Tools, fixtures and equipment for drilling operations. Holemaking: types of operations and tools used How to select devices for drilling
The density of the metal is so high that it is necessary to use special tools and mechanisms to process it. In order to make a hole in this material, drills and drilling machines are used, in which drills are the main cutting element.
What are the best drill bits for metal? It is not easy to determine, because there are no universal products that would be suitable for processing all types of metal products. An experienced craftsman will be able to "by eye" determine the type of metal and quickly select the appropriate cutting tool for processing.
A beginner in this business needs to start from the basics. First, study the classification of drills and their scope, because the best models are products that are ideal for processing a particular type of metal.
What drills are, how to choose a product suitable for work by marking and appearance, find out in the article.
To choose the best models, you need to understand the types of drills.
Spiral
Classic, cylindrical drill bits most commonly used for drilling in metals. Usually spiral products are made of HSS steel.
The material is a high-quality cutting type of steel, so the gimlets made from it are distinguished by high strength and durability.
Conical (stepped)
The cutting surface has the shape of a cone, for which this type of drill got its name. Conical gimlets are used to make holes in thin metal, as well as to correct defects from other cutting tools.
The energy consumption for making a hole in this way is several times lower, due to the small area of contact between the tool and the surface being machined.
The advantage of using this type of drill over others is the production of large diameter holes. At the same time, it is possible to obtain better edges than when working with spiral models.
Feather
A special kind of flat gimlet with interchangeable working edges is used for drilling metal. Such products allow you to make high-quality, perfectly even holes.
The absence of distortion during the drilling process and the ability to make a large diameter hole in various metal structures allows many craftsmen to refuse to use spiral products.
The low cost of spade drills in many cases of metal processing makes them the best for drilling holes.
These are the main types of drills used to make holes in metal structures.
Classification of drills according to the material of manufacture
Which drills for metal are the best for drilling particularly strong alloys, the answer is quite simple:
- For processing such material, one should choose products in which a plate of increased hardness is located on the cutting edge. These gimlets are the best for cutting hard alloys.
- The price of such products is low due to the fact that the main body of the cutting tool is made of ordinary tool steel.
Drills made of metal alloyed with cobalt have good characteristics.
They perfectly tolerate increased mechanical loads and excessive heating of the working surface during operation. The cost of products is high, but if it is necessary to make holes in carbide, then cobalt analogues are the best for doing this job.
Titanium drills are not inferior in strength to cobalt ones, and when drilling alloyed steels and non-ferrous alloys, they show even better results.
With proper use, titanium models retain factory sharpening for a long time, which will allow you to perform a much larger amount of work.
Inexpensive drills for metal are made from ordinary high-speed steel P9 and P18. The cutting tool does an excellent job of its function, but the working surface quickly becomes dull, especially when a certain temperature threshold is exceeded.
Marking of cutting products
Marking drills for metal is necessary to determine the type of steel from which the cutting tool is made. The product also indicates its diameter, accuracy class and manufacturer (country). Only spiral gimlets with a diameter of less than 2 mm are not marked.
In other cases, the marking of drills can have the following meanings:
- P9 - made of high speed steel with a percentage of tungsten 9%.
- Р9К15 - indicates the presence of cobalt in the amount of 15% in high-speed steel.
- R6M5K5 - indicates the presence of a complex composition of cutting steel containing tungsten, cobalt and molybdenum.
Imported products have the HSS designation, which can be used to determine the composition of the material from which the drill was made. The HSS drill - the decoding of which will be given below, is used with an additional letter, by which the presence of an alloying metal is determined.
HSS Marking:
- HSS-E - contains cobalt. It is used in the processing of high viscosity metals.
- HSS-Tin - has a titanium coating, which significantly increases the hardness of the working surface, and the temperature resistance of the material increases to +600 degrees.
- HSS-E VAP is a cutting tool used for processing stainless materials.
- HSS-4241 - designed for drilling aluminum.
- HSS-R - have maximum strength.
