Do you have a dream? Everyone has it, even if he does not assume it. A dream is something that is currently not feasible and not achievable. For one it may be a trip to the sea, and for another - a flight into space. Small dreams turn into tasks, big ones into goals, and global ones remain a dream. How to get to this peak - a dream? To plan! One of the planning methods is building a goal tree, let's figure out what it is and how to build it?

Goal Tree- the hierarchical principle of constructing the structure of goals and objectives, it has a top and subordinate levels. We can say that this is an inverted tree, but it is better to call this structure a pyramid. The pyramid of your success - the more energy spent, the closer to the top. Therefore, performing small operations, it is much easier to get to the dream.

Building a goal tree

So the top of the pyramid is dream. A dream is difficult to achieve, and sometimes completely unattainable, but at the same time I really want to. To decide on a dream and main life goals, think about philosophical questions: “Why am I living? What do I want to achieve in this life? What will be left of me when I leave this world? It is very difficult to answer these questions, but it is important. Of course, you can live for today, but the older you get, the more you think about the meaning of life.

Main life goals(achievement period of 10 years) must be realistic as opposed to dreams. They should relate to the main areas of life: family, financial and material situation, education, self-expression, etc.

Next, we proceed according to the principle of splitting into smaller goals(5-10 years) and subgoals(1-3 years). Goals are the results that we want to achieve in this area, and subgoals are goals given in specific conditions. Questions to help set goals: What is important to you in life? What would you like to have to feel happy? What do you like to do and what would you like to achieve in it? For what purposes do you earn money, other than satisfying physical needs? The sum of the subgoals leads to the goal, you must represent 80% of the subgoals to achieve it. .

Subgoals are formed from tasks that you do every month, week, day. To define a subgoal, answer the question: “What do you want to get further from the task?” That is, in this case, we go from the bottom up. Analyze what you do every day, where will it lead you in the end? Once you have set your subgoals, identify the tasks you are doing or missing in order to achieve the subgoal. Tasks are divided into simple daily operations.

Let's analyze For example. Let's say our goal is: vacation abroad in 2011. To go, we need money, so our sub-goal will be: to earn by May 2011 50 thousand rubles for a vacation in August 2011. Next, we need to decide where to go on vacation in 2011 - this will be the second sub-goal. Now let's break it down into tasks. For money: set aside every month (1st day) from January to May 10 thousand to a savings bank account. To decide where to go: choose a travel company; think about where you would like to go, what to see; analyze the cost of this pleasure. Further, each task is divided into operations (subtasks), it is not so difficult. Further, if we follow the plan, we will go on vacation in August 2011.

What happens if you don't plan? You will constantly think: “Oh, how I want to go, but there is no money! And where to go, it seems like you want to visit there and there ... ”So everything will remain in dreams! Therefore, they need to be translated into goals, and goals into tasks and act! And in planning you will be helped by the method of building a tree of goals - the pyramid of success.

The success of an organization depends largely on good planning. Maximum profit and high profitability in the future is always the general goal. What is the role of the goal tree in planning?

What is objective tree

Management goals are presented in a large number and variety, so every enterprise needs a comprehensive, systematic approach to choosing their composition. The process of setting goals is called goal setting.

The objective tree of an organization is:

• structured list, scheme of organizational goals;
• hierarchy of multi-level goals;
• a model that allows you to streamline and combine goals into a single complex.

The product of applying this method of strategic planning should be a logical and simple enterprise management scheme. The goal tree makes it possible to justify the general goal and makes sub-goals more achievable.

The system of goals is determined by the organizational structure. A huge structure, a large number of departments and work lines will require the development of a complex "branching" tree with many decomposition levels.

Vertex

The tree is filled "from top to bottom", from the central goals to secondary tasks. At the “top” (“root”) there is a general goal, the achievement of which is not an easy task. This means that it is necessary to decompose it into smaller elements, “branch goals”, that is, to decompose. So there is a plan of movement to the main goal.

