Book of postings for the sale of services. Accounting entries for the sale of goods example

Russian accountant, N 10, 2014
Karina Lieberman,
magazine editor-in-chief

What is an implementation? How to reflect sales transactions in accounting? These and other important questions will be discussed in this article.

For the first time, the concept of implementation was legally defined in part one of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. According to Article 39 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the transfer of ownership of goods on a reimbursable basis is recognized as the sale of goods (works, services). Also, the transfer of the results of work performed by one person to another person, the provision of services by one person to another person for a fee is recognized as a sale. At the same time, the following are not recognized as the sale of goods, works or services:

1) carrying out operations related to the circulation of Russian or foreign currency (except for the purposes of numismatics);

2) transfer of fixed assets, intangible assets and (or) other property of the organization to its legal successor (successors) during the reorganization of this organization;

3) transfer of fixed assets, intangible assets and (or) other property to non-profit organizations for the implementation of the main statutory activities not related to entrepreneurial activities;

4) transfer of property, if such transfer is of an investment nature (in particular, contributions to the authorized (share) capital of economic companies and partnerships, contributions under a simple partnership agreement (joint activity agreement), share contributions to share funds of cooperatives);

5) transfer of property within the limits of the initial contribution to a participant in a business company or partnership (his legal successor or heir) upon withdrawal (withdrawal) from a business company or partnership, as well as when distributing the property of a liquidated business company or partnership among its participants;

6) transfer of property within the limits of the initial contribution to a participant in a simple partnership agreement (agreement on joint activities) or his legal successor in the event of separation of his share from the property that is in common ownership of the participants in the agreement, or division of such property;

7) transfer of residential premises to individuals in the houses of the state or municipal housing stock during privatization;

8) seizure of property by confiscation, inheritance of property, as well as the conversion of ownerless and abandoned things, ownerless animals, finds, treasures into the ownership of other persons in accordance with the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

So, the transfer of ownership, except for the cases described above, is recognized as a fact of implementation.

It should be noted that the sale is recognized not only as the transfer of ownership of the goods, but also the fact of the provision of services.

How to define the moment of realization on services? The fact of the end of the service is an act signed by both parties. The date of signing the act is the date of implementation. Thus, it may happen that the service itself was provided, but until the moment of the bilateral signing of the act, the fact of implementation was absent.

It must be borne in mind that the implementation is "main" and "other".

The main sale includes transactions related to the main activity of the enterprise, other transactions are related to other sales.

The main sale includes transactions related to the main activity of the enterprise, other transactions are related to other sales.

How to determine whether the type of activity for which the transaction is concluded is the main or not the main one? In the charter of the organization there is a section "Types of activity". If in this section, among others, the type of activity to which the transaction relates is named, then this is the "main" implementation, if not listed - "other". At the same time, if the enterprise constantly (i.e., at least once a quarter) receives income from this type of activity, then such operations also relate to the main sale.

An example is the sale by a construction organization of materials not used in construction and installation works (CEW). Such implementation, as a rule, in construction organizations refers to "other". At the same time, the organization engaged in the sale of reinforced concrete products - to the "main".

In addition, it is important to monitor the frequency of such "other" transactions. Even if this type of activity is not directly specified in the Charter of the organization (however, there is a link like "Other types of activities not prohibited by law"), but transactions are carried out in each reporting period (usually a quarter), these transactions are also referred to as the "main" implementation.

Why is it so important to separate "main" and "other" implementations? The fact is that there are a number of taxes, in the calculation of which only the "main" sale is taken into account, therefore, in order to correctly determine the tax base, it is important to correctly determine the type of sale.

There are also questions about the definition of wholesale and retail sales. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation defines retail trade as the sale to the public of goods (works, services) of a consumer nature that are not intended for entrepreneurial activities. The concepts of retail and wholesale trade as types of economic activity are contained in the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities, Products and Services OK 004-93, approved by the Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation of August 6, 1993 N 17. According to Divisions 51 and 52, Section G of the Classification, retail is the sale of goods for personal or household use, and wholesale is the sale of goods to retailers, industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users, or other wholesalers. In other words, any sale to organizations and individual entrepreneurs, including for cash, is recognized as wholesale trade.

Selling to individuals, even when paying through a current account, refers to retail trade.