By marking the cutting tool, you can determine for which metal and in what mode the drill can be used. If the marking is not visible, then the purpose of the drill can be determined by the color of the product.
Visual identification of drill type
By the appearance of the cutting gimlet, you can determine the type of material from which the products are made and thereby find out the mechanical strength of the sample. By color, you can determine the composition and quality of workmanship.
Grey
Gray drills are made of metal that has not been subjected to any additional processing.
The quality of the tool, in this case, leaves much to be desired, but for a one-time use, such products will fit perfectly.
Black
This color indicates that the tool has been treated with superheated steam. In the process of processing, the product acquires greater strength.
It perfectly tolerates numerous cycles of heating and cooling of the metal, and also keeps the sharpening of the working surface for a long time.
The price of black drills for metal is not much higher than gray products, so if you have a choice, you should give preference to tools of this type when buying.
Dark golden
This color indicates that the cutting tool has been tempered. This type of processing significantly increases the mechanical strength of the product by reducing internal stresses.
A tempered drill can successfully process metals of increased strength, so if you have to drill too hard alloys, it is recommended to purchase a similar model.
Bright golden
The bright golden color indicates that the metal made with the addition of titanium was used in the production.
Despite the high cost of such models, it is much more practical to purchase a quality drill than to use cheap cutting tools that will need to be used in large quantities for complex jobs.
Thus, it is easy to determine the quality of products by appearance and decide which metal drills are better to buy.
Size classification
To choose the best drill and at the same time not overpay, it is enough to know what length sizes it is customary to divide these products into. If deep holes are not required when drilling metal, then purchasing models that are too long will lead to cost overruns.
Drills are classified according to length as follows:
- Short, 20-131 mm long. Tool diameters are in the range of 0.3-20 mm.
- Elongated, the length is 19-205 mm, and the diameter is 0.3-20 mm.
- Long series with a diameter of 1-20 mm and a length of 56-254 mm.
When performing drilling work of various depths, you should select the tool that is most suitable for the specific task.
Top Producers
To purchase drills and be sure that the declared characteristics are fully true, you must choose the right manufacturer.
Firms that value their reputation do not sell products of inadequate quality. Therefore, when choosing drills for metal, preference should be given to manufacturers who have been on the market for a long time.
Among the newcomers, there may also be worthy manufacturers. But in order to find out that a good quality product is on sale, you need to make a purchase, which is often a “lottery”.
The best manufacturing companies:
1. Bosch - products of a German company have long proven themselves only on the positive side. Despite the rather high price of products, when purchasing Bosch drills, there is no doubt about the excellent quality. It is convenient and profitable to purchase the tools of this company in the kit.
Whichever set of drills you take, any will contain only the highest quality products that will last for many years, subject to proper storage and use.
2. Zubr is a domestic manufacturer whose products are optimized as much as possible in terms of price and quality. You can buy the products of this company both in a single copy and in the form of a set. The latter option will significantly save money, despite the significant cost of the kit.
3. Soviet-made drills - this category of cutting tools can be attributed to the "endangered species". With due diligence, you can purchase a rarity, which is distinguished by unsurpassed technical characteristics.
29. Drilling. The essence of the process, purpose and scope, equipment used (machine), tools, fixtures, dimensional accuracy and roughness of the surface being machined.
drilling- the main method of obtaining through and blind holes in the solid material of the workpiece. As tool used drill. Processing is done on drilling and turning machines. On drilling machines, the drill performs a rotational movement and a longitudinal hole along the axis, and the workpiece is fixed on the machine table. On lathes, the workpiece is fixed in a chuck and rotates, the drill is mounted in the tailstock of the machine and performs translational motion along the axis of the hole.
Fig.2. Schemes: a, b - drilling, c - reaming, d-sinking, d- deployment
The diameter of the hole to be drilled can be increased with a larger drill bit. Such operations are called reaming. When drilling, a relatively low accuracy and surface quality are provided.