All subsequent levels are formed in such a way as to contribute to the achievement of the previous one.

Target directions

Target	Content
Economic	Maximizing profits from sales of products or services in the required quality and volume
Scientific and technical	Maintaining products and services at a given scientific and technical level, R&D, increasing labor productivity through the introduction of know-how
Production	Implementation of the production plan. Maintaining the rhythm and quality of production
Social	Improvement, development and replenishment of human resources

branches and leaves

Branches - subgoals extending from the top, are again decomposed. Branch Runs are the next level of objectives. The process is repeated at each level until the goals are simplified. Simplicity is reachability, understandability and logic.

All "branches" describe the result that expresses a specific indicator. The goals of one parallel are independent of each other.

An enterprise goal tree is created based on 3 important elements of any goal.

"Leaves" are specific activities to achieve the goal. The characteristics and indicators indicated on the "leaves" contribute to the choice of the best option:

• period of execution;
• the probability of achieving the goal by the planned date;
• cost indicators;
• the amount of consumed resources.

Tree elements in the same group are interconnected through the logical "AND" (denoted by "∧"). Alternative groups interact through "OR" ("∨").

The organization's goals tree. Example

Let's consider a simple scheme of goals for maximizing profit while increasing results and reducing costs.

To approach the general goal (high profitability and maximum profit), three directions have to be worked out. Enter the resulting options in the organization's goal tree. The example is presented in the form of a table.

Apple strategy and goals

Why is Apple's strategy winning?

The company's field of activity is information and radically new products for working with it. The priority is the process of creating content and its consumption.

For example, Apple paid attention to cultural aspects. The music consumption model has been improved. With iPod, listening to digital music and surfing the Internet has never been easier.

The iPod, iPhone, and iPad lineup fixes the bugs, improves the basic ways to create and use information. This model, used for laptops, desktop computers, television, will allow the "apple" corporation to further increase income.

The result of the decade was three universal inventions and business platforms. They are not an end in themselves, but a means to achieve the goal: gaining access to the main ways of information consumption.

It is natural that the general strategy of Apple is the development of an existing product line.

Building a tree of organization goals using the example of Apple

The main goal of any business is to expand the market boundaries, to win an infinite number of customers. Apple is no exception and prioritizes improving its product line for the benefit of the consumer.

Consider a company goal tree for a product like the iPhone, whose value reflects the motto “Simple. Conveniently. Aesthetically." As the main goal of the tree, we will define the improvement of the iPhone, taking into account the interests of potential users.

The main competitive and significant factors for the consumer of this market are:

• product cost;
• a variety of functions and an energy-intensive battery;
• brand popularity;
• technology for connoisseurs;
• design and size;
• range (was discontinued by Apple).

The tree of goals will help answer the question: “What to do?”. For example, to reduce the cost, it is necessary to simplify the interface.

What industry factors need to be created? What features to improve? These are memory, design, games and entertainment. What to focus on: the functional component or the emotional?

Table with iPhone subgoals on three levels

Apple's goal tree is presented in a simplified version in the form of a table.

Improving the iPhone with Consumers in Mind
First level goals
1. Eliminate assortment and brand popularity	2. Simplify the interface	3. Increasing consumer appeal	4. Increasing ergonomics
Second level goals
	2.1. Simplify Manufacturability	3.1. Create a new design	4.1. Special status of the owner
		3.2. Increasing the amount of memory	4.2. Last Mile Solution
		3.3. Strengthening the entertainment aspect	4.3. Reduce size

To solve the "last mile", the following tasks were identified:

1. Use touch screen and achieve the absence of buttons.
2. Create additional options.
3. Enlarge screen.

The next step is to fill in the "leaves" or activities to achieve the subgoals. For this, specific deadlines for completing tasks, the required volume, resources, cost and significant quantitative indicators are necessarily indicated.