A representative of an organization can purchase the necessary goods in a store for cash, but in order to offset VAT, it is necessary to draw up documents accompanying any non-cash transaction. Instead of a payment order, in this case, the stub of an incoming cash order and a KKM check serve. In order for the trading organization to draw up the required set of documents, the representative of the purchasing organization must submit a power of attorney. However, when buying goods, it is not necessary to draw up the entire set of documents, a KKM check and a sales receipt are enough. At the same time, for a trading organization to work for cash, it is important either to have a cash register (KKM), or to make payments only through a current account.

Implementation for non-cash and cash payments

Consider the requirements for the execution of primary documents necessary for processing transactions in cashless payments. The basis for settlements is the invoice for payment issued by the supplier.

To receive the goods, the representative of the buyer company must submit a power of attorney to receive the goods, which remains in the accounting department of the supplier company. Upon receipt of the goods, the representative signs in the column "Received". It is permissible to put the buyer's stamp on the supplier's copy and sign for the receipt of the goods, then the power of attorney is not required.

Delivery of goods must be accompanied. In addition, when the goods are shipped, the supplier must issue an invoice within 5 days. All documents are issued by the supplier in duplicate, one of which is transferred to the buyer, the other remains in the accounting department of the supplier.

Settlements between organizations can be made not only by bank transfer, but also when paying in cash to the cash desk of the enterprise. As with non-cash payments, the representative of the buyer company must submit a power of attorney to receive the goods or put the seal of the buyer organization on the supplier's copy. The supplier writes out a complete set of documents, that is, the delivery of goods is necessarily accompanied by a consignment note, the supplier must issue an invoice within 5 days. All documents are issued by the supplier in duplicate, one of which is transferred to the buyer, the other remains in the accounting department of the supplier. When paying for goods at the cash desk of the supplier enterprise, the buyer is issued with a cash receipt stub confirming the fact of payment. The basis for settlements is the invoice for payment issued by the supplier.

Remember that the cash settlement limit between legal entities is currently limited to 100,000 rubles for one transaction, that is, for one contract (instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation N 1843-U). At the same time, the paying party is responsible for exceeding the settlement limit. Note that since 2006 this limit also applies to settlements with individual entrepreneurs.

Accounting for sales transactions

One of the difficult aspects in accounting is the reflection of operations for the sale of products (works, services).

To summarize information on income and expenses associated with the ordinary activities of the organization, as well as to determine the financial result for them, account 90 "Sales" is intended. This account reflects, in particular, revenue and cost of: finished products and semi-finished products of own production; works and services; purchased products; construction, installation and similar works; goods; transportation services; communication services; provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of their assets under a lease agreement (when this is the subject of the organization's activities), etc.

To account 90 "Sales" sub-accounts can be opened:

- -1 "Revenue";

- -2 "Cost of sales";

- -3 "Value added tax";

- -4 "Excises";

- -9 "Profit/loss on sales".

On the subaccount 90 -1 "Proceeds" the proceeds from sales are taken into account, at the same time on the subaccount 90 -2 "Cost of sales" the cost of goods sold is taken into account.

On sub-account 90 -3 "Value added tax" the amounts of value added tax due to be received from the buyer (customer) are taken into account.

On sub-account 90 -4 "Excises" the sums of excises included in the price of sold products (goods) are taken into account.

Organizations paying export duties can open a sub-account 90 -5 "Export duties" to account 90 "Sales" to record the amounts of export duties.

Sub-account 90 -9 "Profit / loss from sales" is designed to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month.

The amount of proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services is reflected in the credit of account 90 "Sales", sub-account "Revenue", and the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers":

DEBIT 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"

CREDIT -1 "Revenue"

Reflected revenue from the sale of products.

At the same time, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services is debited from the credit of accounts 41 "Goods", 43 "Finished products", 45 "Goods shipped", 20 "Main production", etc. to the debit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount "Cost sales":

DEBIT -2 "Cost of sales" CREDIT , , , , ...

Written off the cost of goods sold.

Entries on sub

Business entities are created to carry out strictly defined types of activities. Most of them are engaged in the creation of finished products, the provision of services and the production of works in favor of third parties. This process is associated with the transfer of values ​​(works, services) and the receipt of payment for them. Let us consider in more detail what postings are formed for the sale of goods and services.