To obtain holes of higher accuracy and less surface roughness, countersinking and reaming are performed. Countersinking machine pre-drilled holes with a multi-blade tool countersink, which has a more rigid working part. The number of teeth is at least three.
deployment you can correct inaccuracies in the shape of the hole. Reamers- a multi-blade tool that cuts very thin layers from the surface to be treated.
Purpose of drilling: Drilling is a necessary operation to obtain holes in various materials during their processing, the purpose of which is:
Making holes for threading, countersinking, reaming or boring.
Making holes (technological) for placing electric cables, anchor bolts, fasteners, etc.
Separation (cutting off) of workpieces from sheets of material.
Weakening of destructible structures.
The laying of an explosive charge in the extraction of natural stone.
Drilling operations are performed on the following machines:
Vertical drilling machines.
Horizontal drilling machines.
Vertical boring machines.
Horizontal boring machines.
Vertical milling machines.
Horizontal milling machines.
Universal milling machines.
Lathes (the drill is stationary and the workpiece is rotating).
Resurfacing lathes (drilling is an auxiliary operation, the drill is stationary).
To facilitate the cutting processes of materials, the following are used:
Cooling (water, emulsions, oleic acid, carbon dioxide, graphite).
Ultrasonic (ultrasonic vibrations of the drill increase productivity and chip breaking).
Heating (weakens the hardness of hard-to-cut materials).
Impact (during shock-rotary drilling (drilling) of stone, concrete).
30. Stretching. The essence of the process, purpose and scope, equipment used (machine), tools, fixtures, dimensional accuracy and roughness of the surface being machined.
Stretching- a high-performance method for processing parts of various shapes, providing high accuracy of shape and size processed surface. Due to the high cost tool - broaches, broaching is used in large-scale production. In broach, each cutting tooth is larger than the next by a certain amount. The cutting process during broaching is carried out on broaching vertical and horizontal executions of machine tools with the translational movement of the tool relative to a stationary workpiece in one pass.
Holes of various geometric shapes are drawn on horizontal broaching machines for internal broaching. Hole sizes from 5 to 250 mm.
Rice. 6. Schemes of broaching: 1 - workpiece, 2 - broach; a ... e - internal pulling; z ... w - external broaching
Cylindrical holes are pulled after drilling, boring or countersinking. Keyed and slotted grooves are pulled by broaches, the shape of which in cross section corresponds to the profile of the hole being pulled.
External surfaces of various geometric shapes are broaching on vertical broaching machines for external broaching.
Broaching is used in large-scale and mass production of metal products, and rarely in small-scale and single. Broaches of various designs - external, internal, and mandrels, are among the most expensive tools for metalworking. Sometimes each broach in its manufacture requires the highest precision and correct calculation. This is due to the fact that the tool during broaching works in the most difficult and harsh conditions of huge loads (tension, compression, bending, abrasive and adhesive chipping of broach blades). Broaching is preceded by preparatory metalworking operations, such as drilling, countersinking, reaming, punching (i.e., a fairly accurately machined surface of the workpiece is required to carry out broaching).
Dornovation(cornering) - a type of processing of workpieces without removing chips. The essence of mandrel is reduced to moving the workpiece in the hole with an interference fit of a rigid tool - a mandrel. The dimensions of the cross section of the tool are larger than the dimensions of the cross section of the hole in the workpiece by the amount of interference.
Broaching machines:
Horizontal broaching machines: All types of internal and external broaching of blanks.
Press: Processing holes with mandrel (piercing, shaping, calibration).
Stretch types:
Internal stretch. External stretch. Dornovation. glowing.
Drilling wood is perhaps one of the most common operations in joinery and carpentry. Drilling holes is necessary both for joining parts, and for sampling excess wood and for arranging access for other tools, such as a pendulum saw blade or chisel. By drilling, round holes are selected in the wood for dowels, round spikes, bolts, screws, and wood knots are also removed (drilled), followed by their sealing with wooden plugs. It is much faster to gouge various nests by pre-drilling holes.