The last step is to draw the targets in the form of a branched tree.

Task tree. Example

Tasks are called subgoals. They do not need decomposition and “end-means” linkages. The tree of goals includes the goals of the highest and lowest levels.

Objectives are the basis for creating a program to achieve a specific goal at the grassroots level. Problem solving is a set of actions.

The tree of goals, as an option, may contain the following tasks.

Thus, the goal tree becomes an ordering tool for creating a company development program. Examples confirm the principle of its formation “completeness of reduction”: goals are “split” into subgoals until the original goal becomes clear and achievable.

Goal tree - hierarchical visual representation of the achievement of goals; the principle in which the main goal is achieved through a combination of secondary and additional goals.

The method of building a tree view of goals has long been entrenched in the planning of production processes. And of course, overgrown with a huge number of terms (life cycle, delegation of authority, etc.). This blog is dedicated to, and not the concept of developing a large enterprise - therefore, I take the liberty of showing a simple goal tree structure with an example of its implementation.

So, the tree-like method of building goals:

From the diagram, I think it is clear why it is called Goal tree.

Description:

the main objective- this is what we want as a result, our finish, our successful implementation of the set.

Goals 1, 2, 3…- secondary goals that contribute to the implementation of the main goal, of course, and in order to realize secondary goals - you may still have to fulfill them, one hierarchy lower - goals a and b(I.e. like a real tree - there is one pillar and several large branches, which also contain several more branches, but smaller .... etc. etc.)

Moreover, secondary goals - can be both constituents to achieve the main goal (without their successful implementation, there is no way to fulfill the main one), and additional(can be done, but not recommended).

What is the strength

This kind of setting goals is very well suited for building life guidelines, very large, global for your whole life, life mission. For tasks - one-day - it is not suitable, as well as for small, albeit necessary, goals.

If you need to have a good idea of ​​the purpose of your life or a very complex and necessary big goal, it is the very place at the beginning of the tree hierarchy.

Target tree example. Step-by-step instructions in a particular case:

One of the most sought-after goals for many people is financial well-being. Here's how it's done.

If you want to present it, you can use Microsoft Office Word -> Insert -> SmatrArt, or a similar program. If for myself - I strongly recommend - do it with pens - that is, use (sheet of clean paper + pen or pencil).

1. We set our global goal: Financial well-being.

So we write at the very top:

2. Draw branches - secondary goals

Imagine that we have already reached it - and, as it were, “remember” what was needed for this. - are also relevant.

Financial well-being is a good flow of money in my direction. Where is the money coming my way? (don't forget, we are in the visualization matrix :))

Each person may have their own idea of ​​what wealth is. Hereinafter, I will "propagandize" my own.

First of all, cash flow can be associated with both passive and active investment. And just in case - there are many miracles in life, maybe ...

A random chance is to raise optimism, and a subtle hint that I don’t know everything, and there may be things that contribute to the achievement of the main goal, but mine is still small to know about them.

Now all of the above - again using the goal visualization method or your own experience .... We work out and add each lower branch ....

Here's what I ended up with:

The essence of the goal tree method

strategic planning investment managerial

The goal tree is a graphical diagram that shows the breakdown of general goals into sub-goals. The top of the scheme is interpreted as goals, edges or arcs - as connections between goals. The goal tree method is the main universal method of system analysis. The goal tree links higher-level goals with specific means to achieve them at the lower production level through a series of intermediate links. This method allows a person to put their own plans (personal or professional) in order, to see their goals in a group.