The chart of accounts for reflection in accounting provides for the use of the following accounts when reflecting the sale of services, works, goods:

• - used to account for costs in the implementation of services and performance of work.
• 41- is used when reflecting the cost of goods purchased for further resale.
• 42 - to write off the markup on goods (when goods are reflected at sales prices).
• 43 - used to reflect the finished product created in the enterprise.
• 44 - to account for the cost of selling goods sold.
• 45 - this account shows products that have been shipped to the seller, but have not yet been received and paid for by him.
• 46 - used for phased work.
• 50 - when used in settlements for sold services, works, goods in cash payments.
• 51 - when used in payments for sold services, works, goods of non-cash payments.
• 52 - when the buyers are foreign persons transferring payment in foreign currency.
• 57 - when payment for sold services, works, goods is made by bank cards.
• - used when making settlements with suppliers and contractors for the services, works, goods sold to them.
• 68 / VAT - is used to charge VAT on the sale of services, works, goods.
• - in the implementation of the sale of goods, works, services under one-time transactions.
• - used when reflecting in accounting revenue from the sale of services, works, goods.
• 90/2 - used to account for the cost of services, works, goods sold.
• 90/3 - the account reflects information about the VAT included in the cost of services, works, goods sold (when the organization works with VAT).
• 90/4 - if the goods sold are subject to excise taxes.

Postings for the sale of goods and services

When selling goods at retail

A feature of accounting for sales in retail trade is the receipt of sales proceeds not to the current account, but mainly to the cashier.

Due to the fact that a fairly wide range of consumers act as buyers, settlements with them are carried out without using account 62, but directly to the revenue account. In addition, the cost of goods sold is usually written off as the cost of their sale.

Debit	Credit	Operation designation
50	90/1	Proceeds from the sale of goods to the cashier
57	90/1	Accepted payment by credit card
51	57	The money received under the acquiring agreement was credited to the current account
90/2	57	Reflected commission under the acquiring agreement
90/2	41	Written off cost of goods sold
90/2	42
90/3	68	Defined VAT for sold goods
90/2	44	Selling costs included

Sale of goods in bulk on an advance payment

When a prepayment is established by a contract of sale or delivery, it implies that the buyer must pay in whole or in part for the goods before they are shipped.

Attention! When selling goods on an advance payment, the supplier has an obligation to accrue and pay VAT to the budget from the advance amount, and when material assets are shipped, an offset is required. In this regard, to account for the settlements for the buyer, it is necessary to use two sub-accounts y - the general one for settlements and one for advances received.

Debit	Credit	Operation designation
51, 52	62/2	Advance payment received from the buyer for products, goods
76/VAT	68	VAT is determined on the advance payment received from the buyer
62	90/1	Indicated revenue from the sale of goods, finished products
90/2	41, 43	Write off the cost of goods sold, finished products
90/2	42	The markup on sold goods has been written off (if goods are reflected at sales prices)
90/3	68
62/2	62	The offset of the previously received advance payment has been completed
51, 52	62	The final payment for the goods has been made (if the advance payment was made partially).
68	76/VAT	Offset of previously paid VAT from the advance

Sale of goods in bulk by shipment

When accounting for the sale of goods by shipment, payment is made at the time of shipment or after it. It also matters at what point the right to shipped goods will be transferred from the supplier to the buyer (at the supplier's warehouse, at the buyer's warehouse, or somewhere in between).

Since the goods will no longer be in the warehouse, but the supplier will also not be able to write off its cost for the sold goods, account 45 should be applied. In this case, there is no obligation to determine and pay VAT on the advance payment (due to the lack thereof).

Attention! With the simplified tax system, it is necessary to make the same postings, with the exception of VAT, since the fact of payment is only important when determining the company's income for tax purposes.

Service implementation

The provision of services in accounting is carried out similarly to the sale of goods. But since they do not have a material embodiment, all costs are collected on one of the production accounts (20, 25, etc.), after which they are written off at the time of implementation to account 90/2. Accounts 41, 43 are not used.

Advance refund

An advance is a payment that is made by the customer or buyer against future goods or work.

Under certain circumstances, the customer may require the return of previously paid funds:

• If the supplier fails to fulfill its obligations;
• If the work is not done well;
• If the start of work was carried out later than the established one;
• Other circumstances specified in the concluded agreement.

Operations with advances, when they are returned to the buyer, are made out by the following postings:

Debit	Credit	Operation designation
51	62/2	An advance payment for goods, services is credited to the current account
76/VAT	68	VAT has been charged on the amount of the advance payment received
62/2	51	The buyer received the advance payment
68	76/VAT	The amount of VAT paid from the advance is accepted for deduction

In a budget institution

In such an establishment, the sale of goods is carried out on the basis of an agreed price. The institution independently determines the amount of the markup, but it should not conflict with regulations.

In addition, the state determines the list of goods for which it sets its own price. The institution sets the price for them on the basis of approved tariffs.