A drill is the working body of any drilling machine, whether it is a hand drill or a stationary machine.
Depending on the nature and conditions of the work performed, drills of different types are used. The cutting elements of the drills should provide a free cutting process, the resulting chips should be easily removed from the hole. The design of the drills must be such that the cutting parameters do not change during sharpening.
In each drill, a rod, a shank and a working part are distinguished.
The rod can have different lengths; The possible drilling depth depends on the length of the rod. For many drills, the rod has a special shape and special processing and is adapted: a) to guide the drill; b) for cleaning the sides of the drilled hole; c) to eject chips.
The shank is the upper, usually thickened part of the square or hexagonal pyramidal rod, with which the drill is inserted into the chuck of the drilling device (rotary, drill).
The working (cutting) part of the drill consists of cutters. According to the design of the cutting part, drills can be divided into three main groups: spoon, center and spiral.
A spoon drill (also called a perk) is a rod, in the lower (working) part of which a longitudinal groove is made, ending in a pointed sting. With the help of a sting, the drill is introduced deep into the wood and, in addition, is centered. One edge of the groove is sharpened to its full length and is cutting, the second edge serves as a guide. Such a drill works when rotating in one direction. Joiners often sharpen the second edge as well - the drill then works when rotated in any direction.
Spoon drill works by pressing on it from above. It is not suitable for ejection of chips, and to clear the chips, you have to remove the drill from the hole. This reduces cutting performance. A spoon drill is used for drilling holes for dowels, screws, screws.
The snail drill is a type of spoon drill. He has a cutting edge along a conical helix; at the bottom, the drill ends with a centering end in the form of a corkscrew. A volute drill is easier to work with than a spoon drill, since its lower end, as it were, screws the drill into the wood, and the helical groove contributes to the ejection of chips.
The disadvantages of this drill are frequent breakage of the thin end, difficult sharpening, work when rotating in one direction. The purpose of the snail drill is the same as that of any spoon drill.
Awl drill. It has the shape of a trihedral awl with a shank, works in both directions. Used for drilling sockets for screws.
Center drill. The working part of this drill has the form of a blade with an awl-shaped tip - the center, a side arcuate cutter, called a road man, and a slightly inclined flat knife located along the radius. The purpose of the awl-shaped tip is to center the drill, the road worker is to cut the wood around the circumference of the hole being drilled, the flat knife is to remove the wood cut around the circumference in the form of a screw tape.
The center drill only works in one direction when pressed from above. It is mainly used for drilling holes for round spikes.
Screw drill. His rod is made twisted for 2/3 of the length.
Spiral drill. The rod is covered by a helical spiral for 2/3 of its length.
Spiral tape, or corkscrew, drill. The 2/3 length rod is a steel tape twisted with a corkscrew.
Drills of the last three types have a conical helical plunger, two road workers and two flat knives in the working part. The shavings are easily ejected. These drills work across the fibers with little pressure on them and even without pressure. They are used for drilling various holes with a diameter of 6 to 40 mm.
A cork drill is used to drill knots for embedding with corks, it works by pressing on it from above. The working part of the drill is a steel cylindrical box with a diametrical partition - a cutter.
Countersink drill (countersink). The working part of this drill has the form of a cone with longitudinal grooves on the side surface; serves as a countersink drill for conical reaming of the upper part of the holes for the heads of the screws.
To drill holes in various types of wood across the fibers, spiral wood-cutting drills with a center and a cutter (Fig. 1, a) with a diameter of 4 ... 32 mm, a length of 80 ... 200 mm are used.
Rice. 1. Drills
a-spiral wood cutting with a center and a cutter, b - spiral with a conical sharpening, c - a cylindrical file with an ejector and a cylindrical shank, d - the same, with a conical shank, d - drill diameter, A - shank diameter, l - length of the working part , L - drill length.
To drill holes in wood along the fibers, spiral drills with a conical sharpening (Fig. 1, b) of a long and short series are used. Drills of the short series have a diameter of 2...12mm, length 45...145mm, long series - diameter 5...2mm, length 130...210mm.
