earth's crust, underwater landslides	Far East coast, Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin	Property damage and loss of life

During 2009, more than 900 hazardous natural phenomena were observed on the territory of the Russian Federation, of which 385 caused significant damage to sectors of the economy and the life of the population (in 2008 there were 348). In the cold period, there were 85 of them, in the warm period - 300.

The most frequently reported hazards were: very heavy rain (heavy downpour) - about 16% and very strong wind (including squalls) - more than 14% of the total. A significant part was also accounted for by hydrological phenomena (mudflows, excess of dangerous water levels in rivers during periods of spring floods and rain floods, etc.) - more than 14% of the total number of hazardous phenomena.

In a number of cases, individual hazardous phenomena caused significant damage to the economy and the livelihoods of the country's population.

Strong sticking of wet snow was noted in the Volgograd region on January 23-24, 2009 and in the Tver region on January 28-29, 2009. 105 power transmission towers were damaged and knocked down in five districts of the Volgograd region; damaged power lines; in the Tver region, due to an emergency shutdown of 475 transformer substations, there was a disruption in the supply of electricity in 8 districts of the region (322 settlements were left without electricity).

As a result of snow avalanches in January-March 2009, the Transcaucasian highway, local and federal roads were repeatedly blocked in the regions of the North Caucasus, several people died.

Very strong wind (gusts up to 25 m/s) in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions on April 18, 2009 resulted in numerous damages to power transmission lines, power was cut off in a number of settlements. In the Lipetsk region, due to a blackout in the water intake, 120 thousand people were left without water for 7 hours, the operation of vehicles was hindered, the roofs of houses were damaged; in the Tambov region, 1845 houses remained without power supply.

Frosts were observed (temperature -10 ... -3 o C, in some places up to -12 o C) in the Southern Federal District in the periods from 10 to 15 and from 20 to 27 April. In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Astrakhan and Rostov Regions, damage and death of winter, spring, vegetable and pome crops, as well as fruit and berry plantations were noted.

Strong and prolonged (from late May to August) drought (atmospheric and soil) in the republics of Bashkortostan, Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Udmurt Republic, Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov, Samara, Ulyanovsk regions caused significant damage to grain crops . Crops were written off on the following areas: in the Republic of Tatarstan - 313 thousand hectares, Samara and Orenburg regions - over 1 million 120 thousand hectares, Saratov - over 555 thousand hectares, Ulyanovsk region - over 116 thousand hectares.

In the Moscow Region on June 3, in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories on July 4, 5, 12 and 13, roofs of houses, power lines, agricultural crops were damaged by a large hail.

As a result of very heavy rain in the Republic of Dagestan on September 20-21 and 26-28, 2009, residential buildings were flooded, and in some places partially destroyed, household plots were flooded, roads were washed out, and in the Kizilyurt district - 150 m of the railway track, which caused the accident cargo train.