Attention! The sale of goods is not included in the main activity of a budgetary institution, therefore, transactions should be recorded through account 0 401 10 130 “Income from the provision of paid services”.

Free transfer

Despite the fact that the supplier does not actually receive any benefit from such an operation, including revenue, the tax legislation interprets this operation as a sale.

Another feature is the definition of income tax. In accounting, all expenses incurred are included in other expenses. At the same time, in tax accounting they are not included in the composition of income tax deductibles.

The following entries are made:

Debit	Credit	Operation designation
91/2	41, 43	Written off the cost of goods transferred or finished products
91/2	60, 76	The costs of transportation, storage of transferred goods are written off
91/2	68	VAT has been charged on the cost of goods transferred
19	68	For the transferred goods, the VAT, previously included in the deduction, was restored
91/2	19	Recovered VAT written off to other expenses

Sale of goods through an intermediary

The transaction for the sale of goods may involve third parties who act as intermediaries between the buyer and the seller. In these cases, the chart of accounts also assumes the use of account 45.

Debit	Credit	Operation designation
45	41,43	Shipped goods, finished products to an intermediary for further sale
62	90/1	The intermediary reported the sale of goods to the buyer
90/2	45	The cost of goods sold, finished products is written off (when the goods became the property of the buyer)
90/3	68	Reflected VAT on sold goods, products
76	62	The debt of the intermediary for the shipped goods to the buyer is reflected (when settlements with the buyer are conducted through an intermediary)
44	76	The remuneration is accrued to the intermediary for participation in the sale of goods
19	76	Accepted VAT on remuneration of an intermediary
90/2	44	Written off as intermediary service costs
68	19	VAT offset on remuneration of an intermediary
51	76	Received payment for delivered goods, products from an intermediary
76	51	Intermediary services paid (if the intermediary commission is not deducted from the payment for the goods sold)

The source of income of the enterprise can be not only the sale of goods, but also the provision of services. This activity has its own characteristics. And this, of course, is reflected in the accounting. Accounting entries for services the customer and the contractor will, of course, be different. The service provider uses account 90 “Sales” for this. On it, the debit takes into account the actual expenses, and the credit - the revenue received in accordance with the established tariffs.

From the very specifics of the operation, it follows that account 43 “Finished products” is not used in this case. After all, services are always transferred directly to the client. The answer to the question of whether account 40 is used in this case (that is, “Output of products (services)”) depends on whether the enterprise uses the planned cost in current accounting.

Respectively service postings in this case, it looks like this: the amount of proceeds from the debit of account 62 is transferred to the credit of account 90 (on subaccount 90-1). This reflects the debt for services rendered. The actual cost is taken into account by posting Debit 90-2 - Credit 20 "Main production" (or accounts 23). If the company pays VAT, then it is necessary to reflect the tax charge - posting Debit 90 (on subaccount 3) - Credit 68 (on the subaccount of the corresponding tax). When the buyer pays for the services, this will be reflected in the transaction, in which the amount of the debt will be written off to the debit of account 51 from the credit of account 62.

Otherwise, the purchase of services from the customer is reflected. The cost of their purchase should be taken into account in accordance with PBU 10/99. All expenses for the acquisition of services, except for those related to the creation or purchase of fixed assets or other non-current assets, can be attributed to expenses that are formed for ordinary activities.

As regards directly service postings, then settlements with the contractor are reflected in the posting Debit 60 - Credit 51 (this entry is made on the basis of a bank statement). The very receipt of services is reflected in the following entry: Debit account 20 - Credit 60 .. Based on the invoice provided by the service provider, a posting is made that takes into account VAT - Debit 19-4 - Credit 60. If the services are related to the creation of non-current assets, in they are subject to the norms of another standard - PBU 6/01. There are also a number of other nuances associated with the acquisition of certain services.

Accounting entries transport services

The sphere of transport services is a category of carriers, which differs not only in the organizational and legal form of transport companies, but also in the scale of activities at a transport enterprise, document flow and the specifics of taxation. Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods. In the structure of social production, transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services. Posting transport services have their own characteristics for a transport organization and include the need to maintain:

• vehicle accounting (transport accounting)
• formation and printing of waybills
• acquisition and consumption of fuel and lubricants
• control of fuel consumption for each vehicle
• formation of management reporting

The hired company keeps records in the transport organization and provides the balance sheet of the transport company and carries out posting transport services in such a way as not only to simply conduct it correctly in full compliance with the requirements of the law, but also to help the head of the transport company to make a profit, reduce taxes paid and, if necessary, to obtain the needs of this transport company, bank approval for obtaining a loan for a car or for encouraging a leasing companies to receive funds for the purchase of the necessary special equipment for the provision of transport services, including special construction equipment, with full respect for the confidentiality of your information.