The concept of the “goal tree” was first proposed by Ch. Churchman and R. Ackoff in 1957 and is an ordering tool (similar to the organizational chart of a company) used to form elements of a general target program for the development of a company (main or general goals) and correlate with specific goals different levels and areas of activity. The novelty of the method proposed by C. Churchman and R. Ackoff was that they attempted to give quantitative weights and coefficients to various functional subsystems in order to identify which of the possible combinations provide the best return. The term "tree" suggests the use of a hierarchical structure obtained by dividing the overall goal into sub-goals. When building a goal tree, one should take into account the patterns of goal formation and use the principles of forming hierarchical structures. The goal tree is built in stages, from top to bottom, by successive transition from a higher level to a lower, adjacent level. At the heart of the tree of goals is the coordination of goals among themselves. The specification of goals from top to bottom should grow: the higher the level, the better the goal is formulated.

For cases where the tree-like order is not strictly maintained throughout the structure, V.I. Glushkov introduced the concept of "predictive graph".

The goal tree method is focused on obtaining a relatively stable structure of goals, problems, directions. To achieve this, when constructing the initial version of the structure, one should take into account the patterns of goal formation and use the principles of forming hierarchical structures. It is widely used to predict possible directions for the development of science, engineering, and technology. The so-called goal tree closely links long-term goals and specific tasks at each level of the hierarchy. At the same time, the goal of the highest order corresponds to the top of the tree, and below, in several tiers, there are local goals (tasks), with the help of which the achievement of the goals of the upper level is ensured. The principle of splitting a common goal into subgoals and tasks is illustrated by the diagram shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Breaking down the overall goal into subgoals and tasks

The goal of a higher order (general, main goal) corresponds to the top of the tree, in the branches of the tree there are local goals (tasks) that ensure the achievement of the goals of the upper level. The main requirement for a goal tree is the absence of cycles. The presentation of goals starts at the top level, then they are specified. The main rule for disaggregating goals is completeness - each top-level goal must be represented as subgoals of the next level in such a way that the union of the concepts of subgoals completely determines the concept of the original goal.

The assessment of the relative importance of the goals and the significance of the links between them is carried out with the help of experts, and assessment matrices are usually used to consistently determine the significance of goals and objectives at various levels. Evaluation of correlation coefficients with the help of these matrices is carried out, for example, as follows: 10 points is the influence of one factor on another, without which it is impossible to solve the problem. At 9.8 and 7 points, the influence is assessed, without which the solution of the problem will be difficult, respectively, to a strong, medium and weak degree. Grades of 6.5 and 4 points are assigned in cases where the influence of one factor can to some extent (strong, medium, weak) accelerate the development of another factor or the solution of a problem. The minimum level of influence of one factor on another is estimated at 1 point.

Thus, the process of building a "tree of goals" is divided into the following stages:

• 1) script development;
• 2) goal statement;
• 3) generation of subgoals;
• 4) clarification of the wording of subgoals (checking the independence of the subgoal);
• 5) assessment of the significance of subgoals;
• 6) verification of goals for feasibility;
• 7) checking the elementarity of subgoals;
• 8) building a tree of goals.

When building a goal tree, the following rules should be followed:

• - each formulated goal must have the means and resources to achieve it;
• - when decomposing goals, the condition of completeness of reduction must be observed, i.e. the number of subgoals of each goal should be sufficient to achieve it;
• - decomposition of each goal into subgoals is carried out according to one selected classification feature;
• - the development of individual branches of the tree can end at different levels of the system;
• - vertices of the upper level of the system are goals for the vertices of lower levels;
• - the development of the "tree of goals" continues until the person solving the problem has at his disposal all the means to achieve the higher goal.

The number and variety of goals and objectives of management are so great that no socio-economic system can do without an integrated approach to the study of their composition. As a convenient and proven method, one can use the construction target model in the form of a tree graph - goal tree.

By means of the "goal tree" their ordered hierarchy is described, for which the main goal is sequentially decomposed into subgoals according to the following rules:

The overall goal at the top of the graph should contain a description of the end result;

When deploying a common goal in a hierarchical structure of goals, it is assumed that the implementation of the subgoals of each subsequent level is a necessary and sufficient condition for achieving the goal of the previous level;

When formulating goals at different levels, it is necessary to describe the desired results, but not how to achieve them;

The subgoals of each level must be independent of each other and not derivable from each other;

The foundation of the "tree of goals" should be tasks, which are the formulation of work that can be performed in a certain way and within a predetermined time frame.