Cylindrical files with an ejector are used for sawing out plugs and knots (Fig. 1, c, d). In addition, for drilling holes in wood, twist drills with a cylindrical shank, equipped with carbide inserts, with a diameter of 5 ... 16 mm, a length of 70 ... 138 mm for a shortened series, and 66 ...
Tapered twist drills equipped with carbide inserts are produced with a diameter of 10, 30mm, length 140...275mm for the short series and 168...324mm for the normal series.
The simplest drilling machine is a conventional hand drill. The drill is clamped in the chuck, the gears are adjusted manually or by an electronic speed controller. Drills that have a speed controller can be used as screwdrivers.
To drill a large number of workpieces, or to make holes precisely specified in depth, as an addition to an electric drill, a frame is used in which the drill is fixed. The bed allows, as mentioned above, to drill holes precisely specified in depth, but its functions are not limited to this. The bed also allows you to drill holes at a certain angle, which is sometimes necessary, for example, for joining bulky parts.
The drilling machine is a frame with an electric motor, the drive from which transmits rotation to the chuck with a drill. As a rule, a drilling machine is equipped with a large number of speeds compared to an electric drill, and great capabilities.
Mechanical drilling is carried out using electric drills or special drilling machines. In carpentry and joinery, electric drills are mainly used.
When drilling, it is necessary to press the body of the electric drill with your hands, as a result of which it falls along the guide posts, compressing the springs. After drilling is completed, the pressure stops and the body rises up under the action of straightening springs. If you want to drill a hole in another place, then the electric drill is transferred, set to its original position and the whole process is repeated. Drilling machines are used to perform significant amounts of work on drilling holes in woodworking workshops. They are divided into vertical drilling and horizontal drilling, according to the number of spindles - into single and multi-spindle, and according to the feed method - into mechanical and manual.
Drilling machines
a - vertical drilling; b - horizontal drilling.
With a vertical drilling machine, the table moves up and down with a handwheel, and the drilling head with a foot pedal.
The SVA vertical drilling machine with automatic feed is universal, as it allows you to drill any holes. This machine has another modification that allows the use of manual feed. When attaching a platform (caliper) drilling machine with lateral movement to the working table and installing an end mill instead of a drill, it is possible to select longitudinal nests.
Horizontal drilling machine SVGD-3 is designed for sampling horizontal longitudinal slots. It has a bed, a working shaft, a spring, a working table and a caliper. The workpiece is fixed motionless with a spring, pushing a spindle with a drill onto it. The worktable is moved horizontally with a handle, and vertically with a handwheel. The feed mechanism for individual machines is arranged differently - the working shaft with a drill that processes the part is fixed motionless.
The horizontal drilling machine consists of an electric motor, a spindle, a carriage, carriage feed levers and a drill, a clamp to strengthen the workpiece. The spindle can be moved along the axis of the drill, and the carriage in the transverse direction.
On this machine, you can drill not only round holes, but also rectangular ones. To obtain rectangular holes, you must first drill a number of round ones, and then combine them with a transverse movement of the carriage into a common oblong hole. When working on machines and with electrified tools, safety regulations must be observed.
Holemaking is a whole series of technological operations, the purpose of which is to bring the geometric parameters, as well as the degree of roughness of the inner surface of pre-made holes, to the required values. Holes that are processed using such technological operations can be previously obtained in a solid material not only by drilling, but also by casting, punching and other methods.
The specific method and tool for making holes are selected according to the characteristics of the desired result. There are three ways of processing holes - drilling, reaming and countersinking. In turn, these methods are divided into additional technological operations, which include reaming, countersinking and countersinking.
To understand the features of each of the above methods, it is worth considering them in more detail.
drilling
In order to process holes, they must first be obtained, for which various technologies can be used. The most common of these technologies is drilling, performed using a cutting tool called a drill.