Accounting entries for the sale of services

Postings for the sale of services in Accounting 8 can be carried out by the document "Sale of goods and services", or the document "Act on the provision of production services". The document "Sales of goods and services" generates the following postings:

• Written off cost of services sold. Debit - 90.02 Credit - 41, 43, 45

The document "Act on the provision of production services" generates the following postings:

• Reflection of sales proceeds. Debit - 62.01 Credit - 90.01
• VAT charged. Debit - 90.03 Credit - 68.02
• Written off cost of services sold. Debit - 90.02 Credit - 20.01

The sale of goods - we will provide postings for this operation in this article - is subject to uniform rules established for accounting for sales by regulatory documents used in the Russian Federation. Let's see what these rules are.

Source of rules to reflect implementation in accounting

The principles that should be followed when making sales entries are set out in PBU 9/99 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 No. 32n). This document, as a basic rule, establishes the division of all income arising from a legal entity:

• for ordinary, regularly received from the main activities;
• others that are not derived from the main activities and, as a rule, have a small share in total sales, even if they occur regularly.

The legal entity independently (based on the characteristics of its activities that affect the classification of income as ordinary or other) decides how to divide its income into these two types (clause 4 PBU 9/99), fixing this in its accounting policy.

Among the incomes classified as ordinary, PBU 9/99 (p. 5) indicates as the main income arising from the sale of products, goods, works and services. Their value should be determined without VAT and excises (paragraph 3 of PBU 9/99).

The moment for recognition of sales revenue comes when the following conditions are met simultaneously (clause 12 of PBU 9/99):

• there is a right to receive it;
• you can define a specific amount;
• revenue is recognized as bearing the benefit of its recipient;
• there has been a transfer of ownership of the subject of sale;
• you can determine the amount of costs incurred during the sale.

Legal entities using the opportunity to simplify accounting and accounting, have the right to recognize sales income as payment is received (that is, without reference to the fact of transfer of ownership).

With a long cycle of creating an object of sale, it is allowed to recognize income not at the end of this cycle, but as individual parts are ready (paragraph 13 of PBU 9/99).

Accounting for sales by core activity (products, goods, works and services)

All accounting transactions arising in connection with sales of core activities, the Chart of Accounts (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 No. 94n) prescribes to be carried out using account 90. Since both income and related expenses will fall here, account 90 will form financial result from sales.

The analytics organized on this account should make it possible to see sales data from each of the main activities. Trade organizations, in particular, should separate accounting entries for the sale of goods and the provision of services for their delivery to customers.

In the credit of account 90, as a result of posting Dt 62 Kt 90, the income for each of the sales will be reflected in the full amount, including VAT and excises. Since taxes should not be taken into account in the volume of income that form the financial result, a posting Dt 90 Kt 68 will be made for their amount, taking into account the accrual of taxes payable to the budget while simultaneously reducing the income from sales by their amount.

Also, the debit of account 90 will include the costs incurred during the sale. This will be expressed by wires:

• Dt 90 Kt 43 (21, 40) in relation to the cost of own production;
• Dt 90 Kt 20 (23, 40) for the cost of work performed, services rendered;
• Dt 90 Kt 41 at the book value of goods sold;
• Dt 90 Kt 26 for general business expenses;
• Dt 90 Kt 44 in relation to the costs of organizing sales.

In retail trade, it is allowed to take goods into account not only at their actual cost, but also at the sales price (clause 13 PBU 5/01, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n), which leads to the appearance of additional wiring Dt 41 Kt 42, which adds an extra charge to the supplier's price. In this case, at the time of the sale of the goods by posting Dt 90 Kt 42, the cost of its sale is reduced to the actual cost.

Transactions on the sale of property not intended for sale

For other sales (not included in the number of sales related to the main activity), accounting entries for the sale are made using account 91. Usually, this includes income from renting and selling property acquired as necessary to ensure the functioning of the legal entity, but due to any reasons caught on the implementation.

On account 91, analytics by type of sales should also be organized. The financial result from them will be formed according to the same principle as on account 90:

• the credit of the account will reflect income in its full amount (Dt 62 Kt 91);
• on debit will arise:
  • VAT included in the amount of income (Dt 91 Kt 68);
  • accounting value of the property being sold (Dt 91 Kt 10 (01, 04, 07, 08, 58));
  • costs associated with the implementation (Dt 91 Kt 23 (70, 71, 76)).