Number of decomposition levels depends on the scale and complexity of the goals set, the structure adopted in the organization, the hierarchy of building its management system.

An important point in the study is modeling not only the hierarchy of goals, but also their dynamics over a certain period of time. Dynamic Model is especially useful in the development of long-term plans for the socio-economic system that implement its strategy.

The goal tree is built using two operations:

decomposition - it is a component selection operation;

structuring - This is the operation of highlighting links between components.

The process of building a goal tree is divided into the following steps:

Scenario development;

goal formulation;

Subgoal generation;

Clarification of the formulations of subgoals (checking the independence of the subgoal);

Estimation of materiality of subgoals;

Checking goals for feasibility;

Checking the elementarity of subgoals;

Building a tree of goals.

Building a "tree of goals" is carried out on the basis of logical deduction using an intuitive approach. In this case, certain rules must be followed, in particular:

The decomposition of each goal into subgoals at one or another hierarchical level is carried out according to one selected classification feature;

Every goal is dismembered for at least two purposes;

Every goal must be subordinate to others;

Any goal of each hierarchical level should refer only to a separate relatively isolated element (for example, a subdivision - department, bureau, group, workplace) of the management system, i.e. every goal must be targeted;

For each goal at any hierarchical level, there should be resource provision;

The number of goals at each level of decomposition must be sufficient to achieve the overlying goal, i.e. should be provided completeness of target reduction;

the "target tree" should not contain isolated nodes, i.e. should not have goals unrelated to other purposes;

Decomposition of goals is carried out to the hierarchical level that allows you to determine responsible executor and composition of events to achieve the higher goal and ultimately the main goal;

If there are more than 3-4 goals at the hierarchical level of structuring, it is necessary to provide for the construction of a "tree of goals" cyclic type. In recent branches intertwine and grow together.

Rice. 9. "Tree of goals" cyclic

Goals in each "tree" are characterized by two such parameters.

1. Coefficient of relative importance, moreover, the sum of all CVs at one level of goal decomposition is equal to 1, i.e.

∑ KKV iyy = 1

2. Mutual utility factor, which is determined by the formula

KVP iyy = KOV iyy x KVP i -1

In this case, the "tree" with a uniform number of branches (in each case, two goals everywhere) has three hierarchical levels: the top C is the goal of the highest 0th level (the main goal); C 1 , C 2 - these are the goals of the first level (intermediate goals); C 11, C 12, C 21, C 22 - goals of the second level (lower level). Depth of target decomposition can be different, i.e. have a greater number of hierarchical levels, and also contain an uneven (different) number of branches.

Rice. ten. "Tree of goals" simple (non-cyclic)

The goals of the "tree" at each level of decomposition must be provided with appropriate resources. Therefore, next to the "goal tree" you should build a "resource tree" (Fig. 11).

The main goal is provided by the main resource of the system, the goals of the first level are the resources of the first level, the goals of the second level are the resources of the second level, etc.

"Tree of goals" and "tree of resources"- an effective tool for program-targeted planning.

Rice. eleven. "Tree" of goals and resources for their provision

At the same time, it is extremely important to correctly formulate the goals of each level, satisfying such requirements as concreteness, reachability, measurability, flexibility (the ability to change priorities, adjust goals over time and place of use), consistency and consistency.

As a general example, the goal tree is shown in Fig. 12 where:

I-V - system levels;

1-39 - elements of the system.

The higher-order target is the top of the tree, the lower targets are local targets. Achieving local goals is a prerequisite for achieving higher goals.

Rice. 12. General view of the "goal tree"

An example of building a "tree of goals" for an organization is shown in fig. thirteen.

Rice. thirteen. An example of building a "tree of goals" for an organization