With the help of drills installed in special devices or equipment, both through and blind holes can be obtained in a solid material. Depending on the fixtures and equipment used, drilling can be:
- manual, performed by means of mechanical drilling devices or electric and pneumatic drills;
- machine, carried out on specialized drilling equipment.
The use of manual drilling devices is appropriate in cases where holes with a diameter not exceeding 12 mm must be obtained in workpieces from materials of low and medium hardness. Such materials include, in particular:
- structural steels;
- non-ferrous metals and alloys;
- polymer alloys.
If it is necessary to make a hole of a larger diameter in the workpiece, as well as to achieve high productivity of this process, it is best to use special drilling machines, which can be desktop and stationary. The latter, in turn, are divided into vertical and radial drilling.
Reaming - a type of drilling operation - is performed in order to increase the diameter of a hole previously made in a workpiece. Reaming is also carried out using drills whose diameter corresponds to the required characteristics of the finished hole.
This method of processing holes is undesirable for those that were created by casting or by plastic deformation of the material. This is due to the fact that the sections of their inner surface are characterized by different hardness, which causes uneven distribution of loads on the drill axis and, accordingly, leads to its displacement. The formation of a scale layer on the inner surface of a hole created by casting, as well as the concentration of internal stresses in the structure of a part made by forging or stamping, can cause the drill to not only move from the required trajectory, but also break when reaming such workpieces.
When drilling and reaming, it is possible to obtain surfaces whose roughness will reach Rz 80, while the accuracy of the parameters of the formed hole will correspond to the tenth grade.
Countersinking
With the help of countersinking, performed using a special cutting tool, the following tasks are solved related to the processing of holes obtained by casting, stamping, forging or through other technological operations:
- bringing the shape and geometric parameters of the existing hole in accordance with the required values;
- increasing the accuracy of the parameters of a pre-drilled hole up to the eighth grade;
- processing of cylindrical holes to reduce the degree of roughness of their inner surface, which, when using such a technological operation, can reach Ra 1.25.
If it is necessary to subject a hole of small diameter to such processing, then it can be performed on. Countersinking of large-diameter holes, as well as processing of deep holes, is carried out on stationary equipment installed on a special foundation.
Manual drilling equipment for countersinking is not used, since its technical characteristics do not allow to provide the required accuracy and surface roughness of the hole being machined. Varieties of countersinking are technological operations such as countersinking and countersinking, during which various tools are used to process holes.
- Countersinking should be carried out during the same installation of the part on the machine, during which the hole was drilled, while only the type of tool used changes from the processing parameters.
- In cases where an unmachined hole in body-type parts is subjected to countersinking, it is necessary to control the reliability of their fixation on the machine desktop.
- When choosing the size of the allowance for reaming, it is necessary to focus on special tables.
- The modes in which reaming is performed should be the same as when drilling is performed.
- When reaming, the same labor protection and safety rules must be observed as when drilling on bench-drilling equipment.
Countersinking and countersinking
When performing countersinking, a special tool is used - countersinking. In this case, only the upper part of the hole is processed. Such a technological operation is used in cases where in this part of the hole it is necessary to form a recess for the heads of fasteners or simply chamfer it.
When performing countersinking, certain rules are also followed.
- Perform such an operation only after the hole in the part is completely drilled.
- Drilling and countersinking are performed in one installation of the part on the machine.
- For countersinking, a small spindle speed is set (no more than 100 rpm) and manual tool feed is used.
- In cases where countersinking is carried out with a cylindrical tool, the trunnion diameter of which is greater than the diameter of the hole being machined, the work is performed in the following sequence: first, a hole is drilled, the diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the trunnion, countersinking is performed, then the main hole is reamed to a given size.
The purpose of this type of machining, called countersinking, is to clean the surfaces of a part that will come into contact with nuts, bolt heads, washers, and circlips. This operation is also carried out on machines and with the help of counterboring, for the installation of which mandrels are used on the equipment.