However, such postings will not be related to the sale of goods, since the goods are property originally intended for sale, and they are acquired for this purpose by trading organizations, i.e. those for which trade is the main activity.

Results

Income from the sale of goods refers to those received from the activity for which the legal entity was created, that is, to the usual for accounting purposes. The financial result from such sales is reflected in account 90, on the credit of which income is shown in its full amount, including taxes, and on the debit - the amount of these same taxes, the book value of goods and sales expenses. For retail, which sets the book value of the goods equal to the sale price, this value at the time of sale is corrected to the actual value by taking into account on account 90 the mark-up related to it, expressed as a negative value.

When selling goods in bulk in accounting:

• accrue revenue (clause 6 PBU 9/99);

• write off the cost of goods sold (clause 5 PBU 10/99, Instructions for the chart of accounts);

• write off the costs of the sale (clause 5 PBU 10/99, Instructions for the chart of accounts).

Revenue recognition

Include the proceeds from the sale of goods in income from ordinary activities (paragraph 5 of PBU 9/99).

One of the conditions for recognizing revenue in accounting is the transfer of ownership of the goods sold to the buyer (clause 12 PBU 9/99). An agreement (law) may provide for the following moments of the transfer of ownership:

• date of shipment (transfer) of goods;

• payment date.

This is stated in paragraph 1 of Article 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Moreover, in both cases, the calculation scheme can be a preliminary or subsequent payment for the goods (Articles 487, 488 and 489 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Depending on the terms of the agreement (law) on the moment of transfer of ownership and the settlement scheme, the reflection of operations in accounting will vary.

For organizations that have the right to keep accounting in a simplified form, it is provided special procedure for accounting for income (parts 4, 5, article 6 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

Revenue recognition at the date of shipment

If revenue is recognized on the date of shipment, reflect the sale of goods in accounting as follows.

On the date of shipment:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1

Debit 90-2 Credit 41

- written off the cost of goods.

If the organization that sells goods is a VAT payer, calculate this tax simultaneously with the recognition of revenue:

- VAT is charged on the sale of goods.

On the payment date:

Debit 51 (50) Credit 62

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 68, 90).

The contract may provide for advance payment for the goods by the buyer. Account the amounts of advance payments (prepayments) received on account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” separately. To do this, open sub-accounts, which may be called, for example, "Settlements on advances received" and "Settlements on shipped goods." Such rules are established by the Instructions for the chart of accounts. In accounting, make the following entries.

On the payment date:

- Prepayment received.

- VAT is charged on the amount of the advance payment received.

On the date of shipment:

- reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;

Debit 90-2 Credit 41

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT calculations"

- accepted for deduction of VAT accrued from the advance payment received.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 68, 76, 90).

Revenue recognition at the date of payment

If revenue is recognized on the date of payment, the procedure for reflecting the sale of goods in accounting depends on the conditions for paying a fee for it:

• payment after shipment;

• full prepayment;

• partial prepayment.

The contract may provide for subsequent (after shipment) payment for the goods by the buyer. In this case, the organization transfers the goods, the ownership of which has not yet been transferred to the buyer. To account for such goods, use account 45 "Goods shipped". It reflects information about goods, the proceeds from the sale of which for some time cannot be recognized in accounting (Instructions for the chart of accounts). In accounting, make the following entries.

On the date of shipment of the goods to the buyer:

Debit 45 Credit 41

- the goods are shipped to the buyer.

If the organization that sells the goods is a VAT payer, charge this tax on the date of shipment:

Debit 76 subaccount "VAT settlements on shipped goods" Credit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"

- VAT charged on shipped goods.

On the payment date:

Debit 51 Credit 62

- received payment from the buyer;

Debit 62 Credit 90-1

- reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;

Debit 90-2 Credit 45

- written off the cost of goods;

Debit 90-3 Credit 76 sub-account "VAT accrued on shipped goods"

- reflects the VAT charged on the shipment of goods.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 45, 68, 76, 90).

Full prepayment

The contract may provide for full advance payment for the goods by the buyer. After receiving payment, the ownership of the goods has already passed to the buyer, but the goods themselves continue to be with the organization. Take them into account on the off-balance account 002 “Inventory received" at the price provided in the acceptance or payment documents (Instructions for the chart of accounts). In accounting, make the following entries.

On the payment date:

Debit 51 (50) Credit 62

- reflected the payment by the buyer of the goods.