Deployment
Holes that were previously obtained in the part by drilling are subjected to the deployment procedure. An element processed using such a technological operation can have an accuracy of up to the sixth grade, as well as a low roughness - up to Ra 0.63. Reamers are divided into rough and finish, and they can also be manual or machine.
In everyday life, situations often arise in which it is necessary to apply masculine strength and skills. Drill a hole in the wall, screw in a few self-tapping screws, make repairs in the room, assemble a simple structure in a summer cottage by any person with the appropriate tool. The drill is an indispensable assistant for solving such problems. At the same time, if professional use of the equipment is not planned, simple, inexpensive models, the choice of which is very wide, are also suitable.
For many buyers, the determining factor when choosing a tool is the cost of the tool. But, the purchase of cheap Chinese models is not a rational investment, as the equipment can quickly fail, require repair or replacement. The price of the product should be an important, but not the only factor when choosing. The following parameters must be taken into account:
- Drill power and energy consumption. There are models on the market that require from 300 to 1500 watts to operate.
- The maximum rotation speed of the chuck. Based on this parameter, it is possible to determine the suitability of the drill to work with various materials and nozzles.
- The presence of a reverse system and a speed controller, making the operation of the equipment more convenient and functional.
- The maximum allowable diameter of holes, for the preparation of which a drill can be used.
- The presence of a rotation lock button, which also expands the capabilities of the tool.
- Type of fastening of nozzles in the chuck: using a special key or quick-clamping.
First of all, the power of the drill attracts attention. If you plan to buy a household model for home use, the 500-watt option will do. For frequent use and preparation of holes in concrete, brick, and other materials of increased hardness, it is necessary to choose a more powerful tool. You can buy drills for 300-400 watts only with strong financial constraints.
The rotation speed of the chuck also differs for different models and brands of tools. For domestic use, equipment that produces 3000 rpm will be a rational choice. Working with hard surfaces, especially when using an impact mechanism, requires higher rotational speeds of the chuck. It is advisable to purchase a drill with a speed controller, which allows you to adjust the tool for a specific material.
It is also necessary to choose equipment according to the maximum allowable hole diameter. If the equipment is not designed for drilling large holes, the likely outcome is damage to the electric motor. If you plan to use the equipment as an element of a grinding machine, mixer, or other equipment, the presence of a rotation lock button is considered a prerequisite for purchase.
As an additional criterion, the type of cartridge is considered. The quick-clamping option is considered more convenient, but such a tool is somewhat more expensive. It is easier to use cartridges with a single-sleeve mechanism. Two-sleeve devices are installed in perforators. For home use, models are suitable, the nozzles in which are clamped with a special key.
Tool classification
When choosing a drill, in addition to the above parameters, it is necessary to take into account the intensity and frequency of its use, without going to extremes. The acquisition of an expensive professional model, designed for daily use for several hours, is not rational. Equipment will be idle for most of its life. If you buy a simple model and start making money on the repair of premises, you will have to change such a product for a new one very quickly.
There are several options for home use on the market. Electric drills are considered the most simple and inexpensive. Small weight and dimensions, ease of use, minimum power consumption are considered the main advantages of such equipment.
For owners of apartments and private houses built of concrete slabs, bricks and other durable materials, the purchase of a perforator will be a rational investment. Great power and dimensions, the presence of the impact function makes the tool an indispensable assistant when drilling holes in the walls. An intermediate option is to buy an impact drill. It is quite convenient to work with such equipment, and in terms of its functionality it is only slightly inferior to perforators.
In accordance with the generally accepted classification, drills are divided into the following types:
- Standard drills, the most common and in demand.
- Corner models, the use of which allows you to work in hard-to-reach places.
- Mixer-type equipment capable of not only drilling, but also working with various nozzles for mixing materials.
- Compact and lightweight screwdrivers, with AC connection or cordless models.
- Perforators equipped with a special gearbox, and percussion mechanisms similar in design.
These options are considered basic for home use. If necessary, you can purchase specialized models, such as pneumatic device, magnetic or electroerosive equipment, equipment for drilling holes in printed circuit boards. Such equipment is not used for domestic needs, and its purchase is justified if a person is engaged in similar work at home.