Debit 62 Credit 90-1

- reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;

Debit 90-2 Credit 41

- written off the cost of goods;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT calculations"

- VAT has been charged on the sale of goods (if the organization that sells the goods is a VAT payer);

Debit 002

- the goods paid by the buyer are accepted for safekeeping.

On the date of shipment:

Loan 002

- goods written off.

Partial prepayment

If the contract provides for a partial prepayment (and the ownership transfers after full payment), record the amounts of advances (prepayments) received on account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” separately. To do this, open a sub-account, which may be called, for example, "Calculations on advances received." Make the following entries in your account.

On the date of receipt of advance payment:

Debit 51 (50) Credit 62 sub-account "Calculations on advances received"

- Prepayment received.

If the organization that sells goods is a VAT payer, charge this tax at the same time as receiving the advance payment:

Debit 76 subaccount "VAT settlements from advances received" Credit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"

- VAT is charged on the prepayment amount.

On the date of full payment:

Debit 51 (50) Credit 62 sub-account "Settlements for shipped goods"

- received full payment;

Debit 62 subaccount "Settlements for shipped goods" Credit 90-1

- reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;

Debit 90-2 Credit 41

- written off the cost of goods;

Debit 62 subaccount "Calculations on advances received" Credit 62 subaccount "Calculations on shipped goods"

- received advance payment;

Debit 002

– the goods have been accepted for safekeeping.

If the organization that sells goods is a VAT payer, charge tax on sales proceeds simultaneously with the recognition of revenue. VAT accrued from the received prepayment, accept for deduction:

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT calculations"

- VAT is charged on the sale of goods;

Debit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements" Credit 76 subaccount "VAT settlements from advances received"

- accepted for the deduction of VAT accrued from the advance payment.

On the date of shipment:

Loan 002

- goods written off.

An example of the reflection in accounting of the sale of goods with a partial prepayment. Ownership of the goods passes after payment

LLC “Trading firm “Germes”” signed a supply contract. Goods in the amount of 944,000 rubles. (including VAT - 144,000 rubles) was shipped to the buyer in March at a cost of 650,000 rubles. In January of the same year, the organization received a partial prepayment from the buyer against the upcoming shipment of goods. The prepayment amount is 590,000 rubles. The rest of the debt - 354,000 rubles. (944,000 rubles - 590,000 rubles) - the buyer transferred to Hermes in May.

According to the terms of the contract, the ownership of the goods passes to the buyer after full payment.

To account for settlements with buyers, the accountant uses sub-accounts opened to account 62 “Settlements on advances received” and “Settlements on shipped goods”. It reflects the accrual of VAT on the sub-account "VAT on shipped but unsold goods" opened to account 76.

In January:

- 590,000 rubles. – a partial prepayment has been received on account of the forthcoming delivery of goods;

Debit 76 subaccount "VAT settlements from advances received" Credit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"
- 90,000 rubles. (590,000 rubles × 18/118) - VAT is charged on the prepayment amount.

In March:

Debit 45 Credit 41
- 650,000 rubles. - the goods are shipped to the buyer;

Debit 76 sub-account "VAT accrued on shipped but unsold goods" Credit 68 sub-account "VAT settlements"
- 144,000 rubles. - VAT is charged on the shipped goods;

Debit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements" Credit 76 subaccount "VAT settlements from advances received"
- 90,000 rubles. - accepted for the deduction of VAT accrued from the advance payment.

In May:

Debit 51 Credit 62 sub-account "Settlements for shipped goods"
- 354,000 rubles. - the debt on payment for the shipped goods is repaid;

Debit 62 “Settlements for shipped goods” Credit 90-1
- 944,000 rubles. - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods after its full payment;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT calculations"
- 144,000 rubles. - VAT is charged on sales proceeds;

Debit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements" Credit 76 subaccount "VAT accrued on shipped but unsold goods"
- 144,000 rubles. - accepted for deduction of VAT accrued upon shipment of goods;

Debit 90-2 Credit 45
- 650,000 rubles. - written off the cost of goods sold;

Debit 62 subaccount "Calculations on advances received" Credit 62 subaccount "Calculations on shipped goods"
- 590,000 rubles. - advance payment made.

An example of accounting for the sale of goods with a partial prepayment under an agreement concluded in a foreign currency. Ownership of the goods passes after shipment

LLC “Trading firm “Germes”” entered into a contract for the supply of goods in the amount of USD 5,900 (including VAT - USD 900):

• video projector - USD 1,900 (including VAT - USD 290);
• server - 4000 USD (including VAT - 610 USD).

Under the terms of the agreement, settlements are made in rubles at the official exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day of payment. Hermes received a partial prepayment:

• January 15 - 50 percent;
• January 25 - 45 percent.

The remaining part of the debt - 5 percent - the buyer transferred on the day of shipment of the goods - January 30.

The US dollar exchange rate set by the Bank of Russia is:

• on January 15 - 31 rubles / dollar. USA;
• January 25 - 32 rubles / USD. USA;
• January 30 - 33 rubles / USD. USA.

The cost of goods sold is 150,000 rubles.

The Hermes accountant made the following entries in accounting.

Debit 51 Credit 62 sub-account "Calculations on advances received"
- 91,450 rubles. (USD 5,900 × 50% × RUB 31 / USD) - the first advance payment was received on account of payment for the goods;

Debit 76 subaccount "VAT settlements from advances received" Credit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"
- 13,950 rubles. (USD 5,900 × 50% × RUB 31/USD × 18/118) - VAT has been charged on the prepayment amount in rubles at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia on the date of receipt of the first prepayment.

Debit 51 Credit 62 sub-account "Calculations on advances received"
- 84 960 rubles. (USD 5,900 × 45% × RUB 32/USD) - a second advance payment was received on account of payment for the goods;

Debit 76 subaccount "VAT settlements from advances received" Credit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"
- 12,960 rubles. (USD 5,900 × 45% × RUB 32/USD × 18/118) - VAT has been charged on the prepayment amount in rubles at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia on the date of receipt of the second prepayment.

Debit 62 subaccount "Settlements for goods sold" Credit 90-1
- 186 145 rubles. (USD 5,900 × 50% × RUB 31/USD + USD 5,900 × 45% × RUB 32/USD + USD 5,900 × 5% × RUB 33/USD) – reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods.

In the context of the product range, revenue amounted to:

- video projector - 59,945 rubles. (USD 1,900 × 50% × RUB 31/USD + USD 1,900 × 45% × RUB 32/USD + USD 1,900 × 5% × RUB 33/USD);
- server - 126,200 rubles. (USD 4,000 × 50% × RUB 31/USD + USD 4,000 × 45% × RUB 32/USD + USD 4,000 × 5% × RUB 33/USD).

Debit 90-2 Credit 41
- 150,000 rubles. - written off the cost of goods sold.

The accountant calculated the tax base for VAT on the date of sale of the goods as follows:

- 157,750 rubles. (USD 5,000 × 50% × RUB 31/USD + USD 5,000 × 45% × RUB 32/USD + USD 5,000 × 5% × RUB 33/USD).

The amount of VAT on sales proceeds amounted to 28,395 rubles. (157,750 rubles × 18%).

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT calculations"
- 28 395 rubles. - VAT is charged on the proceeds from the sale of goods;

Debit 62 subaccount "Calculations on advances received" Credit 62 subaccount "Calculations on goods sold"
- 176,410 rubles. (91,450 rubles + 84,960 rubles) - the advance payment received was offset against payment under the contract;

Debit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements" Credit 76 subaccount "VAT settlements from advances received"
- 26,910 rubles. (13,950 rubles + 12,960 rubles) - accepted for deduction of VAT from the advance.

Debit 51 Credit 62 sub-account "Settlements for goods sold"
- 9735 rubles. (USD 5,900 × 5% × RUB 33/USD) - payment received for goods sold.

Methods for writing off the cost of goods

Regardless of how the moment of transfer of ownership of goods is determined, the following methods are used to write off the cost of goods in accounting:

• FIFO;

• at an average cost;

• at unit cost.

Such rules are provided for in paragraph 16 of PBU 5/01.

The organization can apply different methods of evaluation for different types (groups) of goods. Fix the decision made in the accounting policy. This follows from paragraph 21 of PBU 5/01.

Selling expenses

Sales expenses are recorded on account 44 “Sales expenses” (Instructions for the chart of accounts). Account 44 may reflect the following expenses (distribution costs):

• representative;

• managerial;

• for the transportation of goods;

• for wages;

• for rent;

• for the maintenance of premises and inventory;

• storage and handling of goods;

• for advertising;

• other similar expenses.

The amounts accumulated on account 44 are debited to account 90 “Sales” at the end of the month. Such rules are established in the Instructions for the Chart of Accounts. Make the following wiring:

Debit 90-2 Credit 44

- reflects the amount of distribution costs.