Advantages and distinctive features of drills of various types
Standard electric drill
A standard electric drill has a fairly simple design, in which the power unit rotates the chuck through a gearbox. This design explains the advantages of the model, namely, compact size, low weight, the ability to control the tool with one hand. There are many models and brands of this equipment that differ in power, rotation speed and other characteristics.
Hammer drill
The impact drill is considered a higher level tool and allows you to work with materials that are inaccessible to simple equipment. It will not be possible to make a hole in a concrete wall with an ordinary tool, while the percussion mechanism is able to successfully cope with the task.
The difference between the equipment is a special mechanism that gives the cartridge a pushing movement in addition to rotational. In almost all models, such a function is controllable, and its presence significantly increases the functionality of the equipment. The design scheme does not have elements characteristic of perforators, but at the household level, few people ask such a question. For typical household tasks, such a mechanism is considered a rational investment.
Angle drill
In some cases, it becomes necessary to drill holes in hard-to-reach places, in which work with a standard tool is impossible. An angle drill helps to solve the problem. Its feature is the original design of the gearbox, located perpendicular to the body. As a result, it is possible to drill holes at any angle. Such a tool is rarely purchased, but in some cases it is an indispensable device.
Drills
Models that combine the functions of a drill and a screwdriver are considered very popular. In addition to traditional hole preparation operations, it is convenient to use the tool for furniture assembly, construction and repair work. The presence of two speeds of rotation of the cartridge. As well as smooth adjustment by changing the force on the start button, these models are distinguished from other types of tools. The presence of the reverse function is considered mandatory.
Cordless drills
Cordless drills deserve special mention. The tool is mobile and very convenient to use due to the absence of wires and the need to have an outlet or extension cord at hand. If you purchase a drill to work on the street, or in a room that is not equipped with power supply, this option is rational. It is best to buy a tool with a lithium-ion battery that does not lose performance during long periods of inactivity. If you plan to use the equipment intensively, cheap models with a nickel-cadmium battery will do.
Mandatory parameters that you need to pay attention to are the voltage of the battery and its capacity. In most cases, mechanisms powered by 18 V sources provide more torque than 96 V counterparts. The battery capacity determines how long the drill can be used without recharging.
What to look for when choosing
Despite the abundance of choice in stores, it is difficult to purchase a high-quality and at the same time inexpensive model for home use. To do this, it is necessary to consider the maximum possible number of electric drills in an affordable price segment. Compare features, read owner reviews.
The main criteria to be followed are:
- The type of material for which the tool is being purchased. To drill concrete, you need an impact mechanism or a hammer drill. A simple drill is suitable for working with wood, plastic or drywall.
- If the choice is between an impact model or a hammer drill, the hardness of the surface to be machined must also be evaluated. For concrete drilling operations, wall chasing and other heavy tasks, it is better to stop at the second option.
- If you need only drilling holes, it is important to focus on the rotation speed of the chuck, which should be at least 3000 rpm. If you plan to use the tool as a screwdriver, the presence of an adjustment of the rotation speed and a reverse mechanism.
- The equipment should be easy to use, lie well in the hand, it is desirable to have a small weight and dimensions. These criteria significantly affect the speed and quality of work.
- The available cable must allow the tool to be used without any difficulty, which is ensured by a sufficient length of wire. A drill with a short cable is inconvenient, which results in a constant connection through an extension cord.
- It is best to purchase products of well-known world brands that have proven themselves in the market. Unknown brands of equipment are a risk of getting a low-quality tool with a minimum resource.
- The cost of the product also matters. If the drill will be used constantly, it is advisable not to save money and purchase high-quality equipment.
In addition to the specified criteria, the presence of a manufacturer's warranty is checked. In this case, the buyer protects himself from the purchase of fake or low-quality products. Following these recommendations, you can be sure that the electric drill is working, that the tool is suitable for everyday tasks, its reliability and durability.
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